| 释义 |
▪ I. defect, n.|dɪˈfɛkt, ˈdiː-|
Also 5 defaicte, 5–6 defecte.
[ad. L. dēfect-us defect, want, f. ppl. stem of dēficĕre to leave, desert, fail, etc.: see defect v. In early use repr. OF. defaicte privation, or defaict evil, misfortune: see defeat v.]
1. The fact of being wanting or falling short; lack or absence of something essential to completeness (opposed to excess); deficiency.
1589Nashe Introd. Green's Menaphon (Arb.) 11 To supplie all other inferiour foundations defects. 1592Davies Immort. Soul Introd. v. 2 Which Ill being nought but a Defect of Good. 1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 112 Holding on a meane path betweene excesse and defect. 1719De Foe Crusoe (1840) II. ii. 43, I must supply a defect in my former relation. 1798Malthus Popul. (1817) I. 360 The excess of one check is balanced by the defect of some other. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 495 Having little money to give, the Estates supplied the defect by loyal protestations and barbarous statues. 1878Morley Crit. Misc., Condorcet 66 The excess of scepticism and the defect of enthusiasm.
b. in defect: wanting, deficient, defective. in († for) defect of: in default of, for want of.
1612T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 1 The latter being in defect. Ibid. i. 5 Our bodies are..prone to pine away for defect of daily food. 1641French Distill. i. (1651) 3 In defect of a Furnace..we may use a Kettle. 1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. (1659) 174 That [quality]..in whose defect the Devils are unhappy. 1767Blackstone Comm. II. 76 Besides the scutages they were liable to in defect of personal attendance. 1865Grote Plato I. i. 47 In other [animals] water was in excess and fire in defect.
2. A shortcoming or failing; a fault, blemish, flaw, imperfection (in a person or thing).
c1420Pallad. on Husb. i. 44 An hidde defaicte is sumtyme in nature Under covert. 1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 138 But having no defects, why dost abhor me? 1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. i. (1611) 2 The manifold defects whereunto every kind of regiment is subiect. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. (1843) 25/1 The very good general reputation he had, notwithstanding his defects, acquired. 1752Fielding Covent Gard. Jrnl. No. 56 Ill breeding..is not a single defect, it is the result of many. 1857H. Reed Lect. Eng. Poets II. x. 18 Its incurable defect is an utter absence of imagination. 1878Morley Crit. Misc., Vauvenargues 14 Vauvenargues has the defects of his qualities.
b. Naut. (See quots.)
1829Marryat F. Mildmay v, Having delivered..an account of our defects, they were sent up to the Admiralty. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Defects, an official return of the state of a ship as to what is required for her hull and equipment, and what repairs she stands in need of. Upon this return a ship is ordered to sea, into harbour, into dock, or paid out of commission.
†3. The quality of being imperfect; defectiveness, faultiness. Obs.
1538Starkey England ii. i. 178 The defecte of nature ys with vs such. c1600Shakes. Sonn. cxlix. 11 When all my best doth worship thy defect. 1776Sir J. Reynolds Disc. vii. (1876) 414 The merit or defect of performances.
4. The quantity or amount by which anything falls short; in Math. a part by which a figure or quantity is wanting or deficient.
1660Barrow Euclid vi. xxvii, The greatest is that AD which is applied to the half being like to the defect KI. 1674S. Jeake Arith. (1696) 223 Supplying the defect of the Dividend with Cyphers. 1823H. J. Brooke Introd. Crystallogr. 290 When a decrement by 1 row of molecules takes place on the edge of any parallelopiped, the ratio of the edges of the defect [etc.]. 1858Herschel Astron. §545 An allowance..proportional to the excess or defect of Jupiter's distance from the earth above or below its average amount.
†5. Failure (of the heavenly bodies) to shine; eclipse; wane of the moon. Obs. [L. dēfectus.]
1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1307 The defect of the Moone and her occultation. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 4 When the moon is in the wane, they [Apes] are heavie and sorrowful..for, as other beasts, so do these fear the defect of the stars and planets. 1692Ray Dissol. World 259 Prodigious and lasting Defects of the Sun, such as happened when Cæsar the Dictator was slain.
†6. A falling away (from), defection. Obs.
1540in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. xlix. 367 The king..made a defect from his purpose of reformation with great precipitancy. c1790Willock Voy. 308 When a priest apostatizes..they seldom place his defect to the account of conscience.
▪ II. † deˈfect, a. Obs.
[ad. L. dēfectus, pa. pple. of dēficĕre: see next.]
Defective, deficient, wanting.
1600Tourneur Transf. Metamorph. Prol. i, This huge concauitie, defect of light. 1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Wks. (N.), Their service was defect and lame. 1664Flodden F. vi. 56 And sage advice was clean defect.
▪ III. deˈfect, v.
[f. L. dēfect-, ppl. stem of dēficĕre to leave, desert, depart, cease, fail, f. de- + facĕre to make, do.]
I. intr.
†1. To fail, fall short, become deficient or wanting; to fall off from (a standard, etc.). Obs.
1586J. Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinshed II. 143/2 After he perceiued that nature began to faile and defect, he yeelded himselfe to die. 1598R. Barckley Felic. Man iv. (1603) 315 The vertue and goodnesse of men seemeth to defect from that of former ages. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. v. 18 Yet have the inquiries of most defected by the way. 1652Gaule Magastrom. 295 The Moon suddenly defected in an ecclipse. a1677Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 III. 16 Not..to defect from the right..course thereto.
2. To fall away from (a person, party, or cause); to become a rebel or deserter; spec. to desert to a Communist country from a non-Communist country, or vice versa.
1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. iv. liii. 241 Thay had defected frome the Christiane Religioune. 1646Buck Rich. III, i. 15 The Duke was now secretly in his heart defected from the King, and become male-content. 1652Gaule Magastrom. 340 He defected, and fled to the contrary part. 1860Russell Diary India I. xviii. 280 The native troops and gunners defected. 1955Times 10 May 11/2 There must be many soldiers in the satellite armies who commit ideological sin in thought, but it is difficult to see how they could defect in action. Ibid. 27 Aug. 6/1 Dr. John..defected to east Berlin last year. 1959Ibid. 28 May 15/5 A plot by a member of Parliament and a lobby correspondent to persuade a top Russian scientist to ‘defect’. 1960Guardian 16 Sept. 13/2 One of the two code clerks who defected to Russia.
II. trans.
†3. To cause to desert or fall away. Obs.
1636Prynne Unbish. Tim. Ded. (1661) 7 Defect me from (the Episcopal) throne, expell me the City. 1685F. Spence House of Medici 373 The means of defecting his garrison.
†4. To hurt, damage, make defective; to dishonour. Obs.
1579Remedie agst. Loue C ij, To brydell all affectes, As..Drunkennesse, Whordome, which our God defectes. 1639Troubles Q. Eliz. (N.), Men may much suspect; But yet, my lord, none can my life defect.
Hence † deˈfected ppl. a., † deˈfecting vbl. n.
1589Warner Alb. Eng. v. xxviii. (R.), Defected honour neuer more is to be got againe. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. (1885) 62 A certane gret schip, bot throuch aldnes defected. 1602Carew Cornwall (1723) 140 a, There dwelt another, so affected, or rather defected [being deaf and dumb]. 1635Heywood Hierarch. ii. Comm. 104, I finde myselfe much defected and disabled in my knowledge and understanding. 1686Evelyn Mem. (1857) II. 262 The Archbishop of York now died..I look on this as a great stroke to the poor Church of England, now in this defecting period. |