| 释义 |
development|dɪˈvɛləpmənt|
Also 8–9 develope-.
[f. develop v. + -ment, after F. développement, in 15th c. desv-.]
I. The process or fact of developing; the concrete result of this process.
1. A gradual unfolding, a bringing into fuller view; a fuller disclosure or working out of the details of anything, as a plan, a scheme, the plot of a novel. Also quasi-concr. that in which the fuller unfolding is embodied or realized.
[1752Chesterfield Lett. cclxxvi. (1792) III. 263 A développement that must prove fatal to Regal and Papal pretensions.] 1756J. Warton Ess. Pope I. 49 (T.) These observations on Thomson..might still be augmented by an examination and developement of the beauties in the loves of the birds, in Spring; a view of the torrid zone in Summer; [etc.]. 1759Sterne Tr. Shandy I. xiii. (R.), A map..with many other pieces and developements of this work will be added to the end of the twentieth volume. 1786Francis the Philanthropist I. 155 Congratulations..on the developement, so much to his honour, of this intricate and confused affair. 1851Gladstone Glean. IV. v. 5 Essential to the entire development of my case.
2. Evolution or bringing out from a latent or elementary condition; the production of a natural force, energy, or new form of matter.
1794Sullivan View Nat. I. 176 How slow is the developement of heat. 1863E. V. Neale Anal. Th. & Nat. 214 The development discernible in nature, is only the bringing to light a new manifestation of forces already existing, with the same characters, under some other manifestation. 1863Tyndall Heat i. §6. (1870) 5 Experiments which illustrate the development of heat by mechanical means.
3. The growth and unfolding of what is in the germ; the condition of that which is developed:
a. of organs and organisms.
1796Jefferson in Morse Amer. Geog. I. 92 The developement and formation of great germs. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. (1814) 213 The various stages of the development and decay of their organs. 1835Kirby & Sp. Entomol. Let. iii, The transformations of insects..strictly, they ought rather to be termed a series of developments. 1846Dana Zooph. (1848) 686 The latter also differ in their modes of developement. 1862Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. II. i. 5 Watching the development of buds and flowers. 1875Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. 327 As the development progresses the cells..become differentiated. 1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. iii. 111 The development of the sponges has been carefully investigated. 1880Haughton Phys. Geog. i. 16 Some are now in their infancy; others in the full vigour of their development.
b. Of races of plants and animals: The same as evolution; the evolutionary process and its result. development theory or development hypothesis (Biol.): the doctrine of Evolution; applied especially to that form of the doctrine taught by Lamarck (died 1829).
1844R. Chambers Vestiges of Creation 191 (title), Hypothesis of the Development of the Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms. Ibid. 202 The whole train of animated beings..are then to be regarded as a series of advances of the principle of development, which have depended upon external physical circumstances to which the resulting animals are appropriate. 1849H. Miller Footpr. Creat. xiii. (1874) 243 The development visions of the Lamarckian. 1851G. F. Richardson Introd. Geol. 306 The theory of progressive development receives no support from the facts unfolded by the history of fossil reptiles. 1866Argyll Reign Law i. (ed. 4) 32 All theories of Development have been simply attempts to suggest..the physical process by means of which, this ideal continuity of type and pattern has been preserved. 1871Tylor Prim. Cult. I. 1 Its various grades may be regarded as stages of development or evolution, each the outcome of previous history. 1878Stewart & Tait Unseen Univ. iv. §151. 156 Creation belongs to eternity and development to time.
c. The bringing out of the latent capabilities (of anything); the fuller expansion (of any principle or activity).
1865R. W. Dale Jew. Temp. xii. (1877) 131 A promise the final developement and fulness of which we are still waiting for. 1874Green Short Hist. v. §2. 225 A yet larger development of their powers was offered to the Commons by Edward himself. Ibid. ix. 697 A mightier and more rapid development of national energy. 1878Lecky Eng. in 18th C. II. v. 50 The real development of Scotch industry dates from the Union of 1707. 1879Lubbock Addr. Pol. & Educ. iv. 85 Natural science, as a study is perhaps the first in development of our powers. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 34/2 This extraordinary development of the iron manufacture.
d. The act or process of developing (see develop v. 3 f) a mine, site, estate, property, or the like; also, a developed tract of land. Freq. attrib., esp. in development work (see also sense 11 below). Cf. ribbon development.
1885Pall Mall G. 12 Feb. 5/2 No development work has been done whatever, not a shaft has been sunk. 1897Daily News 4 Jan. 2/1 During the year an unusual amount of development work was done on the producing mines. 1898Westm. Gaz. 21 Apr. 4/3 Advance moneys for development purposes. 1900Daily News 11 June 2/1 Development operations have been carried out upon the Le Roi, No. 2 Property. 1904Conrad Nostromo ii. iii. 126 The new loan connected with railway development. 1936P. Nash Dorset 6 All those courageous enemies of ‘development’ to whom we owe what is left of England. 1947S. J. Truscott Mine Econ. (ed. 2) ii. 8 Sampling for the establishment of reserves is conducted primarily upon the exposures along the roads by which the deposit is explored and the property developed, this being development sampling. 1957W. H. Whyte Organization Man 274 The little developments that encircle some towns. 1962A. Christie Mirror Crack'd i. 16 All the people from the Development doing their shopping. Ibid. 17 Where once there had been meadows with cows, there was the Development.
e. The economic advancement of a region or people, esp. one currently under-developed (sense b).
1902Daily Chron. 25 Nov. 4/5 This consideration leads us to what is the supreme need for all parts of that country, namely, economic development. ‘Development first’ was the formula for the moment used by Lord Milner in his latest speech. What South Africa..needs above all is..the primary plant of civilised development. 1945Political Q. Oct.–Dec. 359 Economic development has benefited large sections of the people in Anatolia. 1966New Statesman 11 Mar. 355/3 (Advt.), The Institute of Development Studies the University of Sussex..Professorial fellow in Development Economics. 1982Dædalus Spring 133 All African countries lack sufficient managerial, administrative, and technical skills to undertake the massive task of development contemplated at independence.
4. Gradual advancement through progressive stages, growth from within.
1836J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. iv. (1852) 104 Only where those means exist..is there a development of holy character. 1845J. H. Newman Ess. Developm. i. i. (1846) 37 The development of an idea, being the germination, growth, and perfection of some living..truth. 1861Garbett Boyle Lect. 46 This scheme..exhibits a progressive development, in which there is not a missing link. 1862S. Lucas Secularia 6 Nations proceed in a course of Development, their later manifestations being potentially present in the earliest elements. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iv. 251 Gradual developement without any sudden change.
5. A developed or well-grown condition; a state in which anything is in vigorous life or action.
1851G. F. Richardson Introd. Geol. 258 The genus Serpula..attained its greatest development in the oolitic seas. 1851Mansel Proleg. Log. (1860) 18 His disciple..has carried the doctrine to its fullest development. 1870Rolleston Anim. Life Introd. 49 The great development of the sternum whence the muscles of flight take origin. 1871Smiles Charac. xii. (1876) 366 The highest development of their genius. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 76 The Laches has more play and development of character.
6. The developed result or product; a developed form of some earlier and more rudimentary organism, structure, or system.
1845J. H. Newman Ess. Developm. i. iii. (1846) 58 The butterfly is the development..of the grub. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 2 The last orders of Gothic architecture were the development of the first. 1871R. W. Dale Commandm. Introd. 4 The Christian Faith may be spoken of as, in some sense, the development of Judaism. 1873M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma Pref. (1876) 22 Attacking Romish developments from the Bible, which..were evidently..false developments. 1877E. R. Conder Bas. Faith i. 5 Natural to man only as a development, not as an original element in his nature.
II. Technical uses.
7. a. Geom. The action of unrolling a cylindrical or conical surface, the unbending of any curved surface into a plane, or of a non-plane curve into a plane curve. †b. Applied to the unrolling of a papyrus or other roll which has become rigid (obs.).
1800J. Hayter Herculanean & Pompeian MSS. 12 About thirty years ago, His Sicilian Majesty ordered the Developement, the Transcription, and the printing of the Volumes [rolls]..to be undertaken. 1817(title), Herculaneum Rolls.—Correspondence Relative to a Proposition made by Dr. Sickler, of Hildburghausen, upon the Subject of their Development. 1878Huxley Physiogr. xix. 333 Let the outline of the country be projected on this cone: then on unfolding the paper, it may be spread out on a flat surface: hence the method is known as that of conical development. Ibid. 336 The polar regions are not brought within Mercator's projection, for the poles are supposed, by the cylindrical development to be indefinitely distant.
c. See quots.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., Development, The process of drawing the figures which given lines on a curved surface would assume, if that surface were a flexible sheet and were spread out flat upon a plane without alteration of area and without distortion. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 195/1 To draw the various forms required in ‘development’—that is the covering of surfaces.
d. The indication of the full details of a piece of work, esp. in a technical drawing.
1888Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. 107 Development. A drawing is said to be developed when certain working details are drawn in full. Thus a propeller blade is developed when the various transverse sections are shown. 1904Goodchild & Tweney Technol. & Sci. Dict. 156/2 Development, giving full details of some part of a piece of work.
8. Math. The process by which any mathematical expression is changed into another of equivalent value or meaning, and of more expanded form; the expanded form itself.
1816tr. Lacroix' Diff. & Int. Calc. 148 This developement has been obtained by first putting x + h instead of x. 1837Penny Cycl. VIII. 445/1 The mathematical use of an expression is frequently facilitated by employing its development. ― Ibid., The usual form of development is into infinite series.
9. The action of developing a photograph; the process whereby the latent image on the exposed film is rendered visible by the chemical precipitation of new material on the surface.
1845Athenæum 29 Mar. 312/3 If an impressed Daguerreotype plate..be exposed to the vapour of chlorine, iodine, or bromine..the nascent picture is obliterated, so as to be no longer capable of developement by the vapour of mercury. 1861Photogr. News Alm. in Circ. Sc. I. 160/2 Add more silver, till the development is complete. 1881Eng. Mech. No. 874. 382/1 The exposed plates, after development and before fixing, should be put [etc.].
10. a. Mus. The unfolding of the qualities or capacities of a musical phrase or subject by modifications of melody, harmony, tonality, rhythm, etc., esp. in a composition of elaborate form, as a sonata; the part of a movement in which this takes place. Also attrib.
1880Parry in Grove Dict. Mus. s.v., The most perfect types of development are to be found in Beethoven's works, with whom not seldom the greater part of a movement is the constant unfolding and opening out of all the latent possibilities of some simple rhythmic figure. 1880Stainer Composition ix. §156 This splendid musical form [sonata-form] differs..chiefly in having a Development-portion. Ibid. §166 A figure, or rhythmic motive, or melodic phrase from any part preceding the double bar [of a movement in sonata-form] may be chosen for development. 1889H. A. Harding Analysis of Form 5 The Coda begins with a development of the figure taken from the 1st subject. Ibid., The development commences in C major.
b. Chess. The disposition of the forces for attack or defence at an early stage of a game.
1864Chess Player's Mag. 195 The difficulty..of meeting the many new developments of the attack, especially those resulting from 9 Q.Kt. to B.3rd, has led to a reaction in favour of the move Q.Kt. to R.4th. 1865Ibid. 48 In order to fix a Pawn at his Q. fifth, and so obstruct the development of Black's cavalry. 1889Freeborough & Ranken Chess Openings 13 There are two styles of development; the attacking and the defensive. In one the pieces are spread about to secure the greatest possible command of the board. In the other they are kept together mutually supporting or defending each other. Ibid. 14 When you cannot see your way to an attacking move, play a development move. 1970B. Larsen Larsen's Selected Games of Chess 1948–69 181 Severe cases of neglected development are rare in master games.
11. attrib. development area, any of several areas designated by the Distribution of Industry Act of 1945 as places suffering or liable to suffer from unemployment, where new industries, etc., are encouraged. See also 3 d.
1945Act 8 & 9 Geo. VI c. 36 §1 In any area specified in the First Schedule to this Act (hereinafter referred to as a ‘development area’) the Board of Trade may for the purpose of facilitating the provision of premises needed for meeting the requirements of industrial undertakings (including requirements arising from the needs of persons employed or to be employed therein)..acquire..land for the provision..of such premises. 1948Times Rev. Industry Aug. 28/3, 117 new factory buildings and extensions were completed in the development areas. 1961E. A. Powdrill Vocab. Land Planning iv. 65 Industrial estates should not necessarily be confused with the Government's programme for inducing industry to occupy sites in Development Areas.
Hence developmenˈtarian, deˈvelopmentist, nonce-wds., one who holds a theory of development or evolution in biology, theology, etc.; an evolutionist.
1865Morn. Star 2 Sept., The most curious part of the business is that some polygenists are also developmentarians. 1870Sat. Rev. XXIX. 807 If Mr. Proctor were a developmentist, and boldly laid it down that out of elementary substances of proved identity with those of our earth..life..must of necessity be engendered in forms much the same as those we know. 1888Indian Churchman 26 May 144 No loophole of escape is here left for the ‘developmentarians’. |