| 释义 |
▪ I. design, n.|dɪˈzaɪn|
Also 6 de-, des-, disseigne, disseine, 7 designe, (dessein, disseene, 8 deseign).
[In 16th c. des(s)eigne, a. 15–16th c. F. desseing (in 16th c. also dessing, desing) ‘designe, purpose, proiect, priuat intention or determination’ (Cotgr.), f. desseigner to design. In 16th c. It. disegno (also dissegno, designo) had the senses ‘purpose, designe, draught; model, plot, picture, pourtrait’ (Florio). Hence the artistic sense was taken into Fr., and gradually differentiated in spelling, so that in mod.F. dessein is ‘purpose, plan’, dessin ‘design in art’. Eng. on the contrary uses design, conformed to the verb, in both senses.]
I. A mental plan.
1. a. A plan or scheme conceived in the mind and intended for subsequent execution; the preliminary conception of an idea that is to be carried into effect by action; a project.
1593Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. xv. §4 (Spencer's ed. 1611 p. 46) What the lawe of God hath, either for or against our disseignes. 1596Spenser F.Q. v. viii. 25 By counterfet disguise To their deseigne to make the easier way. 1625Purchas Pilgrims ii. 1293 The Emperor vndertaketh no high design without his approvement. 1738Wesley Psalms ii. 1 Why do the Jews and Gentiles join To execute a vain Design? a1843Southey Inscriptions xli, What inexhaustive springs of public wealth The vast design required. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 534 Grey..had concurred in the design of insurrection.
b. ‘A scheme formed to the detriment of another’ (J.); a plan or purpose of attack upon or on.
a1704Locke (J.), A sedate, settled design upon another man's life. 1704Cibber Careless Husb. ii. i, To be in love, now, is only to have a design upon a woman, a modish way of declaring war against her virtue. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 598 It was thought necessary to relinquish the design on Bristol. 1858Lytton What Will he do? i. i, He had no design on your pocket.
2. a. In weaker sense: Purpose, aim, intention.
1588Shakes. L.L.L. iv. i. 88 [Armado writes] Thine in the dearest designe of industrie. Ibid. v. i. 105. 1594 ― Rich. III, i. ii. 211 That it may please you leaue these sad designes To him that hath most cause to be a Mourner. 1659B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 108 They who ask relief, have one designe: and he who gives it, another. 1697Dryden Virg. Past. vi. 37 He..demands On what design the Boys had bound his hands. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) I. 344 With design to besiege it. 1736Butler Anal. i. iii. Wks. 1874 I. 50 The design of this chapter is to inquire, how far this is the case. 1792B. Munchhausen's Trav. xxx. 135 They extended an elephant's hide, tanned and prepared for the design, across the summit of the tower. 1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xxxiii. (1878) 564 My design had been to go at once to London.
b. = Intention to go. (Cf. design v. 13.)
1725De Foe New Voy. (1840) 57 My design was to the north part of the island.
c. phr. by († out of, on, upon) design: on purpose, purposely, intentionally.
1628Hobbes Thucyd. (1822) 65 The man being upon design gone..into Sanctuary. 1650Fuller Pisgah ii. xii. 261 On design to extirpate all the smiths in Israel. 1665Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 141 Either out of Design, or Simplicity. a1715Burnet Own Time (1766) I. 4, I have, on design, avoided all laboured periods. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. App. 628 William, whether by accident or by design, was not admitted.
3. The thing aimed at; the end in view; the final purpose.
[1605Shakes. Macb. ii. i. 55 Wither'd Murther..towards his designe Moues like a Ghost.] 1657Cromwell in Four C. Eng. Lett. 86 We desire..that the design be Dunkirk rather than Grauelines. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 604 If Milk be thy Design; with plenteous Hand Bring Clover-grass. 1711Lady M. W. Montagu Lett. to W. Montagu 24 Mar., Happiness is the natural design of all the world. 1833Chalmers Const. Man (1835) I. iv. 187 Virtue was the design of our Creation.
4. Contrivance in accordance with a preconceived plan; adaptation of means to ends; pre-arranged purpose; spec. used in reference to the view that the universe manifests Divine forethought and testifies to an intelligent Creator (the argument from design).
1665Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 141 Either out of Design, or Simplicity. 1736[see designer 1]. 1802Paley Nat. Theol. ii. §3 The argument from design remains as it was. Ibid. ii. §4 The machine, which we are inspecting, demonstrates, by its construction, contrivance and design. 1831Brewster Newton (1855) I. xiii. 359 The arrangements, therefore, upon which the stability of the system depends, must have been the result of design. 1855Tennyson Maud ii. ii. i, What a lovely shell..With delicate spire and whorl, How exquisitely minute, A miracle of design! 1883Hicks (title), Critique of Design-Arguments.
5. In a bad sense: Crafty contrivance, hypocritical scheming; an instance of this. Cf. designing ppl. a. 2. arch.
a1704T. Brown Praise of Poverty Wks. 1730 I. 94 Honesty (they think) design, and design honesty. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. xiv. (1858) 219 A..faithful..servant..without passions, sullenness, or designs. 1738Wesley Hymns, ‘Almighty Maker, God!’ vi, Thy Glories I abate, Or praise Thee with Design. 1796Bp. Watson Apol. Bible 276 If this mistake proceeds from design you are still less fit. 1871B. Taylor Faust (1875) I. v. 99 'Twas all deceit and lying, false design.
II. A plan in art.
6. A preliminary sketch for a picture or other work of art; the plan of a building or any part of it, or the outline of a piece of decorative work, after which the actual structure or texture is to be completed; a delineation, pattern.
1638Junius Painting of Ancients 270 What beauty and force there is in a good and proportionable designe. 1645N. Stone Enchirid. Fortif. 78 Profile, An Italian word for that designe that showes the side..of any work. 1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 252 'Tis usual..for any person before he begins to Erect a Building, to have Designs or Draughts drawn upon Paper..in which Designs..each Floor or Story is delineated. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §278 The necessary designs for the iron rails of the balcony. 1821W. M. Craig Drawing, Painting, etc. lect. i. 29 That these itinerant workmen had a certain set of designs, or rather patterns, handed down from generation to generation. Mod. The Committee appointed to report on the designs sent in for the new Corn Exchange.
7. a. The combination of artistic details or architectural features which go to make up a picture, statue, building, etc.; the artistic idea as executed; a piece of decorative work, an artistic device.
1644Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 73, I was particularly desirous of seeing this palace, from the extravagance of the design. 1670Sir S. Crow in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 15 Their ordnary designes [in tapestry]..beeing deformed and mishapen. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian Prol. (1826) 3 Simplicity and grandeur of design. 1851D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iii. v. 133 A silver bracelet of rare and most artistic design. 1863Geo. Eliot Romola ii. vii, To admire the designs on the enamelled silver centres. 1884Times (weekly ed.) 26 Sept. 4/1 It is the design that sells the cloth.
b. transf. of literary work in this and prec. sense.
1875Emerson Lett. & Soc. Aims, Poet. & Imag. Wks. (Bohn) III. 153 Great design belongs to a poem, and is better than any skill of execution,—but how rare! 1879B. Taylor Stud. Germ. Lit. 262 His design is evidently greater than his power of execution.
8. The art of picturesque delineation and construction; original work in a graphic or plastic art.
arts of design: those in which design plays a principal part, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, engraving. school of design: a school in which the arts of design are specially taught.
1638Junius Painting of Ancients 271 [From] Designe and Proportion..we should proceed to Colour. 1735Berkeley Querist §68 The art of design, and its influence in most trades or manufactures. 1850J. Leitch Müller's Anc. Art §25. 9 Design or the graphic art..produces by means of light and shade the appearance of bodies on a surface. 1854Ruskin Two Paths i. (1858) 44 Design, properly so called, is human invention, consulting human capacity.
9. attrib. and Comb., as design book, design consultant, design engineer; design-conscious a. (see conscious a. 12).
1936Burlington Mag. Nov. 235/2 The silversmiths appear to have had in their minds the forms depicted in German design-books.
1955H. Read Grass Roots of Art (rev. ed.) vii. 137 The buying public..was becoming design-conscious. 1960Guardian 30 Sept. 10/2 Plagiarism..is a rare headache to the design-conscious Scandinavian nations.
1954H. Read Anarchy & Order 226 The attempt of certain artists to adapt themselves to the modern industrial system by calling themselves ‘design consultants’ has had no appreciable effect on the cultural situation. 1970J. Quartermain Man who walked on Diamonds iv. 23 It was a design consultant's idea of hell.
1964F. L. Westwater Electronic Computers iii. 49 Not infrequently, a design engineer will ask the logical designer to make alterations for various reasons.
▪ II. design, v.|dɪˈzaɪn|
Also 6 desyne, 6–7 designe, 7 disseigne, dissigne.
[a. F. désigner (16th c. in Rabelais, in 14th c. desinner Godef. Suppl.) ‘to denote, signifie, or shew by a marke or token, to designe, prescribe, appoint’ (Cotgr.), ad. L. dēsignāre, dissignāre to mark out, trace out, denote, designate, appoint, contrive, etc., f. de- I. 2 and dis- + signāre to mark, signum mark, sign. Cf. Pr. designar, desegnar, Sp., Pg. designar, It. disegnare (in 16th c. also dissegnare, designare, Florio). In It. the vb. had in 16th c. the senses ‘to designe, contriue, plot, purpose, intend; also to draw, paint, embroither, modle, pourtray’ (Florio); thence obs. F. desseigner ‘to designe, purpose, proiect, lay a plot’ (Cotgr.), and mod.F. dessiner, in 16th c. designer, 17th c. dessigner, to design in the artistic sense. In Eng., design combines all these senses.]
I. [after L. dēsignāre, F. désigner] To mark out, nominate, appoint, designate.
†1. trans. To point out by distinctive sign, mark, or token; to indicate. Also with forth, out. Obs.
1593Shakes. Rich. II, i. i. 203 We shall see Iustice designe the Victors Chiualrie. 1594Spenser Amoretti lxxiv, Most happy letters!..With which that happy name was first desynd. 1610Donne Pseudo Martyr 313 The Sunne, which designes priesthod, is so much bigger then the Moon. 1614Selden Titles Hon. 117 The Forme..being vsuall..with such Substantiues to designe out the subiect denominated of the Adiectiue. 1641T. Warmstry Blind Guide Forsaken 37 Designing forth unto us the place whither hee is ascended. 1668Sedley Mulb. Gard. i. ii, Those Cravats that design the Right Honourable.
absol.1606Warner Alb. Eng. xiv. lxxxviii. (1612) 360 Euen so As had their Oracles of them dissigned long ago.
2. To point out by name or by descriptive phrase; in Law, to specify (a person) by title, profession, trade, etc.; to designate, name, style. Sometimes with double obj. (direct and complemental). arch.
1603–21Knolles Hist. Turks 1311 Willing the Turks to designe the partie which had thrown the stone. 1614Raleigh Hist. World II. iv. iii. §1. 178 He left his Kingdom to the worthiest, as designing Perdiccas. 1794Sullivan View Nat. II. 393 Voltaire..in designing Geneva, called it la petite République voisine de ses terres. 1814Southey Roderick xviii, The plains Burgensian..ere long To be design'd Castille. 1874Act 37–8 Vict. c. 94 §38 The writer..is not named or designed.
†3. Of names, signs, etc.: To signify, stand for.
1627Hakewill Apol. (1630) Bbb iij b, The numerall..then designeth so many hundred thousand. a1631Donne Serm. (1839) IV. cvii. 466 A few lines of ciphers will design..that number. 1642Jer. Taylor Episc. (1647) 138 Names which did designe temporary offices.
†4. To appoint to office, function, or position; to designate, nominate. Const. as in 2. Obs.
1596Bell Surv. Popery iii. xii. 509 The priest was designed ouer the penitents in euerie church. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 127 A perpetuall and unquenchable fire, for the watching whereof, were Dogs designed. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xvi. (1632) 862 Where Election designeth the Successor. a1649Drummond of Hawthornden Jas. V Wks. (1711) 113 The commission..in which he is designed lieutenant. 1668Davenant Man's the Master v. i, When you design'd your man to court her in your shape. 1701Rowe Ambit. Step-Moth. ii. i. 555 Great, just and merciful, such as Mankind..would have design'd a King.
5. To appoint or assign (something to a person); to make over, bestow, grant, give. Const. to or dat. Obs. exc. in Sc. Law.
1572Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1597) §48 They haue appoynted, marked, and designed the said manse, with foure acres..to the vse of the Minister..that sall..minister at the said kirk. 1592Davies Immort. Soul xxxiii. (R.), Three kinds of life to her designed be. 1608J. King Serm. St. Mary's 8 Afterwardes when Michal was designed to him [David]. 1650–60Tatham Wks. (1879) 169 He is the challenged and justly may Design the way of fighting. 1651Fuller's Abel Rediv., Musculus 257 Designing unto Musculus one of the principallest Churches. 1681Glanvill Sadducismus ii. 296 The Spirit's name which he designed her was Locas. 1784Cowper Task vi. 580 Nature..when she form'd, designed them an abode. 1864Daily Review 14 Nov., The minister of Dalgety in 1862..stating..that in terms of the Act 1663, chapter 21, he was entitled to have grass designed to him for the support of a horse..and praying the Presbytery to make the necessary designation accordingly.
6. Hence, with mixture of II, and ultimately fusing with 10: To set apart in thought for the use or advantage of some one; to intend to bestow or give. Const. for, † to, † on.
1664Dryden Rival Ladies Ded., This worthless Present was design'd you, long before it was a Play. 1666― Ann. Mirab. lx, Their mounting shot is on our sails designed: Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light. 1673Essex Papers (Camden) I. 153 Trear. designes the place to Orrery, but I am confident it will never be. 1701Pennsylv. Archives I. 142, I fully design'd you a visit. 1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 245 What present I had designed for her. 1833H. Martineau Brooke Farm ii. 22 Hearing what favours were designed for his boy. 1861M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 30 These fragments are designed for the German, rather than the English reader.
7. To appoint, destine, devote (a thing or person) to a fate or purpose. Now merged in 10.
1593Nashe Christ's T. 23 a, Because I am Christ the iust, therfore you will designe me to the Crosse vniustly. 1623Massinger Bondman iv. ii, This well-built city, not long since designed To spoil and rapine. 1662Gerbier Princ. 15 The Duke..designed in his Will ten Thousand Gilders..to..alter what he had Built amisse. 1691Ray Creation (1714) 174 Neither yet need those who are designed to Divinity itself fear to look into these studies. [1747Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 139 The Goods design'd as a Present to the Indians.]
II. [allied to design n. I, obs. F. desseigner] To plan, purpose, intend.
8. To form a plan or scheme of; to conceive and arrange in the mind; to originate mentally, plan out, contrive.
1548Hall Chron. 215 When all thing was redy, according as he desyned. 1594Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits (1616) 218 The matters which they disseigne and worke with much wisdome. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. v. (1702) I. 430 That he should begin his Journey..so unfit for Travel..if his going away was design'd the day before. 1682Bunyan Holy War (Cassell) 250 If the enemy..should design and plot our ruin. 1795Southey Vis. Maid of Orleans i. 170 Eternal Wisdom deals Or peace to man, or misery, for his good Alike design'd. 1812S. Rogers Columbus vii. 46 He can suspend the laws himself designed.
9. In weaker sense: To purpose, intend, mean. † Rarely, to be designed (obs.), like to be purposed, resolved, determined, minded, etc.
1660R. Coke Justice Vind. Ep. Ded. 5, I designe no more than to demonstrate that [etc.]. 1701De Foe True-born Eng. 34 And yet he really designs no wrong. 1830D'Israeli Chas. I, III. vi. 82 [Charles] designed inviting great artists to England.
b. with inf. phr.
1655–60Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 106/2 Great Queens, if you are design'd to speak to Mortals, Make me acquainted with your rumbling voice. 1678Butler Hud. iii. i. 1386 How does the Devil know What 'twas that I design'd to do? 1724De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 162, I design to go with you. 1874J. T. Micklethwaite Mod. Par. Churches 224 Those objects which we design to bequeath to posterity.
c. with subord. clause as obj.
a1704T. Brown Declam. Praise Wealth Argum., A proclamation, that she design'd her smiles should no more fall on the unworthy. 1715De Foe Fam. Instruct. i. vii. (1841) I. 125, I did not design you should have heard.
10. With complement (a) inf. or n., (b) prep. phr.: To purpose or intend (a thing) to be or do (something); to mean (a thing) to serve some purpose or fulfil some plan.
a.1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 137 So far as you design the Balcony to project. 1713Addison Cato i. iv, Other creatures, Than what our nature and the Gods design'd us. 1733Ld. Orrery in Duncombe's Lett. (1773) II. 35 The wood-walk, which I designed a labyrinth, is almost finished. 1779Cowper Lett. 21 Sept., I have glazed the two frames, designed to receive my pine plants. 1802M. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. xiv. 116 With one..kick, designed to express his contempt. 1860Hook Lives Abps. (1869) I. i. 18 The emperors designed it to be a general council.
b.a1700Dryden (J.), You are not for obscurity designed, But, like the sun, must cheer all human kind. 1746in Leisure Hour (1880) 23 A pewter teapot, but I believe it was designed for silver. 1756Burke Vind. Nat. Soc. Wks. 1808 I. 67 Ask of politicians the end for which laws were originally designed; and they will answer, that the laws were designed as a protection for the poor and weak. 1766Goldsm. Vic. W. xxi, The morning I designed for our departure. 1882J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. II. 21 The palace which Somerset designed for this splendid site.
11. intr. To have purposes or intentions (of a specified kind). rare.
1749Fielding Tom Jones xiv. vii, To persuade the mother..that you designed honourably.
12. trans. To have in view, contemplate.
1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. i. i. 18 Before he come to the Subject it self which he designes. 1784Cowper Task iii. 11 So I, designing other themes, and call'd T' adorn the Sofa with eulogium. 1877W. Bruce Comm. Revelation 87 Tell him that his natural Enemies are not designed in the promise.
13. intr. and quasi-pass. (usually with for): To intend to go or start; to be bound for (a place).
1644Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 75 Within sight of Tours where we were designed for the rest of the time. 1684Lady Russell Lett. I. xv. 42 The question..when I design for Stratton. 1688in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. IV. 141 They design to Bristol, but will take Exeter..in the way. 1691T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 21 Ships..designed on long Voyages. 1712E. Cooke Voy. S. Sea 360 From Guam we design for Batavia. 1819R. Chapman Life Jas. V 129 This convinced them all that the king designed for France. 1823Scott Quentin D. viii, On the succeeding day we were designed for Amboise. 1845Carlyle Cromwell (1871) II. 133 The new Lord Lieutenant had at first designed for Munster.
b. transf. To intend to start upon a certain course; to mean to enter upon a pursuit.
1694Gibson in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 225 And if he designs for Law, 'tis high time to begin.
III. [allied to design n. II, It. disegnare, F. dessiner] To sketch, delineate, draw; to fashion artistically.
14. trans.
†a. To make a sketch of (an object or scene); to sketch, draw. Obs.
b. To trace the outline of, delineate.
(designment, implying the vb. in this sense, is quoted of 1570.)
1635Cowley Davideis i. 747 The Prophet Gad in learned Dust designs Th' immortal solid Rules of fancy'd Lines. 1638Junius Painting of Ancients 290 A good invention well designed and seasonably coloured. 1644Evelyn Diary (1871) 69 The prospect was so tempting that I designed it with my crayon. 1699Lister Journ. Paris 53 In the Flore..they have designed..an Universal Map. 1782Mann in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 421 Designing, painting..and describing every Fish. 1879Stevenson Trav. Cevennes 211 The monstrous ribs and gullies of the mountain were faintly designed in the moonshine.
c. To make the preliminary sketch of (a work of art, a picture, statue, ornamental fabric, etc.); to make the plans and drawings necessary for the construction of (a building, ship, machine, etc.), which the workmen have to follow out.
1697Evelyn Numism. vii. 240 Mons. Morelli, who both Designets [? designes] and Ingraves the Medals. a1700Dryden (J.), The prince designs The new elected seat, and draws the lines. 1743Peterhouse College Order in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 37 In Consideration of his Designing..the new Building. 1893Weekly Notes 89/1 To design and superintend the construction of the docks in question.
15. To plan and execute (a structure, work of art, etc.); to fashion with artistic skill or decorative device; to furnish or adorn with a design.
1666Dryden Ann. Mirab. clii, The weaver, charmed with what his loom designed. 1697― Virg. Past. v. 102 Behold, four hallow'd Altars we design. 1703Steele Tend. Husb. iii. ii, However my Face is very prettily design'd today. 1853Kingsley Hypatia v, Did Christians..design its statues and its frescoes? 1865J. Fergusson Hist. Archit. I. i. iv. v. 346 The Roman bridges were designed on the same grand scale as their aqueducts. 1874Green Short Hist. i. §6. 52 A lady summons him..to design a robe which she is embroidering.
16. intr.
a. To trace the outline of a figure or form; to put a graphic representation on paper, canvas, etc.; to draw, sketch.
b. To form or fashion a work of art; in a narrower sense, to form decorative figures, devise artistic patterns.
1662Evelyn Chalcogr. 128 Unless he that Copies, Design perfectly himself. 1665Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 149 One he knew could both design and copy well. 1854Ruskin Two Paths i. (1858) 44 A painter designs when he chooses some things, refuses others, and arranges all. 1885H. V. Barnett in Mag. of Art Sept. 454/1 She..began to design and to paint with delicacy, taste, and truth. |