| 释义 |
▪ I. default, n.|dɪˈfɔːlt|
Forms: 3–6 defaut, -e, (4 defauȝte), 4–5 def-, diffaute, 5 defawt(e, (deffawte, defauute), 5–7 defalt, 5–6 defalte, -faulte, (5 deffault(e, 6 difalt, deafaulte), 6– default.
[ME. a. OF. defaute, deriv. of defaillir, after faute and faillir: see fault. Nearly superseded in Fr. by a masc. variant defaut (in Froissart 14th c.), mod.F. défaut; in Eng., forms without final -e appear also in 14th c., but those with -e came down as late as the 16th.
The spellings defalte, defaulte, appear in Anglo-Fr. of 13–14th c.; and defalt, default, in English of 15th c., but the l was not generally pronounced until the 17th or 18th c.: cf. fault.]
I. Failure of something, want, defect.
†1.
a. Absence (of something wanted); want, lack, scarcity of; = fault n. 1. Obs. or arch.
a1300Cursor M. 1718 (Cott.) [That] þou haue defaut [v.rr. defaute, deffaute] of mete and drink. Ibid. 4601 (Gött.) Suilk diffaute sal be of bred, þe folk sal be for hunger dede. 1375Barbour Bruce ii. 569 Gret defaut off mete had thai. Ibid. xiv. 368 Defalt of mete. c1380Wyclif Serm Sel. Wks. I. 70 Certis defaute of bileve is cause of oure sleuthe. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 199 Bi necligence & defaute of help manie men ben perischid. a1470Tiptoft Cæsar iv. (1530) 6 They had defawte of all things as be convenyent. 1548Udall Erasm. Par. Pref. 14 Ignoraunce and defaulte of litterature. 1594Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits (1616) 90 Through default of a well made penne he is forced to write with a sticke. 1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 19 And a great default there was..of sufficient pay, of holesome meat, and unanimity. 1823J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 94 Two kinds of deafness are those arising from an excess of wax in the ear, or its total default.
†b. absol. Lack of food or other necessaries; want, poverty. Obs.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 261/16 For non ne scholde for defaute bi-leue þe foule sunne. a1300Cursor M. (Cott.) 4760 Þan iacob and his suns warn For defaut wel ner for-farn. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xviii. 67 He..fedde þat a-fyngred were and in defaute lyueden. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 166 b/1 They of the towne within had so grete defaulte that they ete theyr shoys and lachettis. 1494Fabyan Chron. vi. clxxxvi. 186 Many dyed for defaute.
c. for default of (obs.), in default of: through the failure or want of, in the absence of; † in default: failing these (this, etc.).
1297R. Glouc. (1724) 457 Vor defaute of wyt. c1369Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 5, I haue so many an idel þouȝt Purli for defaute of slepe. 1393Gower Conf. III. 93 The fissh, if it be drie, Mote in defalte of water deie. 1464Bury Wills (Camden) 24 For the defawte of eyr male. 1568Turner Herbal iii. 29 In defaut of it he teacheth to take halfe as much of Asarabacca. 1586A. Day Eng. Secretary ii. (1625) 47 And for default of other matter forsooth, how they laught at me. 1650in W. S. Perry Hist. Coll. Amer. Col. Ch. (1860) I. 2 It shall be lawful..to make Probates of Wills, and default of a will to grant Letters of Administration in the Colony. 1689Hickeringill Ceremony-Monger, Wks. (1716) II. 468 The Presbyters or (in default) any Church Member. 1729Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 104 In default of that perfection of wisdom and virtue. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 340 And for default of issue of the body of the said Thomas, to [etc.]. 1865J. C. Wilcocks Sea Fisherman (1875) 27 Pilchards for bait may frequently be procured..in default of which Mussels can be obtained.
2. A failure in being perfect; an imperfection, defect, blemish, flaw; = fault 3:
a. in character or things immaterial. Obs. or arch.
1389in Eng. Gilds (1870) 4 He shal be put out..in-to tyme þt he haue hym amended of þe defautes to-fore said. a1450Knt. de la Tour (1868) 160 She is with oute defauute. a1533Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) N ij b, Al defautes in a gouernour may be borne saue ignoraunce. 1680–90Temple Ess. Learn. Wks. 1731 I. 151 New [books]..have many of them their Beauties as well as their Defaults. 1704Swift T. Tub v. 80 Forcing into light my own excellencies and other men's defaults. 1880Kinglake Crimea VI. vi. 143 Grave defaults all the while lay hidden under the surface.
†b. in appearance, structure, etc.: Physical defect or blemish. Obs.
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 5016 And if any lym wanted..or any war over smalle..God þan wille Alle þe defautes of þe lyms fulfille. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) iii. 9 Þai..fand þe same letters..als fresch as þai ware on þe first day withouten any defaute. 1487Churchw. Acc. Wigtoft, Linc. (Nichols 1797) 82 For mending and stoppyng of the botrasses, and other defauts in the chirche walles. 1562Turner Herbal ii. 39 Lynt sede..when it is raw it taketh away the defautes of the face and frekles. 1634T. Johnson tr. Parey's Chirurg. xxvi. xvi. (1678) 639 All such defaults must be taken away, and then..an epulotick applied.
II. Failure in performance.
3. a. Failure to act; neglect; spec. in Law, failure to perform some legal requirement or obligation, esp. failure to attend in a court on the day assigned; often in the phrase to make default. judgement by default: a judgement given for the plaintiff on the defendant's failing to plead or put in his answer within the proper time. to go by default: of a legal judgement, to be given for the plaintiff by default of the defendant; hence in gen. use, to fail or be overlooked by reason of negligence, lack of exposition, etc.
[1292Britton i. ii §8 Et si le pleyntif face defaute a nuli Counté.] c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 58 Defaute he mad þat day. Þerfor was þe dome gyuen..To exile þe erle Godwyn. 1411E.E. Wills (1882) 20 Takynge a distresse in defawte of payment. 1495Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 7 If any..make defaute at the day and place. 1588Fraunce Lawiers Log. 53 b, If hee bee nonsuite in an action, or doe commit any such like default. 1666Pepys Diary (1879) IV. 208 The calling over the defaults of Members appearing in the House. 1736Neal Hist. Purit. III. 540 His Majesty persisting in his refusal to plead, the clerk was ordered to record the default. 1764Croker, etc. Dict. Arts & Sc. s.v., Where a defendant makes default, judgment shall be had against him by default. 1827Jarman Powell's Devises (ed. 3) II. 155 The period of foreclosure is the date of the final order of the Court, following default of payment on the day appointed. 1851H. Martineau Hist. Peace (1877) III. iv. ix. 21 He had allowed judgment to go by default. 1955Bull. Atomic Sci. June 216/3 The problem must not be allowed to go by default. 1985Guardian 18 Nov. 6/7 Part of the new Soviet policy of using the media more professionally has meant that the US side of the case went by default.
attrib.1892Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 15 Jan. 8/3 John F. Delaney was arrested..this morning on a default warrant issued by the Superior Court. 1894Daily News 7 Feb. 7/8 A default summons in which the company sought to recover payment of an account.
b. Computing. A preselected option adopted by a computer when no alternative is specified by the user or programmer. Usu. attrib.
1966G. M. Weinberg PL/1 Programming Primer iv. 74 The use of default attributes can contribute to the ease of writing and modifying a program. 1969― PL/1 Programming ii. 106/1 The entire secret of successful defaults lies in the ability of the language designer to make a good guess at what the programmer is going to want to do in most cases. 1971A. Ralston Introd. Programming & Computer Sci. vi. 239 The best compilers now being written have default conditions for all syntactic errors which attempt to correct the error in the most likely fashion. 1971Computers & Humanities V. 155 fortran..has more default options (thus requiring far fewer declarations of variables). 1974R. Hannula Computers & Programming v. 91 There are four subfields in the operand field of which only type is required. The duplication factor, if used, may be any nonnegative integer from 1 to 65,535. The default for this subfield is one. 1985Personal Computer World Feb. 211/4 This area is unaffected by any screen operations using the default screen sizes.
†4.
a. Failure in duty, care, etc.; as the cause of some untoward event; culpable neglect of some duty or obligation; = fault 7. Obs.
to be in default: to fail in one's duty.
a1300Cursor M. 26241 (Cott.) If þi barne for þi defaut be for-farne. c1400Lay Folk's Mass Bk. App. iii. 126 He is continuelly in defaute aȝen þat myȝtteful lord. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) Pref. 2 Thurgh whilk ilk man es saued, bot if it be his awen defaute. c1460Towneley Myst. 60 Greatt defawte with hym youre fader fand. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccclxxix. 634 The rebellion..hath coste..many a mans lyfe in Gaunt, and parauenture many a one that were in no defaulte. 1549Latimer 5th Serm. (Arb.) 149 They shall aunswere for all the soules that peryshe throughe theyr defaute. 1614Raleigh Hist. World ii. 473 Those calamities which happen by their owne default. 1671Milton Samson 45 What if all foretold Had been fulfilled but through mine own default, Whom have I to complain of but myself? 1742Pope Dunciad iv. 486 A God without a Thought, Regardless of our merit or default.
†b. transf. of things: Failure to act or perform its normal or required functions. default of the sun (L. defectus solis): eclipse. Obs.
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 5015 If any lym wanted..Thurgh þe defaut here of kynd. 1520Caxton's Chron. Eng. iii. 19/1 Talus founde fyrste the defaute of the sonne and the moone. 1586A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 131 It is your Oxe that by default of your owne fence hath entred my ground. 1621Burton Anat. Mel. i. i. iii. §2 Faith, opinion..Ratiocination, are all accidentally depraved by the default of the imagination. 1736Gray Let. to West in Mason Life (ed. 2) 14 If the default of your spirits and nerves be nothing but the effect of the hyp, I have no more to say.
†5.
a. (with a and pl.) A failure in duty; a wrong act or deed; a fault, misdeed, offence; = fault 5.
a1225Ancr. R. 136 Beon icnowen ofte to God of..hire defautes touward him. a1340Hampole Psalter cxl. 4 It is þe manere of vnqueynt men when þai ere takyn with a defaute to excuse þaim wiþ falshede. c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 102 Ye god amende defautes sire quod she. 1539Manual of Prayers, Lauds, Grant us pardon of our defaults. 1548Gest Pr. Masse 74 To murder a gyltlesse personne is a defaulte full grevouse. 1635Quarles Embl. iii. iv. 139 Thine owne defaults did urge This twofold punishment. 1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 264 That no Timber be laid within the Tunnel of any Chimny, upon penalty to the Workman for every Default ten Shillings. 1719Bp. of London in W. S. Perry Hist. Coll. Amer. Col. Ch. I. 201 It is..a grief to hear of any defaults and irregularities among you.
†b. A failure in what is attempted; an error, mistake; = fault 5 b. Obs.
c1386Chaucer Clerk's T. 962 With so glad chier his gestes sche receyveth, And so connyngly everich in his degre, That no defaute no man aparceyveth. 1426Paston Lett. No. 7 I. 25 Hem semyth..by the defautes ye espied in the same..that the processe..is false and untrewe. 1590Hutchinson in Greenwood Collect. Sclaund. Art. C b, Your vnsufficient Argument hath 2. defaults in it. 1737L. Clarke Hist. Bible iv. (1740) 192 One great Default..was, that they did not make a right use of their victories. 1822Southey Vis. Judgement 111 There he..accuses For his own defaults the men who too faithfully served him.
†6. Failure in any course; spec. in Hunting, failure to follow the scent; loss of the scent or track by the hounds; = fault n. 8. Obs.
a1300Leg. Rood (1871) 22 Our stapes worþ isene Þer-by þou myȝt wiþþoute defaute to paradys euene gon. c1369Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 384 The houndis hade ouershet hem al, And were on a defaute [v.r. defaulte] ifal. 1486Bk. St. Albans E vj b, And iff yowre houndis chase at hert or at haare and thay renne at defaute. 16022nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. ii. v. (Arb.) 31 Thrise our hounds were at default. 1741Compl. Fam. Piece ii. i. 291 The Huntsman..assisting them at every Default, when they have either lost the Slot, or follow not the right.
7. Failure to meet financial engagements; the action of defaulting in money matters.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Default, a failure of payment of instalments, etc., agreed upon, or in the due execution of a contract. 1875Jevons Money (1878) 209 Convicted of fraud or default. 1890Daily News 8 Nov. 5/4 Some defaults are expected at the Stock Exchange settlement next week.
8. attrib. Dealing with or connected with a default, as default authority, default interest, default price.
1897Westm. Gaz. 29 July 5/3 If a client borrowed {pstlg}100, say, and paid off {pstlg}90, ‘default interest’ at the rate of one halfpenny per shilling per week..was at once charged on the {pstlg}10 in arrear. 1908Daily Chron. 13 May 7/7 While the county council is the default authority in case of the failure of the district council in sanitation, the Local Government Board is the default authority in case of the district council's failure to do what is needed in housing. 1909Westm. Gaz. 9 Nov. 8/2 The Army authorities saying that if plaintiffs would not take the cattle the beasts would subsequently be issued at default prices.
▪ II. default, v.|dɪˈfɔːlt|
Forms: 4–5 defaut(e, 5 defawte, 6–7 defalt, 6 difalt, 6– default.
[ME. ad. OF. defaillir (in 3rd sing. pres. defalt, defaut, default) to fail, be wanting, make default, = Pr. defalhir, defaylhir, OCat. defallir, Romanic type defallīre, f. de- + fallīre, fallēre, L. fallĕre: see fail. Cf. It. sfallire (disfallire), Sp. defallecer, to fail. In English associated with default n.]
1. intr. To be wanting; to fail. Obs. (exc. as in quot. 1860, transf. from sense 3.)
c1340Cursor M. 8572 (Fairf.) Riches sal þe defaute nane. 1382Wyclif Num. xi. 33 Ȝit flesh was in the teethe of hem, ne defautide siche a maner mete. 1860Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 121 The Court advised the Captain to account to his Owners for the money which was defaulting.
†b. To have want of, be deprived of. rare—1.
c1440Gesta Rom. xxxvi. 140 (Add. MS.), I leue to the my doughtir..and I comaunde the, that she defaute of none thyng..as longeth to a maiden for to haue.
†2. To fail in strength or vigour, faint; to suffer failure. Obs.
1382Wyclif Judg. viii. 5 And he seide.. ȝyueth looues to the puple, that is with me, for greetlich thei defauten [1388 for thei failiden greetli]. Ibid. 15 That we ȝeuen to the men, that ben wery and han defautid, looues. a1440[see defaulting vbl. n.]. a1592Greene James IV, ii. ii, And can your..king Default, ye lords, except yourselves do fail? a1617Bayne On Eph. (1658) 34 No inferiour cause can default beside his intention.
3. To make default; to be guilty of default; to fail to fulfil an obligation, esp. one legally required, as to appear in court at the proper time.
1596Spenser F.Q. vi. iii. 21 He..pardon crav'd for his so rash default That he gainst courtesie so fowly did default. 1621Bp. R. Montagu Diatribæ 479 This was..punishable if defaulted in. 1730–6in Bailey (folio). 1828[see defaulting ppl. a.]. 1845R. W. Hamilton Pop. Educ. viii. (ed. 2) 199 The Dissenters..in the Weekly Schools..are grievously defaulting. 1857[see defaulting ppl. a.]. 1858Carlyle Fredk. Gt. II. viii. iv. 318 There is one Rath..who has been found actually defaulting; peculating from that pious hoard. 1892Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 15 Jan. 8/3 Delaney was arrested by officers..this morning..He was arrested July 21..and defaulted.
b. To fail to meet financial engagements.
1868Rogers Pol. Econ. xix. (1876) 256 The colony..will cease to get fresh creditors, as assuredly as any defaulting foreign Government does. 1885Truth 11 June 925/2 To insist upon Egypt paying her creditors, and to let Turkey default to hers is a palpable contradiction. 1886Manch. Exam. 9 Jan. 5/1 Last year..44 companies, with 8,386 miles of main line, defaulted and passed into receiverships.
4. trans. To put in default; to make or adjudge a defaulter; in Law, to declare (a party) in default and enter judgement against him (see quot. 1828).
1375Barbour Bruce i. 182 Ihone the balleoll, that swa sone Was all defawtyt & wndone. 1574tr. Littleton's Tenures 87 a, No man of full age shalbe received in any ple by the law to difalt or disable his owne person. 1597Skene De Verb. Sign. s.v. Sok, The court beand fensed, the Serjand thereof sall call the Soytes, and defalt the absentes. 1828Webster, Default, to call a defendant officially, to appear and answer in court, and on his failing to answer, to declare him in default, and enter judgment against him; as, let the defendant be defaulted..[also] the cause was defaulted.
†5. To fail to perform; to omit, neglect. Obs.
1648Milton Tenure Kings (1649) 32 Wee shall not need dispute..what they have defaulted towards him as no king. 1656Sanderson Serm. (1689) 388 He that defalteth anything of that just honour.
6. To fail to pay.
1889Pall Mall G. 27 Apr. 6/3 Mexico..defaulted her interest after promising to pay 5 per cent. |