| 释义 |
▪ I. digest, n.|ˈdaɪdʒɛst|
Also 5 dy-, 7 dis-.
[ad. L. dīgesta ‘matters digested’, a name given to various collections of writings arranged and distributed under heads; n. pl. of dīgest-us, pa. ppl. of dīgerĕre: see digest v. The appearance of the senses in English, does not correspond in order to the original development.]
1. a. A digested collection of statements or information; a methodically arranged compendium or summary of literary, historical, legal, scientific, or other written matter.
1555R. Braham Address to Reader in Lydgate's Chron. Troy, The verye trouthe therof is not to be had in theyr dygestes. 1605Bacon Adv. Learn. ii. xv. §1. 58 The Disposition..of that Knowledge..consisteth in a good Digest of Common Places. 1789T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) III. 14 This is a very elegant digest of whatever is known of the Greeks. 1825Macaulay Ess., Milton (1854) I. 2/1 His digest of scriptural texts. 1854H. Miller Sch. & Schm. (1858) 313 Those popular digests of geological science which are now so common.
b. spec. A periodical composed wholly or mainly of condensed versions of articles, stories, etc., previously published elsewhere. Also attrib.
1922(title) Reader's Digest. 1946(title) The Literary Digest. A monthly magazine of popular literary interest. 1957Times Lit. Suppl. 11 Oct. 604/4 The Chaplain's loving biography has been edited on the principles of ‘condensed reading’, as popularized by the ‘digest’ kind of magazine. 1958J. Cannan And be a Villain i. 6 Mad ideas they'd got from medical articles in Digests. 1967G. Steiner Lang. & Silence 258 A time of fantastic intellectual cheapness,..the century of the book club, the digest, and the hundred great ideas on the instalment plan.
2. Law.
a. An abstract, or collection in condensed form, of some body of law, systematically arranged.
a1626Bacon (title) An Offer to King James, of a Digest to be made of the Laws of England. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 38 The Digests of the Jewish Law. 1681W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 471 Digests, gathered out of the 37 civilians. 1724A. Collins Gr. Chr. Relig. 14 A Digest of System of Laws for the Government of the Church. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. 66 Out of these three laws..king Edward the confessor extracted one uniform law or digest of laws. 1792J. Wilson in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) IV. 388 A digest of the laws of the United States. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 126 Lord Chief Baron Comyn, in his Digest, states the case in Dyer as having decided that [etc.]. 1869Rawlinson Anc. Hist. 357 The code of the Twelve Tables..was a most valuable digest of the early Roman law.
b. spec. The body of Roman laws compiled from the earlier jurists by order of the Emperor Justinian. (The earliest use in English.)
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 255 Iustinianus..made and restored þe lawes of digest. 1530Palsgr. 213/2 Digest, a boke in lawe, digeste. 1577tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 427 The lawes and constitutions of princes..founde either in the Code, in the booke of Digestes, or Pandectes. 1660Burney κέρδ. Δῶρον (1661) 115 All they read in the Pandects, Digests and Codes in the Statute and common Law-books. 1845Graves Roman Law in Encycl. Metrop. 762/1 Notes on the laws of the Twelve Tables according to the order of the Institutes and the first part of the Digest. 1882Stubbs Med. & Mod. Hist. xiii. (1886) 306 If you take any well-drawn case of litigation in the middle ages..you will find that its citations from the Code and Digest are at least as numerous as from the Decretum.
†3. = digestion. Obs.
1398Trevisa Barth. De. P.R. xvii. ii. (MS. Bodl. 3738) Yf a plante shall be durable: it nedyth that it haue humour wt good dygest and fatty. So plantes yt haue humour w[ythou]t good digestion wydre sone in grete colde. 1602Carew Cornwall 29 b, Some giue meate, but leaue it no disgest, Some tickle him, but are from pleasing farre.
Add:4. Biol. A substance obtained by digestion with heat, etc.
1918Jrnl. Infectious Dis. XXIII. 72 This blood digest..is exceedingly cheap... We have used it as an equivalent substitute for other digests and found it to be excellent for the growth of delicate-growing organisms, like streptococci. 1930C. L. Evans Starling's Princ. Human Physiol. (ed. 5) xxviii. 539 The stages in the action of saliva on boiled starch can be followed more easily when a very small amount of saliva is added to some starch solution at 37°, and portions of the digest are tested at intervals. 1983J. R. S. Fincham Genetics xiv. 390 These workers isolated DNA from rabbit liver nuclei and digested it with each of six restriction endonucleases... Each of the digests was subjected to electrophoresis.
▪ II. † diˈgest, ppl. a. Obs.
Also 6 Sc. de-.
[ad. L. dīgest-us, pa. ppl. of dīgerĕre to digest.]
1. as pa. pple. and adj. Digested.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. lxxiv. (1495) 648 Grene frute and rawe and not dygest greue bodies and make them swell. 1430Lydg. Min. Poems (1840) 195 (Mätz.) Whan Phebus entrith in the Ariete, Digest humoures upward doon hem dresse. 1460–70Bk. Quintessence 6 Take þe beste horse dounge þat may be had þat is weel digest.
2. adj. Composed, settled, grave. Sc.
1500–20Dunbar Poems x. 30 Sing In haly kirk, with mynd degest. Ibid. xxiv. 3 Quhair no thing ferme is nor degest. 1513Douglas æneis xii. i. 45 Kyng Latyn tho with sad and degest mynd To hym answeris. 1585Jas. I Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 67 With gracis graue, and gesture maist digest. a1605Montgomerie Misc. Poems l. 21 Sa grave, sa gracious, and digest.
▪ III. digest, v.|dɪˈdʒɛst, daɪ-|
Forms: α. 5–6 degest(e, 5– digest, (6 dejest, dygest, Sc. degeist). β. 5 desgest(e, 6–7 (9 dial.) disgest, 7 disjest.
[f. L. dīgest-, ppl. stem of dīger-ĕre to carry asunder, separate, divide, distribute, dissolve, digest, f. dī- = dis- (di-1) apart, asunder + gerĕre to carry. Cf. OF. digester (15th c. in Godef.). A parallel form with the prefix as dis- was frequent in the 16th and 17th c. (and is still dial.); in earlier times, the French modifications des-, de-, are found.]
†1. trans. To divide and dispose, to distribute.
α1578Banister Hist. Man v. 71 Two Nerues..are digested into the bottome of the ventricle. 1610Mirr. Mag. 763 (T.), I did digest my bands in battell-ray. c1611Chapman Iliad xvi. 187 All these digested thus In fit place by the mighty son of royal Peleus. 1650Fuller Pisgah iii. xi. 341 That Jerusalem was digested and methodized into severall streets is most certain. 1675tr. Machiavelli's Prince xii. (Rtldg. 1883) 84 They changed their militia into horse, which, being digested into troops [etc.].
β1579Fenton Guicciard. iii. (1599) 116 Afore this nauie could be disgested into order and point.
†b. To disperse, dissipate. Obs.
α1513Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 1264 Some of his louers..Gaue hym theyr counseyll..unto melody all thoughtes to degest. a1547Henry VIII in Laneham's Let. Pref. (1871) 149 Company me thynkes then best, All thoughtes & fancys to deiest. 1549Compl. Scot. Prol. 9 The quhilkis humours nocht beand degeistit, mycht be occasione to dul their spreit. 1727Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Bath, It does by insensible transpiration digest and dissipate superfluous humours.
β1565Satir. Poems Reform. i. 25 Some meane that may thie greves disgest. 1604T. Wright Passions v. ii. 160 Musicke..[to] rectifie the blood and spirits, and consequently disgest melancholy.
2. To dispose methodically or according to a system; to reduce into a systematic form, usually with condensation; to classify.
α1482Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 28 He told thees thynges the whiche here after be digestyd and wreten. 1562Act 5 Eliz. c. 4 §1 The Substance of..the said Laws..shall be digested and reduceed into one sole Law and Statute. 1668Hale Pref. to Rolle's Abridgm. 8 The Civil Law is digested into general Heads. 1704Swift Mech. Operat. Spirit Misc. (1711) 275, I have had no manner of Time to digest it into Order, or correct the Stile. 1791Boswell Johnson an. 1738, The debates in Parliament, which were brought home and digested by Guthrie. 1862Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. xix. §1. 301 Every government is bound to digest the whole law into a code. 1875E. White Life in Christ ii. xiii. (1876) 152 To digest these testimonies into definite forms.
β1576Gascoigne Steele Gl. (Arb.) 68 A strange deuise, and sure my Lord wil laugh To see it so desgested in degrees. 1676Wood Life (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) II. 358 Purposely to disgest some notes for the press.
3. To settle and arrange methodically in the mind; to consider, think or ponder over.
αc1450Henryson Test. Cres. (R.), Than thus proceeded Saturne & the Mone Whan they the mater ripely did degest. c1470Henry Wallace viii. 1430 Wer or pes, quhat so yow likis best, Lat your hye witt and gud consaill degest. 1548Hall Chron. 20 When the kyng had long digested and studied on this matter. 1614Bp. Hall Recoll. Treat. 934 When he had somwhat digested his thoughts, and considered. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §130 I digested a plan for the keeping our accounts and correspondence. 1855Prescott Philip II, I. ii. xi. 261 The regent was busy in digesting the plan of compromise.
β1494Fabyan Chron. vi. ccvii. 221 Whanne kynge Henry had well desgested in his mynde the wrongful trouble that he..hadde put the duke vnto. 1637Heywood Royal King i. Wks. 1874 VI. 11 Come to horse, And, as we ride, our farther plots disgest.
4. To prepare (food) in the stomach and intestines for assimilation by the system; see digestion 1.
α1483Cath. Angl. 99/2 To Digeste, digerere. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 192, XII baskettes of breedes that they coude not eate and digest. 1580Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 468, I digested the Pill which had almost choakt me. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. Introd., The skinne..even of rosted pigge..can hardly be well digested of a strong stomach. 1789Mrs. Piozzi Journ. France I. 7 The cattle..cannot digest tobacco. 1842A. Combe Physiol. Digestion (ed. 4) 363 To diminish the food to such a quantity as the system requires and the stomach can digest.
βa1536Tindale Wks. 234 (R.) That thy stomacke shall disgeste the meate that thou puttest into it. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 10 a, It is..a hard matter to disgest salt meates at Sea. 1600Rowlands Let. Humours Blood vi. 75 Blowne drinke is odious, what man can disiest it? 1681W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 482 To disgest or digest what one eats. 1877N.W. Linc. Gloss., Disgest, to digest. 1892Northumbld. Gloss., Disgest.
b. absol.
1530Palsgr. 516/1 He maye boldely eate well, for he dygesteth well. c1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 1054 A body..may nat degeste without holdyng that mete. 1667Milton P.L. v. 412 Every lower facultie..whereby they hear, see, smell..digest, assimilate. 1707Floyer Physic. Pulse-Watch 85 Fishes and Birds want a Diaphragm, and yet Digest well. 1840Clough Amours de Voy. ii. 39 Each has to eat for himself, digest for himself.
c. Applied to the action of insectivorous plants.
1875Darwin Insectiv. Pl. xiii. 311 Mrs. Treat..informs me that several leaves caught successively three insects each, but most of them were not able to digest the third fly. 1884Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. 100 The power..of digesting animal substance and absorbing it as nourishment..known in the case of the peculiarly-formed leaves of Droseraceæ.
d. intr. (for refl.) Of the food: To undergo digestion.
1574T. Hill Conject. Weather iv, Weathers over olde are to be refused in eating in that they..smally nourish and hardly disgest. 1586Marlowe 1st Pt. Tamburl. iv. iv, Fall to, and never may your meat digest. 1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. i. i. 30 My Blood circulates, my Meat digests..without any intention of mind to assist their actings. 1854–6Patmore Angel in H. i. ix. Prol. iii, The best [fare], Wanting this natural condiment.. will not digest.
e. trans. To cause or promote the digestion of (food).
1607Middleton Five Gallants ii. iii, It comes like cheese after a great feast, to disgest the rest. c1645Howell Lett. (1650) II. 76 French wines may be said but to pickle meat in the stomach; but this is the wine that disgests. 1725Pope Odyss. ix. 409 Drain this goblet, potent to digest.
† f. to digest the stomach: to promote the action of the stomach in digestion. Cf. defy v.2 1 b.
c1460J. Russell Bk. Nurture 947 Youre souerayne aftir mete his stomak to digest yef he wille take a slepe hym self þere for to rest. 1596Sir J. Smythe in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 91 Drynckinge wynes dyvers tymes to disgest and comforte my stomacke.
5. fig. and transf. (from the digestion of food).
1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 341 He maketh suche to love learning..as before coulde by no meanes digest it. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. i. ii. 305 This Rudenesse is a Sawce to his good Wit Which giues men stomacke to disgest his words. 1614Bp. Hall Recoll. Treat. 994 The fire digests the rawnesse of the night. 1691Ray Creation i. (1704) 61 This Opinion, I say, I can hardly digest. 1835I. Taylor Spir. Despot. v. 221 The Church..had made great progress in digesting those arrogant principles. 1889Spectator 9 Nov. 621/2 The Hapsburgs..have not digested Bosnia completely yet.
intr.1614Bp. Hall Recoll. Treat. 440 Passions must have leasure to digest.
6. To bear without resistance; to brook, endure, put up with; to ‘swallow, stomach’.
α1553T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 175 Beeyng greeved with a matter, we saie commonly we cannot digest it. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. v. ii. 289 It can neuer be, They will digest this harsh indignitie. a1625Rowlands Terrible Battell 33 Can you so ill digest to heare your crimes? 1651N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. ii. xxxix. (1739) 173 The publick danger was such, as might well have digested an extraordinary undertaking. 1798H. Walpole Remin. in Lett. (1857) I. ix. p. cxl, He..could not digest total dependence on a capricious..grandmother. 1809W. Irving Knickerb. v. v. (1849) 283 This wanton attack..is too much even for me to digest! [1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. II. ii. vi. (1848) 119 The forty thousand..have to..digest their spleen, or reabsorb it into the blood.]
β1592W. Wyrley Armorie 48 Too great abusage, which he not disgested. 1603Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 247 Mahomet could not wel disgest the losse he had to lately receiued. a1661Fuller Worthies i. (1662) 179 His quick and strong Appetite, could disgest any thing but an Injury.
b. To get over the effects of. arch.
1576M. Hanmer tr. Anc. Eccles. Hist. (1585) 156 Of the phisicians, some not able to digest that wonderfull noysome stinch were slaine. 1580Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 251 In this sort they refreshed themselves 3 or 4 daies, vntil they had digested y⊇ seas, and recovered again their healths. 1598R. Barckley Felic. Man (1631) 377 When hee hath disgested so many evills, and come to bee seven yeeres old. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. vii. (1703) II. 317 He had not yet disgested his late deposal from the Lieutenancy of Ireland. 1834Coleridge Table-t. 12 Jan., I never can digest the loss of most of Origen's works.
7. To comprehend and assimilate mentally; to obtain mental nourishment from.
α1548–9(Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer Collect 2nd Sund. Advent, Read, marke, learne, and inwardly digeste them. a1592H. Smith Wks. (1867) II. 81 Record when you are gone, and you shall see the great power of God, what he is able to do for you by one sentence of this book, if ye digest it well. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxvi. 147 Memory to retain, digest and apply. 1732Berkeley Alciphr. ii. §14 This new philosophy seems difficult to digest. 1858Hawthorne Fr. & It. Jrnls. I. 265 Having had as many pictures as I could digest. 1866R. Chambers Ess. Ser. i. 149 He likes to digest what he reads. 1879Froude Cæsar ix. 94 It might be that they would digest their lesson after all.
β1583Golding Calvin on Deut. vi. 33 Mee thinkes this is harde, and as for that, I cannot disgest it. 1597J. Payne Royal Exch. 43 Hartilie wishinge maryed folkes no less to mark and disgest, then to reade the words of the Apostle. 1647Digges Unlawf. Taking Arms §1. 8 By these generalls throughly disgested, and rightly applied, we shall be able to rule particular decisions.
†8. To mature, or bring to a state of perfection, especially by the action of heat. Also fig. Obs.
1607Schol. Disc. agst. Antichr. i. iv. 176 There wanteth the heate of the Nurse that doth digest and concockt the milke to make it sweet. 1626Bacon Sylva §327 They are ever Temperate Heats that Disgest and Mature. a1652J. Smith Sel. Disc. i. 11 An inward beauty..which cannot be known but only then when it is digested into life and practice. 1665Sir T. Roe's Voy. E. Ind. 360 They [musk⁓melons] are better digested there by the heat of the Sun, than these with us. 1700H. Wanley in Pepys' Diary VI. 233 A love and respect for his person which time..does digest into a habit. a1708Beveridge Priv. Th. i. (1730) 52 God..having digested the Conditions to be performed by us, into Promises to be fulfilled by Himself.
b. intr. (for refl.)
1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 31 We are..not to make our Bricks of Earth fresh dug, but to dig it in the Autumn, and leave it to digest all Winter.
†9. trans. To mature (a tumour), to cause to suppurate; also absol. to promote healthy suppuration. Obs.
1551Turner Herbal i. (1568) B vij a, Marrysh mallowe soden in wyne..maketh rype or digesteth. 1563T. Gale Antidot. ii. 43 It doeth digest and maturate tumours. 1610Markham Masterp. ii. clxxiii. 498 The garden rue disgesteth, and mightily comforteth all inflammations. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 366 The which Medicine doth speedily digest and suppurate a Bubo. 1767Gooch Treat. Wounds I. 159 The contused parts in a wound must separate and be digested off.
†b. intr. (for refl.) To suppurate. Obs.
1713Cheselden Anat. iv. i. (1726) 292, I..tied the artery alone..and it digested off in a week's time. 1737Bracken Farriery Impr. (1756) I. 185 Try such Things as will bring the Matter to suppurate or digest. 1754–64Smellie Midwif. III. 295 The swelling subsided, the lacerated parts digested.
10. trans. To prepare by boiling or application of heat; to dissolve by the aid of heat and moisture.
1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 334 After it hath beene the second time digged and dunged, or marled, you must let it rest and digest his dung and marle. 1727Pope's Art of Sinking 80 Th' almighty chemist..Digests his lightening, and distils his rain. 1791Hamilton Berthollet's Dyeing II. ii. ii. i. 48 Powdered indigo digested in alcohol gave a yellow tincture. 1805C. Hatchett in Phil. Trans. XCV. 218 Some deal saw dust was digested with the nitric acid until it was completely dissolved. 1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 94 Digest the bark in alcohol, evaporate the alcoholic solution to dryness.
b. intr. (for refl.) To dissolve in gentle heat.
1578Lyte Dodoens iii. lvi. 397 Putting the Scammonie to boyle, or digest in a Quince. 1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 206/1 Put then this oyle in a glasse..Close the glasse verye well, and let it ther digeste, as long as pleaseth you. 1652Culpepper Eng. Phys. (1809) 382 Let them stand to digest twelve or fourteen days. 1799G. Smith Laboratory I. 133 Afterwards set it in bal. mariæ to digest for a fortnight. 1895Manchester Weekly Times 26 April Suppl. 7/4 Put your orange extract..in some equally warm place, and let it ‘digest’ for at least six months. |