| 释义 |
▪ I. straining, vbl. n.|ˈstreɪnɪŋ|
[f. strain v.1 + -ing1.]
1. The action of stretching, extending, drawing tight, wrenching, etc.; the fact of being stretched, wrenched, etc.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 199 A Mannes lyme bicomeþ smal wiþ greet streynyng of ligaturis þat takiþ awei þe norisching of þe lyme. 1463–4Rolls of Parlt. V. 501/1 Brode Cloth..after almanere rakkyng, streynyng or teyntyng therof. 1562Turner Herbal ii. 83 The ach that commeth by the wrinchyng or strenyng [printed streuyng] of any ioynte. a1647in Archæologia XII. 263 The ship went away without any straining of screws or tackles. 1748Anson's Voy. ii. iv. 157 The water the Pink had made by her working and straining in bad weather. 1805Scott Last Minstr. iv. xx, So near they were, that they might know The straining harsh of each cross-bow. 1860W. Collins Woman in White vii, The drawings..require careful straining and mounting. 1865Swinburne Poems & Ball., Lamentation 69 With straining of oars.
2. a. Excessive exertion of the voice, lungs, eyes, etc.
1585Higins Junius' Nomencl. 347/2 Bombyces,..long pipes which are very hardly filled with breath, and not without great straining of the breath. 1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, i. v. 10 My brest Ile burst with straining of my courage. 1639N. N. tr. Du Bosq's Compl. Woman i. 28 The strayning of their countenance discovers, they have not modestie enough for silence, no more then sufficiency for discourse. 1680Otway Caius Marius iv. i, It is the Lark, and out of Tune she sings With grating Discords and unpleasing Strainings. 1712Addison Spect. No. 407 ⁋1 Those Strainings of the Voice, Motions of the Body, and Majesty of the Hand, which are so much celebrated in the Orators of Greece and Rome. 1832S. Warren Diary Physic. II. iii. 122 There was..no knitting of the brows, or painful straining of the eyes. 1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. xv. I. 292 An uncommonly fine girl... Really worth a little straining to look at her.
b. A violent muscular effort to evacuate the bowels, etc.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 721 In the ascent he and all the rest were surprised with so sudden panges of straining and casting, and some also of scouring, that the Sea-sicknesse is not comparable hereunto. 1677Gilpin Dæmonol. (1867) 307 That vomit..cannot be done without sickness, straining, and torture. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 241 The percentage of total solids in the fluid passed during straining, was less than half that passed when the patient remained passive.
c. The making a violent effort or strong endeavour (to do something, after an end or object).
1580Lyly Euphues Eng. (Arb.) 422 The Nightingale, which is saide with continual strayning to singe, to perishe in hir sweete layes. 1665Boyle Occas. Refl. iv. xiii. (1848) 248 The Shore being fixt, and immoveable, instead of making that come to him, his very strainings drew him and his Boat to that. 1800Coleridge in J. D. Campbell Life (1894) 107, I find that I can without any straining gain 500 guineas a year. 1890Spectator 1 Nov., Grand projects of street-improvement, many of which are mere strainings after a needless grandeur. 1898M. Hewlett Earthwork out of Tuscany (1899) Pref. p. xii, The straining of Botticelli to express the ineffable.
3. An urging or pressing too far, laying undue stress upon; wresting or distortion of meaning, forced construction or interpretion.
1528More Dyaloge Wks. 107/2, I haue in these matters bidden him be bolde, without any strayning of curtesie. 1654Jer. Taylor Real Pres. 116 By some straining, the Lamb slain might signifie the slaying the Egyptians. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xv. III. 527 The words of the Act..may, without any straining, be construed as the Court construed them. 1908Athenæum 31 Oct. 535/2 They were forced into resisting such strainings of the prerogative as the Declaration of Indulgence.
4. a. Filtering, sifting, expressing.
1548Elyot's Dict., Expressio, a streynyng. 1583B. Melbancke Philotimus C c/ij b, The streyning of a gnat is not swallowing of a cammell. 1640Bp. Hall Chr. Moder. i. xiii. 141 The presse is prepared for the grapes and Olives, and..neither of them will yeeld their comfortable and wholsome juyce without an hard strayning. 1718Quincy Compl. Disp. (1719) 66 Gums and inspissated Juices..are seldom fit for use before straining. 1883Encycl. Brit. XVI. 691/2 Probably a straining of water from solid particles is effected by the lattice-work of the ctenidia or gill-plates.
b. concr. Something strained or extracted by straining; usually a strained liquor.
1580Blundevil Curing Horses Dis. lxix. 29 Cast not awaie the sodden Barlie with the rest of the strainings. 1669Rowland Schroder's Chym. Disp. i. iii. 6 Succus, in Shops are Expressions or Strainings, such as will mix with Water. 1887A. M. Brown Anim. Alkaloids 82 The residue is filtered by pressure, and the united strainings are subjected to boiling or evaporation.
5. Saddlery. (See quot. 1875.)
1871Saddlers' Gaz. 1 May 12/1 The webs used for the manufacture of a saddle are termed straining web, cross straining and diaper web. 1875Knight Dict. Mech., Straining, a piece of canvas or leather, which, being drawn tightly over the tree, forms the foundation for the seat of the saddle... It is called the straining, because the stretch is taken out of it by repeated wettings and stretchings.
6. attrib. and Comb.
a. in sense 1: straining-arch, an arch designed to resist end-thrust; straining-beam (see quot. 1825); straining-frame, a frame on which paper, canvas, etc. is stretched; straining-leather (see quot. and sense 5); straining-piece = straining-beam; straining-pillar, -post, a post from which wire fencing is stretched tight; straining-sill or -cill (see quot. 1825); straining-web (see 5).
1848Rickman Archit. (ed. 5) Descr. Engrav. p. xli, The angel corbel carries another arch, known as a *straining arch.
a1805Robison Syst. Mech. Philos. (1822) I. 545 The *straining beam and the trussbeam above it. 1825J. Nicholson Oper. Mech. 572 Straining-beam; a piece of timber placed between two others, called queen-posts, at their upper ends, in order to withstand the thrust of the principal rafters.
1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) III. 80 On the *straining frame was written Gerard Soest pinxit. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 747 The paper designed for a transparency must be fixed on a straining frame, such as that of a drawing board without its pannel.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Straining-leather, a kind of web forming the seat of a hussar-saddle.
a1805Robison Syst. Mech. Philos. (1822) I. 669 The great use of the *straining piece is to give a firm abutment to the inner struts, without allowing any lateral strain on the stretcher. 1842Civil Engin. & Arch. Jrnl. V. 361/2 Long straining-pieces reaching from one post to another.
1883J. Scott Farm Roads etc. 85 *Straining-pillars and posts fitted with..winding brackets.
1882Worc. Exhib. Catal. iii. 20 Strained wire fencing..with two kinds of *straining posts.
a1805Robison Syst. Mech. Philos. (1822) I. 547 The *straining sill Q gives a firm abutment to the principal braces. 1825J. Nicholson Oper. Mech. 572 Straining-cill; a piece of timber placed upon the tie-beam at the bottom of two queen-posts, in order to withstand the force of the braces.
b. in sense 4, as straining-bag, straining-cloth, straining-spoon, straining-tower.
1725Bradley's Family Dict. s.v. Sugar ⁋1 Passing it thro a *Straining-Bag.
1742Lond. & Country Brew. iv. (ed. 2) 311 A Bag made of *Straining-cloth, such as Dairy Women use to pass their Milk through. 1915J. London Let. 26 Jan. (1966) 445 Note his..pasteurization of utensils and of straining-cloths over the milk-pails.
1912C. Mackenzie Carnival xxxvi. 342 Here were also brass ladles and *straining spoons and a pair of bellows. 1960H. Hayward Antique Coll. 269/2 Straining spoon, spoon with pierced bowl, found either in large sizes for gravy or similar use or in teaspoon size with thin, tapering stem and pricket top, used for skimming leaves from teacups.
1887Pall Mall Gaz. 21 Oct. 5/2 There will be a *straining tower at Vyrniew [i.e. Vyrnwy], a profusion of filter-beds at Oswestry.
▪ II. ˈstraining, ppl. a.
[-ing2.]
That strains, in various senses of the vb.
1530Palsgr. 326/1 Straynyng, constraintif. 1534More Comf. agst. Trib. iii. xxvii. (1553) V vij b, Y⊇ crewel stretching and straining payne, farre passing any crampe. 1584B. R. tr. Herodotus i. 26 b, Fetching from the bottom of his hart a deepe and streyning sigh. 1794Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xxxiv, The straining cordage bursts, the mast is riven. 1838W. C. Harris Narr. Exped. S. Africa xxx. 289 But neither fount, nor pool, nor running stream, greeted my straining gaze. 1888F. Hume Mme. Midas Prol., Holding the straining sail by a stout rope twisted round his arm. 1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 281 Much harm may be done by straining efforts in defœcation.
†b. Astringent, styptic. Obs.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. liii. (1495) 634 Iuy is medicinable thouh it be bytter and is streynynge. 1552Huloet, Streygninge or bitinge as ginger..[etc.], stipticus.
Hence ˈstrainingly adv.
1828Blackw. Mag. XXIII. 773 Stood he strainingly upright. 1831E. J. Trelawny Adv. Younger Son cxxiii, The tense cords strainingly drawn from heart to brain. 1883R. Broughton Belinda i. xiii, Belinda has opened the envelope, and is staring strainingly at the paper. |