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单词 desert
释义 I. desert, n.1|dɪˈzɜːt|
Forms: 4– desert, 3–6 deserte, 4 desserte, 4–5 decert(e, dissert, 6 dyserte, 6–7 desart.
[a. OF. desert masc., deserte, desserte fem., derivs. of deservir, desservir to deserve. The Fr. words are analogous to descent, descente, etc., and belong to an obs. pa. pple. desert of deservir, repr. late L. -servĭt-um for -servīt-um.]
1. Deserving; the becoming worthy of recompense, i.e. of reward or punishment, according to the good or ill of character or conduct; worthiness of recompense, merit or demerit.
1297R. Glouc. (1724) 253 Vor þe soþuast God..Deþe after oure deserte.c1325E.E. Allit. P. A. 594 Þou quytez vchon as hys desserte.1483Caxton G. de la Tour E vij b, God rewarded eche of them after their deserte and meryte.a1541Wyatt Poet. Wks. (1861) 168 Such sauce as they have served To me without desart.1615Chapman Odyss. i. 75 ægisthus past his fate, and had desert To warrant our infliction.1633G. Herbert Temple, Sighs & Grones i, O do not use me After my sinnes! look not on my desert.1752Johnson Rambler No. 193 ⁋1 Some will always mistake the degree of their own desert.1861Mill Utilit. v. 66 What constitutes desert?..a person is understood to deserve good if he does right, evil if he does wrong.
b. In a good sense: Meritoriousness, excellence, worth.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. iii. pr. vi. 78 It semeþ þat gentilesse be a maner preysynge þat comeþ of decert of auncestres.c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 473 For þe childes hye desert, God shewed meruaile in apert.1590Marlowe 2nd Pt. Tamburl. v. iii, If you retain desert of holiness.1655Fuller Ch. Hist. iii. vi. §3 The Crown..due to him, no less by desert then descent.1704Addison Poems, Campaign, On the firm basis of desert they rise.1798Trans. Soc. Encourag. Arts XVI. 353, I visited him as a man of desert.1840Macaulay Clive Ess. (1854) 538/1 Ordinary criminal justice knows nothing of set-off. The greatest desert cannot be pleaded in answer to a charge of the slightest transgression.
c. personified.
c1600Shakes. Sonn. lxvi, To behold desert a begger borne And needie Nothing trimd in iollitie.1608D. T. Ess. Pol. & Mor. 38 To hinder Desert from any place of eminencie.1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xii. (1878) 234 Desert may not touch His shoe-tie.
2. An action or quality that deserves its appropriate recompense; that in conduct or character which claims reward or deserves punishment. Usually in pl. (often = 1.)
c1374Chaucer Troylus iii. 1218 (1267) If thi grace passe alle oure desertis.1393Gower Conf. III. 154 He mote..Se the desertes of his men.1549Coverdale Erasm. Par. 2 Cor. 51 As every mans deseartes have been..such shall his rewardes be.1555W. Watreman Fardle of Facions i. v. 56 Punisshing thoffendour vnder his desertes.1606Holland Sueton. 42 That neither himselfe nor the olde beaten soldiers might be rewarded according to their desarts.1782Cowper Lett. 6 Mar., The characters of great men, which are always mysterious while they live..sooner or later receive the wages of fame or infamy according to their true deserts.1861Mill Utilit. v. 92 To do to each according to his deserts.
b. A good deed or quality; a worthy or meritorious action; a merit. ? Obs.
[c1374Chaucer Boeth. ii. pr. vii. 56 Or doon goode decertes to profit of þe comune.]1563Homilies ii. Rogation Week i. (1859) 472 Alwaies to render him thanks..for his deserts unto us.1657J. Smith Myst. Rhet. 143 It..serves for Amplification, when, after a great crime, or desert, exclaimed upon or extolled, it gives a moral note.
3. That which is deserved; a due reward or recompense, whether good or evil. Often in phr. to get, have, meet with one's deserts.
1393Langl. P. Pl. C. iv. 293 Mede and mercede..boþe men demen A desert for som doynge.1483Caxton G. de la Tour F vij, For god gyueth to euery one the deserte of his meryte.a1533Ld. Berners Huon lix. 204, I shall nother ete nor drynke tyll thou hast thy dysert.1599Warning Faire Wom. ii. 1508 Upon a pillory..that al the world may see, A just desert for such impiety.1663Butler Hud. i. ii. 40 But give to each his due desart.1758S. Hayward Serm. i. 10 This is the proper desert of Sin.1756Burke Vind. Nat. Soc. Wks. 1842 I. 18 Whether the greatest villain breathing shall meet his deserts.1853C. Brontë Villette xli. (1876) 474, I think I deserved strong reproof; but when have we our deserts?1882Ouida Maremma I. 41 ‘He has got his deserts’, said Joconda.
II. desert, n.2|ˈdɛzət|
Forms: 3– desert; also 3 deserd, diserd, 4 dissert, desarte, dezert, 4–5 disert, 5 dysert, 5–6 deserte, 5–9 desart (which was the regularly accepted spelling of the 18th century).
[a. OF. desert (12th c. in Littré), ad. eccl. L. dēsertum (Vulgate, etc.), absol. use of neuter of dēsertus adj., abandoned, deserted, left waste: see desert a.]
1. An uninhabited and uncultivated tract of country; a wilderness:
a. now conceived as a desolate, barren region, waterless and treeless, and with but scanty growth of herbage;—e.g. the Desert of Sahara, Desert of the Wanderings, etc.
a1225Ancr. R. 220 Iðe desert..he lette ham þolien wo inouh.c1250Gen. & Ex. 2770 Moyses was..In ðe deserd depe.a1300Cursor M. 5840 (Gött.) Lat mi folk a-parte Pass, to worschip me in desarte [v. rr. desert, dishert].Ibid. 6533 (Gött.) Quen [moyses] was comen into dissert.1484Caxton Fables of Alfonce (1889) 2 He doubted to be robbed within the desertys of Arabe.1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 65 Barren Mountaynes, Sand and salty Desarts.1691Ray Creation i. (1704) 94 More parched than the Desarts of Libya.1768Boswell Corsica ii. (ed. 2) 117 [tr. Tacitus] Where they make a desart, they call it peace.1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 12 Sept., She fluttered, and flattered, but all was preaching to the desert.1815Elphinstone Acc. Caubul (1842) I. Introd. 25 He could live in his desart and hunt his deer.1823Byron Island ii. viii. note, The ‘ship of the desert’ is the Oriental figure for the camel or dromedary.1856Stanley Sinai & Pal. i. (1858) 64 The Desert..a wild waste of pebbly soil.
b. formerly applied more widely to any wild, uninhabited region, including forest-land. Obs.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xiv. li. (1495) 486 Places of wodes and mountayns that ben not sowen ben callyd desertes.c15111st Eng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. 33/1 In our lande is also a grete deserte or forest.1600Shakes. A.Y.L. ii. vii. 110 In this desert inaccessible, Vnder the shade of melancholly boughes.1643Denham Cooper's H. 186 Cities in desarts, Woods in Cities plants.1834Medwin Angler in Wales I. 69 Moors covered with whinberry bushes..A more uninteresting desert cannot be conceived.
2. transf. and fig.
1725Pope Odyss. iv. 748 To roam the howling desart of the Main.1813Byron Giaour 958 The leafless desert of the mind.1827Southey Hist. Penins. War II. 752 What in monastic language is called a desert; by which term an establishment is designated where those brethren whose piety flies the highest pitch may at once enjoy the advantages of the eremite and the discipline of the coenobite life.1871Morley Voltaire (1886) 243 The middle age between himself and the polytheism of the Empire was a parched desert to him.
3. abstractly. Desert or deserted condition; desolation. Obs.
c1450Merlin 59 He was in a waste contree full of diserte.1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cclxxxiv. 424 The distructyon and conquest of the cytie of Lymoges, and how it was left clene voyde as a towne of desert.
4. An alleged name for a covey of lapwings.
1486Bk. St. Albans F vj b, A Desserte of Lapwyngs.1688in R. Holme Armoury.
5. Comb.
a. attrib., as desert-air, desert-belt, desert-bird, desert-cave, desert-circle, desert-dweller, desert-folk, desert-pelican, desert-ranger, desert-troop;
b. locative and instrumental, as desert-bred, desert-frequenting, desert-haunting, desert-locked, desert-wearied, desert-worn adjs.;
c. similative, as desert-world; desert-brown, desert-grey, desert-like, desert-long, desert looking adjs.; also desert boot (see quot. 1948); desert-chough, a bird of the genus Podoces, family Corvidæ, found in the desert regions of Central Asia; desert-falcon, a species of falcon inhabiting deserts and prairies, a member of the sub-genus Gennæa, allied to the peregrines; desert island, an uninhabited, or seemingly uninhabited, and remote island; also attrib. and fig., esp. (of equipment, cultural objects, or behaviour) suited to the social isolation and limited baggage allowance of a castaway on a desert island; desert-lemon Austral., a rutaceous tree, Eremocitrus glauca (Atalantia glauca), bearing a small acid fruit; desert oak Austral. (see oak 3 b); desert pea (see pea1 3); desert polish, the polish imparted to rocks or other hard surfaces by the friction of the windblown sand of the desert; Desert Rat colloq., a soldier of the 7th (British) armoured division, whose divisional sign was the figure of a jerboa, and which took part in the desert campaign in N. Africa (1941–2); desert-rod, a genus of labiate plants (Eremostachys) from the Caucasus (Treas. Bot.); desert-ship, ‘ship of the desert’, the camel or dromedary; desert-snake, a serpent of the family Psammophidæ, a sand-snake; desert varnish, a dark-coloured film composed of iron and manganese oxides, usually with some silica, deposited on exposed rocks in the desert and becoming polished by wind abrasion; and in various specific names of plants and animals, as desert-lark, desert-mouse, desert-willow.
1750Gray Elegy xiv, And waste its sweetness on the *desert air.
1913Kipling Songs from Books 142 For he knows which fountain dries, behind which *desert-belt.
1813Byron Giaour 950 The *desert-bird Whose beak unlocks her bosom's stream To still her famish'd nestlings' scream.
1948Partridge Dict. Forces' Slang 54 *Desert boots, brown boots reaching either halfway up the ankle or to just over it and tightly laced; they had crepe soles and, made of suede or of reversed calf, they did not need to be polished.1964Listener 12 Nov. 764/2 He was wearing suede desert boots.
1862M. L. Whately Ragged Life Egypt x. (1863) 88 It [is] hard for any who are not *desert-bred to find their way.
1923Daily Mail 5 Mar. 13 Nigger, Regal Blue, Grey, *Desert Brown.
1885W. B. Yeats in Dublin Univ. Rev. Sept., In gloom Of *desert-caves.
1879Dowden Southey vii. 193 The *desert-circle girded by the sky.
1810Scott Lady of L. iii. iv, The *desert-dweller met his path.
1916R. Graves Over the Brazier 15 Soft words of grace He spoke Unto lost *desert-folk.
1872‘Mark Twain’ Roughing It (1882) v. 28 The *desert-frequenting tribes of Indians.1905Westm. Gaz. 28 Aug. 10/2 This species (Varanus griseus) is a large, desert-frequenting lizard.1906Ibid. 1 Oct. 4/3 The kiang [sc. wild ass] is a desert-frequenting species.
1901Ibid. 2 Jan. 2/1 Two stalwart sportsmen with..their *desert-grey hounds gliding near them.
1894R. B. Sharpe Handbk. Birds Gt. Brit. I. 112 From its pale coloration this Pipit might be considered a *desert-haunting bird.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 13 They are driuen to a coast vnnauigable, where were many *desart Islandes inhabited of wilde men.1690Locke Govt. II. §14 The Promises and Bargains..between the two Men in the Desert Island, mentioned by Garcilasso De la vega,..are binding to them, though they are perfectly in a State of Nature.1743F. Sheridan Let. 16 Nov. in Private Corresp. D. Garrick (1831) I. 17 To something worse than the desert Island.1856C. M. Yonge Daisy Chain ii. i. 337 It is like having all the Spaniards and savages spoiling Robinson Crusoe's desert island!1922C. E. Montague Disenchantment xiii. 175 All castaways together, all really marooned on the one desert island.1930F. B. Young Jim Redlake iii. v. 376, I always except the Meistersinger. I think I should choose it as my desert-island opera.1939Mind XLVIII. 156, I find that desert-island morality always rouses suspicion among ordinary men.1942Radio Times 23 Jan. 15/4 Desert Island Discs’... Vic Oliver discusses with Roy Plomley the eight records he would choose if he were condemned to spend the rest of his life on a desert island with a gramophone for his entertainment.
1883Miss C. F. Gordon Cumming in 19th Cent. Aug. 302 *Desert-larks, wheat-ears, and other..birds do their best to diminish the locusts.
1889J. H. Maiden Useful Native Plants Austral. 8 Atalantia glauca,..‘Native Kumquat’, ‘*Desert Lemon’.
1621Lady M. Wroth Urania 441 In the *Desart-like wildernes.
1872Baker Nile Tribut. xxii. 384 These *desert-locked and remote countries.
1932Auden Orators iii, Spare us the numbing zero-hour, The *desert-long retreat.
1844Mem. Babylonian P'cess. II. 121 A sandy *desert-looking tract.
1896*Desert oak [see oak 3 b].
1903‘T. Collins’ Such is Life 91 She had revelled in the audacious black-and-scarlet glory of the *desert pea.1929K. S. Prichard Coonardoo 217 It was a good season, the desert pea scarlet under the mulga.1967A. M. Blombery Guide Native Austral. Plants 101 (caption) Clianthus formosus (Sturt's Desert Pea).
1845Mrs. Norton Child of Islands (1846) 113 A *desert-pelican whose heart's best blood Oozed in slow drops.
1903A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 4) I. iii. ii. i. 436 On the sandy plains of Wyoming, Utah, and the adjacent territories, surfaces even of such hard materials as chalcedony are etched into furrows and wrinkles, acquiring at the same time a peculiar and characteristic glaze (‘*desert-polish’).
1822J. Montgomery Hymn, ‘Hail to the Lord's Anointed’ iv, Arabia's *desert-ranger To Him shall bow the knee.
1944in Shorter Oxf. Eng. Dict. Add. (1956) 2487/3 As we stewed our tea—*desert-rat style.1945W. S. Churchill Victory (1946) 217 Dear Desert Rats, may your glory ever shine.1958Times 17 Apr. 11/4 The desert rat insignia will continue to be worn by all officers and men of the 7th Armoured Brigade Group.
1824Byron Def. Transf. i. i. 116 The..patient swiftness of the *desert ship, The helmless dromedary!a1845Hood An Open Question xiv, That desert-ship the camel of the East.
1821Shelley Prometh. Unb. iv. 352 The brackish cup Drained by a *desert-troop.
1903A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 4) II. 1425/1 *Desert-polish or varnish.1904C. R. Van Hise Treat. Metamorphism 547 In arid regions the hardened film has frequently been smoothed by the wind-blown sand, so as to present a polished surface. Such polished hardened films are known as ‘desert varnish’.1944A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xiii. 270 The loose salts are blown away, but oxides of iron, accompanied by traces of manganese and other similar oxides, form a red, brown, or black film which is firmly retained. The surfaces of long-exposed rocks and pebbles thus acquire a characteristic coat of ‘desert varnish’.1970R. J. Small Study Landforms ix. 294 Capillary rise is associated with the chemical breakdown of the interior of large boulders and the deposition of a hard crust of ‘desert varnish’..on their surface.
1827Keble Chr. Y. 2nd Sund. after Easter, The *desert-wearied tribes.
1833Rock Hierurg. (1892) I. 182 Pilgrimage through this *desert-world.
1890‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer ix, Sun-burned and *desert-worn passengers.

Desert Storm syndrome n.> n. = Gulf War Syndrome n. (b) at gulf n. Additions.
[1991Washington Post (Nexis) 7 Apr. d3 ‘What's the point?’ the eyes of the Kurds seem to say. I leave alone, rolling through the mud and rain with my own unsettled thoughts... I call them the Desert Storm Syndrome.]1991San Diego Union-Tribune (Nexis) 1 Aug. b13 If the gulf war was our chance to throw off the ‘Vietnam War syndrome’, we are left to wonder how we should now regard the ‘*Desert Storm syndrome’.1993Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 17 July 3 A number of veterans who were involved in the ground offensive were now suffering Desert Storm Syndrome, with physical symptoms ranging from weight and hair loss to headaches and skin disorders.1995Independent on Sunday 12 Feb. (Rev. Suppl.) 4/2 In America, Desert Storm syndrome sufferers are so convinced that chemical weapons might have contributed to their illness that they are mounting a $1bn lawsuit against a consortium of chemical companies.
III. desert
obs. form of dessert n.
IV. desert, a.|ˈdɛzət|
Also 4–6 deserte, 6–8 desart.
[ME. deˈsert a. OF. desert, mod.F. dé- (11th c.) = Pr. and Cat. desert, Sp. desierto, It. deserto:— L. dēsert-us abandoned, forsaken, left or lying waste, pa. pple. of dēserĕre to sever connexion with, leave, forsake, abandon, etc.: in later use treated as an attributive use of desert n.2, and stressed ˈdesert; but the earlier stress is found archaically in 18–19th c. in sense 1.]
1. Deserted, forsaken, abandoned. arch.
Sometimes as pa. pple.: cf. desert v. 4.
1480Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxvi. 233 Wyde clothes destytut and desert from al old honeste and good vsage.1540R. Hyrde tr. Vive's Instr. Chr. Wom. (1592) M vj, Noemy had beene a widow and desert in deede.1633P. Fletcher Poet. Misc., Elisa ii. iv, Her desert self and now cold Lord lamenting.1774S. Wesley in Westm. Mag. II. 654 When..lies desert the monumented clay.1792S. Rogers Pleas. Mem. i. 69 As through the gardens desert paths I rove.1868Morris Earthly Par. i. 254 In that wan place desert of hope and fear.
2. Uninhabited, unpeopled, desolate, lonely.
(In mod. usage this sense and 3 are freq. combined.)
1297R. Glouc. 232 Þe decyples..Byleuede in a wyldernesse..Þat me clepuþ nou Glastynbury, þat desert was þo.a1340Hampole Psalter Cant. 514 He fand him in land deserte.1494Fabyan Chron. i. ii. 9 This Ile wt Geaunts whylom inhabyt..Nowe beynge deserte.1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iii. (1586) 127 They seeke the secretest and desartest places that may be.1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 94 When Deucalion hurl'd His Mother's Entrails on the desart World.1711Addison Spect. No. 85 ⁋2 Fallen asleep in a desart wood.1856Bryant Poems, To a Waterfowl iv, The desert and illimitable air.
3. Uncultivated and unproductive, barren, waste; of the nature of a desert.
1393Gower Conf. III. 158 Prodegalite..is the moder of pouerte, Wherof the londes ben deserte.c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. xiii, The contre..was tho almost diserte ffor lakke off tillers.1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 52 The Countrey..is desart, sterile and full of loose sand.1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 147 A thirsty Train That long have travell'd thro' a Desart Plain.1716Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess of Mar 17 Nov., The kingdom of Bohemia is the most desert of any I have seen in Germany.1839Thirlwall Greece VI. li. 243 A cross-road leading over a desert arid tract.
4. fig. Dry, uninteresting. rare.
a1674Milton Hist. Mosc. Pref. (1851) 470 To save the Reader a far longer travail of wandring through so many desert Authors.
V. desert, v.|dɪˈzɜːt|
[a. mod.F. déserter to abandon, in OF. to make desert, leave desert, = Pr. and Sp. desertar, It. desertare ‘to make desart or desolate’ (Florio), late L. dēsertāre (Du Cange), freq. of dēserĕre to abandon.]
1. trans. To abandon, forsake, relinquish, give up (a thing); to depart from (a place or position).
1603in Grant Burgh Sch. Scotl. ii. xiii. 365 He..was resoluit to obey God calling him thairto, and to leave and desert the said school.1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxx. 175 He that deserteth the Means, deserteth the Ends.1715–20Pope Iliad xiv. 488 His slacken'd hand deserts the lance it bore.1784Cowper Task i. 392 The languid eye, the cheek Deserted of its bloom.c1790Willock Voy. 250 We resolved to run every risk rather than desert her [a ship].1798H. Skrine Two Tours Wales 6 Here deserting its banks, we climbed the hills.1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 8 Here..Plato seems prepared to desert his ancient ground.1879Lubbock Sci. Lect. ii. 36 Such a plant would soon be deserted.
2. To forsake (a person, institution, cause, etc. having moral or legal claims upon one); spec. of a soldier or sailor: To quit without permission, run away from (the service, his colours, ship, post of duty, commander, or comrades).
1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. ii. (1843) 44/1 His affection to the church so notorious, that he never deserted it.1654tr. Martini's Conq. China 182 Kiangus seeing himself deserted of the Tartars..returned to the City.1700S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 277 The Dutch that sometimes desert us, and go over to the King of Candi.c1790Willock Voy. 175 The christian merchants..totally deserted him.1791Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest xii, The offence you have committed by deserting your post.1891Sir H. C. Lopes in Law Times' Rep. LXV. 603/1 A husband deserts his wife if he wilfully absents himself from her society, in spite of her wish.
b. To abandon or give up to something. arch.
1658J. Webb tr. Cleopatra VIII. ii. 53 The Princesse..deserted her soul to the most violent effects of Passion.1673Milton True Relig. Wks. (1847) 563/2 It cannot be imagined that God would desert such painful and zealous labourers..to damnable errours.1812Landor Count Julian Wks. 1846 II. 508 Gracious God! Desert me to my sufferings, but sustain My faith in Thee!
c. Of powers or faculties: To fail so as to disappoint the needs or expectations of.
1667Milton P.L. viii. 563 Wisdom..deserts thee not.1748Anson's Voy. ii. x. (ed. 4) 322 The infallibility of the Holy Father had..deserted him.1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 260 In the presence of Socrates, his thoughts seem to desert him.
d. To fall short of (a standard). Obs. rare.
1664Power Exp. Philos. ii. 91 The Quicksilver..will not much desert nor surmount the determinate height..of 29 inches.
3. intr. (or absol.) To forsake one's duty, one's post, or one's party; esp. of a soldier or sailor: To quit or run away from the service in violation of oath or allegiance.
1689Jrnl. Ho. Lords, The Lords Spiritual..who Deserted (not Protested) against the Vote in the House of Peers.1693W. Freke Art of War v. 247 Hannibal finding his Souldiers desert.1792Gentl. Mag. LXII. i. 561 The fourth regiment..deserted in a body with their Colonel at their head.1802–3tr. Pallas' Trav. (1812) II. 299 The Kozaks.. deserted to the Turks.1840Thirlwall Greece VII. lvii. 230 He deserted in the midst of the battle.
4. Sc. Law.
a. trans. (with pa. pple. in 6 desert.) To relinquish altogether, or to put off for the time (a suit or ‘diet’); to prorogue (Parliament).
b. intr. To cease to have legal force, become inoperative.
1539Sc. Acts Jas. V (1814) 353 (Jam.) That this present parliament proceide..quhill it pleiss the kingis grace that the samin be desert.1569Diurn. Occurr. (1833) 152 Thair foir that the saidis lettres sould desert in thameselff.1752J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 251 For deserting a Diet, or assoilizieing a Pannel.1773Erskine Inst. iv. (Jam.), If any of the executions appear informal, the court deserts the diet.1861W. Bell Dict. Law Scotl. s.v. Desertion, To desert the diet simpliciter..will..put a stop to all further proceedings.
Hence deˈserting vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1646J. Whitaker Uzziah 23 His just deserting of them.1700Dryden Palam. & Arc. iii. 411 Bought senates and deserting troops are mine.1883Times 27 Aug. 3/6 Colonel Rubalcaba..almost single-handed, had pursued his deserting regiment.
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