| 释义 |
▪ I. sub, n.|sʌb|
[Short for various subst. compounds of sub-.]
1. a. = subordinate.
Quot. 1696 may belong to 4; quot. 1708 is of uncertain meaning.
1696Phillips (ed. 5), Ordinary,..the Bishop of the Diocesses Sub [ed. 1706 Deputy] at Sessions and Assizes. 1708Brit. Apollo No. 74. 2/2 Thou hast neither good humour, Policy, nor Common Civility to make a Sub dance attendance after you like any indifferent Querist.
1840H. Spencer in Autobiogr. (1904) I. xii. 173, I go..to complete sundry works which the Subs have left undone. 1846Mrs. Gore Engl. Char. (1852) 111 He is never..tyrannical with his subs, like most great potentates. 1899Mary Kingsley's W. Afr. Studies App. i. 546 Had the late Mr. Consul Hewett had the fiftieth part of the ability in dealing with the natives his sub and successor..showed.
b. For various titles of subordinate officials, as sub-editor, sub-engineer, sub-lieutenant, sub-rector, sub-warden.
1837Civil Engin. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 43/1 The sub, or resident engineer. 1859Eclectic Rev. Ser. vi. V. 253 The Newspaper—day and night. By a Quondam ‘Sub’. 1863P. Barry Dockyard Econ. Pref. vi, The Editor lives in an atmosphere of care. His assistant, or sub, begins the day at nine o'clock at night. 1872‘A. Merion’ Odd Echoes Oxf. 38 Fear no more the snarl of the sub., Thou art past that tyrant's stroke. 1873Leland Egypt. Sketch-bk. 44 The two great men who filled our carriage were a couple of Levantine railroad subs. 1898Kipling Fleet in Being ii, The Sub wipes the cinders out of his left eye and says something.
2. = subaltern n. 2.
1756Washington Writ. (1889) I. 293 Leaving Garrisons in them from 15 to 30 men under command of a sub or Trusty Sergeant. 1812Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 245 A Sub' of Dragoons. 1865Lever Luttrell xxxvi. 262 Some hard⁓up Sub who can't pay his mess debts.
3. = subsalt. rare.
1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 519 Besides the triple salts and the subs and the supers.
4. = substitute; U.S. esp. of substitute printers.
1830Galt Lawrie Todd iv. iv, The agent..proposed that I should become sub for him there. 1864Field 9 July 22/1 Lillywhite was caught by Yescombe, a ‘sub’. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2433/2 Sub (Well-boring), a short name for substitute. A short section of rod for connecting tools or bars of different sizes. 1876Scribner's Monthly Apr. 838/1 He consented finally to allow another printer to take his place in the ‘Clarion’ office—temporarily, and as his ‘sub’ only. 1887Irish Times 24 May 7/7 D. Carbery c. sub. b. W. G. Downey 1. 1895Funk's Stand. Dict., Sub-list, a list of the subs or substitute printers who are allowed to supply the places of regular compositors. 1896Bootle Times 18 Jan. 3/2 North End were short of two of their regular players,..but managed to find good subs in Davies and Reed. 1896Indianapolis Typogr. Jrnl. 16 Nov. 407 Every one of these subs is working part of the time.
5. = subject. Common in U.S.
1838Becket Parad. Lost 8 (F. & H.) No longer was he heard to sing, Like loyal subs, ‘God Save the King.’ 1885N.Y. Merc. May (in Ware Passing English), The Mercury will be pleased to hear from Mrs. Williams on this sub.
6. = subscriber (rare), subscription.
1805M. L. Weems Let. 9 Jan. (1929) II. 310 In 18 hours subscriptioneering I obtaind from the Legislature 100 subs. to Sydney. 1833J. Romilly Diary 12 Mar. (1967) 30 Fairly bullied Waud & Jones into subscribing to my Blencowe cause:—got 4 others subs today. 1838Hood Clubs 62 Indeed my daughters both declare Their Beaux shall not be subs. To White's, or Blacks. 1898W. S. Churchill Let. 5 Aug. in R. S. Churchill Winston S. Churchill (1967) I. Compan. ii. 956, I have to pay {pstlg}40 for one charger, {pstlg}35 for the other & {pstlg}20 subs to the mess. 1903Farmer & Henley Slang, Sub..(3) a subscription. 1912Daily News 12 Nov. 6 He lets the party have an annual ‘sub.’..of {pstlg}10,000.
7. = subsist (money): money in advance on account of wages due at the end of a certain period. Also gen., an advance of money. local.
Cf. Cornish dial. sist (money).
1866Min. Evid. Totnes Bribery Comm. 72/2, I do not think there was much money flying about before that, my bills were not paid; I was rather anxious about having my sub. Ibid., Tell us the name of any voter who asked you about the sub. 1881Placard at Bury (Lancs.), Wanted navvies, to work on the above Railway, good wages paid, and sub on the works daily. 1892Labour Comm. Gloss. No. 9 Sub, money paid to workmen at the Scotch blast-furnaces on account, as there exists a monthly pay-day. 1897Barrère & Leland Dict. Slang s.v., To do a sub is to borrow money..(Anglo-Indian). 1901Scotsman 12 Apr. 9/5 Provided the men started to-morrow, each would receive a ‘sub’ of {pstlg}1 on Saturday.
8. a. = submarine n. 3. Also Comb., as subchaser = submarine chaser s.v. submarine n. 3 b.
1917J. M. Grider Diary 29 Sept. in War Birds (1927) 21 We were supposed to look out for gulls which they say usually follow in the wake of a sub. 1918L. E. Ruggles Navy Explained 124 Sub-chaser, a small, swift, light draft boat used to hunt submarines. 1931‘Taffrail’ Endless Story xxi. 333 ‘Sub-chaser’ 28, manned by the French, broke down in the Atlantic 700 miles from the Azores and was given up for lost. 1936Nat. Geogr. Mag. LXIX. 799/1 Seamanship..includes instruction on how to..maneuver..such craft as subchasers and motor launches. 1968A. Diment Bang Bang Birds ii. 16 Boris snooping round Holy Loch and the nuclear subs. 1977New Yorker 29 Aug. 20/1 A subchaser lurches forward on the calm water and comes to a stop as a black sub surfaces at its side.
b. = submarine n. 4 b. U.S. colloq.
1955Sat. Even. Post 1 Jan. 16 ‘I tell you,’ a sandwich⁓shop operator said, ‘Subs are taking over.’ 1976R. B. Parker Promised Land ii. 5, I was ready to settle for Ugi's steak and onion subs.
▪ II. sub, v.|sʌb|
Hence ˈsubbing vbl. n.
[Short for various verbal compounds of sub-; or f. sub n.]
†1. = sub-plough vb. (see sub- 3 c). Obs.
1778W. H. Marshall Minutes Agric. 16 Aug. 1775, Nothing can equal sub-plowing, for clearing the surface from running weeds;..the second subbing was eight or nine inches deep. Ibid. 20 Oct., It was subbed by two oxen.
2. To work as a printer's substitute. In gen. use, to act as a substitute. Also trans., to substitute (something). Chiefly U.S.
1853‘Mark Twain’ Let. 26 Oct. (1917) I. i. 26, I am subbing at the Inquirer office. Ibid., If I want it, I can get subbing every night of the week. 1879University Mag. Nov. 589 At Cincinnati where he [Edison]..‘subbed’ for the night men whenever he could obtain the privilege. 1926Amer. Mercury Dec. 465/2 When a new act was placed last on a programme, Variety put it: ‘Fred and Daisy Rial subbed in the walk-out assignment.’ 1943Sun (Baltimore) 17 Sept. 8/2 (heading) Subbing camera for gun, corporal ‘shoots’ zeros. 1950A. Lomax Mister Jelly Roll (1952) 218 The lord of New Orleans piano was scratching hard for a living.., subbing for other piano players who showed up drunk on their jobs. 1974Globe & Mail (Toronto) 24 July 10/2 Toronto Executive Alderman Arthur C. Eggleton subbing for Mayor David Crombie. 1981B. Granger Schism (1982) x. 88 Father Malachy is subbing for the pastor at St. Mary's... The pastor broke his leg, jogging.
3. To pay or receive (‘sub’); occas. to pay (a workman) ‘sub’. Also absol. (see quots.), and to sub up: to pay up or subscribe.
1874C. Holloway Jrnl. Visit to N.Z. 22 Apr. (typescript) I. 57 In some instances the dissipated individual had to sub a few shillings of the Landlord to help him on the road. 1874Hotten Slang Dict. 314 Sub, to draw money in advance. 1886H. Cunliffe Gloss. Rochdale-with-Rossendale, Sub, to pay a portion of wages before all are due. 1891Pall Mall Gaz. 19 Nov. 612 During the month there has been a more than usual amount of ‘subbing’. 1892Labour Comm. Gloss. No. 9 Some pieces of cloth cannot be finished in one week, therefore a weaver must either do without wages or sub. 1900N. & Q. Ser. ix. VI. 354/1, ‘I want you to go at once to London,’..‘All right; but I shall want to be subbed.’ 1901Ibid. VII. 356/2 It was my daily duty to keep time and to ‘sub’ for some hundreds of men engaged on extensive railway..works in England. 1942O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. VI. 546 Sub = subsidy or subsistence.., also subscription..and as a vb., esp. sub up ‘subscribe’. 1958G. Mitchell Spotted Hemlock vii. 75 ‘Wasn't that rather expensive?’.. ‘I believe Tony Biancini subbed up.’
4. = sub-edit. Also, to sub the purple: see purple n. 7 b.
c1890F. Wilson's Fate 84 When Wilson, in ‘subbing’ his copy, cut out all the ‘u's’ from ‘favour’, ‘honour’, and so forth, there was a debating society of two. 1909Fabian News XX. 76/1 A certain amount of margin and space between the lines for any ‘subbing’ that may be required.
5. [substratum 4.] In the manufacture of photographic film: to coat with a substratum (see quot. 1965). Chiefly as vbl. n., the process of applying a substratum; the substratum itself.
1941T. T. Baker Photographic Emulsion Technique x. 179 The film base may be wiped or cleaned prior to subbing... The cleaned and substratumed film base is coated at a fairly rapid rate. 1958H. Baines Sci. Photogr. vi. 83 The rear side of roll film and sheet film is subbed (substratum coated). 1965M. J. Langford Basic Photogr. ix. 161 The manufacturer first ‘keys’ both sides of the film base or coats them with a foundation layer of gelatin and cellulose ester known as the ‘subbing’ layer. Next, the emulsion is coated over the subbing on the face of the film. 1977J. Hedgecoe Photographer's Handbk. 263/1 Other non-porous surfaces should be pre-coated with the subbing which is normally supplied with the emulsion.
▪ III. sub
obs. Sc. form of sib.
▪ IV. ‖ sub, prep.|sʌb|
The Latin prep. sub (with the ablative) ‘under’, enters into a few legal and other phrases, now or formerly in common use, the chief of which are given below.
1. sub camino (?).
1734Short Nat. Hist. Min. Waters 132 He posts off to one of the obscure Universities in Holland or France, gets dubbed Doctor with a sub Camino Degree in Physick.
2. sub dio, under the open sky, in the open air.
1611Coryat Crudities 28 He walked not sub dio, that is, vnder the open aire as the rest did. 1673Ray Journ. Low C. 403 At Aleppo..they set their beds upon the roofs of their houses, and sleep sub Dio, in the open air. 1704Swift T. Tub ii, Attended the Levee sub dio. 1775G. White Selborne, To Barrington 2 Oct., The sturdy savages [sc. gipsies] seem to pride themselves..in living sub dio the whole year round. 1880Shorthouse John Inglesant xviii, I would always..be ‘sub dio’ if it were possible.
3. sub forma pauperis = in forma pauperis (see ‖ in 10).
1592Soliman & Pers. i. iv. 89 Crie the chayne for me Sub forma pauperis, for money goes very low with me at this time. 1616R. C. Times' Whistle 1492 Poor Codrus is Constraind to sue sub forma pauperis. 1654Whitlock Zootomia 127 Should a Patient be bound to give all his Advisers a Fee, He must quickly be removed..to the Hospital, there to bee sick sub forma pauperis.
4. sub hasta, lit. ‘under a spear’ [see spear n. 3 b], i.e. by auction (cf. subhastation).
1689Evelyn Let. to Pepys 12 Aug., The humour of exposing books sub hastâ is become so epidemical.
5. sub Jove frigido, under the chilly sky, in the open air.
1818Scott Br. Lamm. i, A peripatetic brother of the brush, who exercised his vocation sub Jove frigido. 1845Ford Handbk. Spain i. 121 Not sub Jove frigido, but amid the bursting, life-pregnant vegetation of the South.
6. sub judice, lit. ‘under a judge’; under the consideration of a judge or court; undecided, not yet settled, still under consideration.
1613J. Chamberlain in Crt. & Times Jas. I (1848) I. 279 Lord Hay is like..to be made an earl, but whether English or Scottish is yet sub judice. 1681Stair Inst. Law Scot. i. xvi. 334 The Relict did also claim a Terce out of that same one Tenement, which is yet sub judice. 1778Gen. C. Lee in Mem. (1792) 426 Lingering in suspence, whilst his fame and fortune are sub judice. a1817T. Dwight Trav. New Eng., etc. (1821) I. 104 They plainly consider the case as no longer sub-judice. 1828De Quincey Rhetoric Wks. 1890 X. 110 The relations of the People and the Crown..continued sub judice from that time to 1688. 1897Daily News 10 Dec. 8/3 He said the matter was being considered by the Committee, and therefore was sub judice.
7. sub lite, in dispute.
1892Nation 8 Dec. 438/3 Mr. Petrie's dates are still, with good reason, sub lite.
8. sub modo, under certain conditions, with a qualification, within limits.
a1623Swinburne Treat. Spousals (1686) 139 If a Man and a Woman contract Matrimony Sub modo. 1726Ayliffe Parergon 336 That this Paragium or Legacy descends to her Executors like other Legacies bequeath'd purely and sub modo. 1765–8Erskine Inst. Law Scot. iii. i. §8 Obligations granted sub modo..are not..suspended until performance by the creditors in them. 1807Edin. Rev. July 352 The opinion..might be held sub modo, with perfect impunity. 1843–56Bouvier Law Dict. (ed. 6) s.v., A legacy may be given sub modo, that is, subject to a condition or qualification.
9. sub pede sigilli (see quot. 1843–56).
a1676Hale Hist. Placit. Cor. (1736) I. 171 Certificates, which are usually pleaded sub pede sigilli. 1843–56Bouvier Law Dict. (ed. 6) II. 554/2 Sub pede sigilli, under the foot of the seal; under seal.
10. sub plumbo, ‘under lead’, i.e. under the Pope's seal.
1522J. Clerk in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. iii. I. 314 The bull of the Kyngs title was made up sub plumbo bifore the Popis deth. 1535Lett. Suppr. Monast. (Camden) 58 The pope..gave hym licens to kepe an hore, and hath goode writyng sub plumbo to discharge his conscience.
11. sub pœna, under a penalty of.
1466in Archæologia (1887) L. i. 52 Sub pena of a jd. to the Chirch to be payd.
12. sub rosa [see rose n. 7], ‘under the rose’, in secret, secretly.
1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iii. v. 93 What ever thou and the foule pusse did doe (sub Rosa as they say). 1772J. Adams Diary 20 Dec. Wks. 1850 II. 305 This however, sub rosâ, because the Doctor passes for a master of composition. a1834Coleridge (in Dixon Dict. Idiom. Phr.), I wonder some of you lawyers (sub rosa, of course) have not quoted the pithy line of Mandeville. 1844N. P. Willis Lady Jane ii. lxxvii, Had he a ‘friend’ sub rosa? No, sir! Fie, sir!
13. sub sigillo [see seal n.2 2 b], under the seal (of confession); in confidence, in secret.
1623J. Mead in Crt. & Times Jas. I (1848) II. 406 The forenamed Mr. Elliot told, sub sigillo, some suspicious passages. 1673Dryden Marr. à la Mode ii. 19, I may tell you, as my friend, sub sigillo, &c. this is that very numerical Lady, with whom I am in love. 1777H. Walpole Let. to H. S. Conway 5 Oct., Remember, one tells one's creed only to one's confessor, that is sub sigillo.
14. sub silentio, in silence, without remark being made, without notice being taken.
1617–8J. Chamberlain in Crt. & Times Jas. I (1848) II. 62 All things shut up sub silentio. 1760Gilbert Cases in Law & Equity 267 These are better than many precedents in the office, which have passed sub silentio without being litigated. 1843–56Bouvier Law Dict. (ed. 6) II. 555/2 Sometimes passing a thing sub silentio is evidence of consent. 1863Keble Life Bp. Wilson xvi. 511 The Bishop would probably have passed over Mr. Quayle's second communication sub silentio as he had done the former.
15. sub specie æternitatis, ‘under the aspect of eternity’, i.e. viewed in relation to the eternal; in a universal perspective. [Cf. Spinoza Ethices (a 1677), in Opera Posthuma, 1677, v. xxix. 254.] Hence sub specie temporis, viewed in relation to time rather than eternity.
1896W. Caldwell Schopenhauer's System v. 268 Art enables us somehow to see things sub specie aeternitatis. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXI. 441/2 The nature of any fact is not fully known unless we know it in all its relations to the system of the universe, or, in Spinoza's phrase, sub specie aeternitatis. 1925A. Huxley Let. 21 Apr. (1969) 247 There, on the other side of the water, are one hundred and five million beings whose sole function—if you look at their lives sub specie aeternitatis—is to provide people like us with money. 1935E. R. Eddison Mistress 20 This man, as I have long observed him, looked on all things sub specie æternitatis; his actions all moved..to slow perfection. 1952V. A. Demant Relig. & Decline of Capitalism iii. 70 Hence what was true sub specie aeternitatis in the liberal aim is being lost. 1973G. M. Brown Magnus vii. 139 If..we could look with the eye of an angel on the whole history of men, sub specie aeternitatis, it would have the brevity and beauty of this dance at the altar.
1928L. Hodgson in A. E. J. Rawlinson Essays on Trinity & Incarnation viii. 378 Perhaps the best one can do is to speak of God as ἀπαθὴς sub specie aeternitatis but παθητικὸς sub specie temporis. 1944W. Temple Let. 12 Jan. (1963) 142, I have treated the Son and the Spirit as God sub specie temporis and the Father as God sub specie eternitatis. 1960Encounter XV. 77 Sub specie temporis his Combination Rooms say more to us than Beckett's wet and windy plains.
16. sub specie mortis, in the face of death.
1955Times 26 May 3/4 The ninth symphony, we are told, is poignant in that it was his last and written sub specie mortis. 1964Listener 21 May 849/3 Written sub specie mortis, they are his [sc. Mahler's] most ‘existentialist’ works.
17. sub verbo = sub voce, sense 18; abbreviated s.v. (see S 4 a).
1902J. M. Baldwin Dict. Philos. & Psychol. II. 358/2 Many citations in Eisler, Wörterb. d. philos. Begriffe, sub verbo.
18. sub voce, under the word (so-and-so); abbreviated s.v. Cf. voce2.
1859N. & Q. 23 Apr. 341/1 Skinner, Gloss., sub voce, evidently understands the word in this sense. 1871Ibid. 9 Dec. 487/1 See Halliwell's Dict., sub voce ‘Braid’. |