| 释义 |
substantial, a. (adv.) and n.|səbˈstænʃəl|
Forms: 4–8 substancial, (4 -ciel, 5 -cyel, 5–6 -aunc-, -ciall(e, -cyall(e, 5–7 -tiall), 6– substantial.
[ad. late L. substantiālis (f. substantia substance), whence also F. substantiel (from 13th c.), Pr. substancial, Sp. su(b)stancial, It. sostanziale, sustanziale.]
A. adj.
1. That is, or exists as, a substance; having a real existence; subsisting by itself.
1387–8T. Usk Test. Love ii. xiii. (Skeat) l. 47 Naturel goodnesse of every substaunce is nothing els than his substancial being. 1488Caxton Chast. Goddes Chyld. 47 Eche thynge that is noo body if it be substancyall it is callid a spiryte. 1651Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxiv. 211 Some such apparitions [sc. Dæmons] may be reall, and substantiall; that is to say, subtile Bodies, which God can form by the same power, by which he formed all things. a1652J. Smith Sel. Disc. iv. (1821) 71 This hypothesis, that no substantial and indivisible thing ever perisheth. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. Pref. 4 The general ranks of substantiall beings below the Deity. 1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. xii. (1907) I. 169 The want of substantial reality in the objects of the senses, according to the sceptics.
absol.1838[F. Haywood] tr. Kant's Crit. Pure Reason 327 That which..might yet seem to be an idea of transcendental reason, would be the conception of the substantial. 1856Ferrier Inst. Metaph. xvi. (ed. 2) 328 There is a substantial in cognition; in other words, substance is knowable, and is known by us. Ibid. xvii. xvi. 348 The substantial in cognition (το ὄν).
2. Philos. Of, pertaining or relating to, or inherent in substance (esp. as opposed to accident); that is substance. Also transf. and allusively.
1387–8T. Usk Test. Love ii. vii. (Skt.) I. 147 Thilke thinges that we clepe power is but accident to the flesshly body; and so they may not have that suretee in might, whiche wanteth in the substancial body. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 153 How to y⊇ actyue lyfe perteyneth accidentall ioye, but to the contemplatyue the substanciall crowne of glory. 1580Blundevil Horsemanship iv. iv. 3 Sickness..is knowne..by inseparable or substantiall accidents, as by the shape, number, qualitie, & site of the part, or member diseased. 1581Fulke in Confer. iii. (1584) U iv, But bread is substance: Therefore he gaue them pieces of substance, or substantial pieces. 1642Denham Sophy v. 1 If happiness be a substantial good, Not fram'd of accidents, nor subject to 'em. 1664H. More Apology 498 Calvin seems to be affraid of the opinion of the Body being Spiritual, as implying a Substantial change.
3. substantial form [see form n. 4 a: med.L. substantialis forma (Joannes Scotus Erigena), Gr. οὐσιῶδες εἶδος (Philoponus Arist. Categ.)]: the nature or distinctive character in virtue of possessing which a thing is what it (specifically or individually) is.
1413[see form n. 4 a]. 1477Norton Ord. Alch. v. in Ashm. (1652) 63 Coagulation is noe forme substantiall. 1666Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual. 45 Some Engines, which..devoid of Substantial Forms, must do those strange things they are admir'd for, by vertue of those Accidents, the Shape, Size, Motion, and Contrivance of their parts. 1697tr. Burgersdicius' Logic i. xvi. 56 Form is divided into Substantial and Accidental... The Substantial Form of a Musician, as he is a Man, is the Rational Soul; Accidental as he is a Musician, Musick. 1707Curios. Husb. & Gard. 343 Salts..he regarded as the Substantial Form of Bodies. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., Substantial Forms, i.e. Forms independant of all Matter; or Forms that are Substances themselves. 1741Watts Improv. Mind ii. v. (1801) 214 A student who..imagines certain immaterial beings, called substantial forms, to inhabit every herb, flower [&c.]. 1775J. Harris Philos. Arrangements xvi. 387 note.
4. Relating to or proceeding from the essence of a thing; essential. Now rare or Obs.
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 285 Crist..was of þe same kynde þat is ech man his broþer, and þis liknesse is in substancial kynde. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xviii. (Percy Soc.) 83 Your heart is your by substancyall lyne, It is not in my domynacyon. 1551T. Wilson Logic (1580) 14 If he can learne firste to see the verie Nature, and, substanciall propertie of euery thyng. a1653H. Binning Princ. Chr. Relig. Wks. (1735) 30/2 Christ may be called the Truth indeed, the substantial Word of God, for he is the very Substance of the written and preached Word. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 485 To give thee being I lent Out of my side to thee, neerest my heart Substantial Life. 1782Priestley Corrupt. Chr. I. i. 127 Joachim..denied that there was any essence, or any thing that belonged in common to the three persons, by which their substantial union was taken away, and nothing but a numerical or moral union was left.
5. a. That is, constitutes, or involves an essential part, point, or feature; essential, material.
Now said chiefly of immaterial things and often blending with 8, 9, or 14.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 399 A decrete was made that the substantiall partes of that rule scholde be kepede, and oþer thynges as superfluous to be refusede. 1467in Engl. Gilds (1870) 385 It myght be ordeined a substancialle rule, that v. pagentes..to be holden yerly, shuld not be to seche. 1528More Dyaloge i. Wks. 174/1 That yt church can not erre in any such substauncyall article as God wyll haue vs bounden to beleue. 1541Copland Guydon's Quest. Cyrurg. G j, Be the addicions abouesayd other bones than the bone of y⊇ sholdre?.. No,..but are substancyall party of it. 1567–9Jewel Def. Apol. (1611) 327 The Substantiallest points of all your Doctrine. 1588Kyd Househ. Phil. Wks. (1901) 269 Those compasses..which, though they be diuers according to the variety of Countreys, is (notwithstanding) no occasion of substantiall difference. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §20 The common misfortune of Princes, that in so substantial a part of their Happyness..Themselves had never any part. 1686Goad Celest. Bodies ii. viii. 273, I would not have it destitute of a Limme that is substantial, or one of its vital Parts. 1729W. Law Serious C. 52 Most of the employments of life are..lawful; and all those that are so, may be made a substantial part of our duty to God. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 188 He could not find any substantial distinction between that case, and the principal one. 1867Ruskin Time & Tide viii. §35 Under..Divine guidance, securing them from substantial error.
b. Law. Belonging to or involving essential right, or the merits of a matter.
[1838W. Bell Dict. Law Scot., Substantialia, those parts of a deed which are essential to its validity as a formal instrument.] 1843–56Bouvier Law Dict. s.v. Form, If the matter pleaded be in itself insufficient, without reference to the manner of pleading it, the defect is substantial. 1883Wharton's Law Lex. (ed. 7) 739/1 The judge will consider what is the substantial fact to be made out, and on whom it lies to make it out. 1897Bouvier's Law Dict. s.v. Right to begin,..The party who asserts the affirmative of an issue has the right to begin and reply, as on him is the burden of proof. The substantial affirmative, not the verbal, gives the right.
6. Of food, a meal: Affording ample or abundant nourishment. (In later use the notion of solidity or quantity is predominant.)
1340Ayenb. (1866) 113 Þe more þet he [sc. food] is norissinde, me zayþ þet he is þe substancieler. a1380S. Paula 60 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1878) 4 Cumforte þi brayn beter wiþ sum bred And wiþ sum substancial mete.
1578Chr. Prayers in Priv. Prayers (1851) 451 We be able to brook substantialer meat, because we be grown to further years of discretion. 1626Speed Adam out of Eden v. (1659) 38 Clovergrass..renders abundance of very exquisite hay, very great substantial and much desired. 1634W. Tirwhyt tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. I.) 115 Whilest others fill themselves with substantiall and most ponderous cates. a1774Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 653 We say roast beef is good substantial food, but water-gruel not. 1822–7Good Study Med. (1829) I. 210 One substantial meal of solid animal food daily. 1825T. Hook Sayings Ser. ii. Passion & Princ. viii. III. 117 A good, substantial, hot luncheon. 1827Scott Chron. Canongate iv, With something rather more substantial than bread and butter. 1902V. Jacob Sheep-Stealers xiv, Breakfast at nine, a substantial dinner at three, supper at eight.
7. Of structures, etc.: Of solid material or workmanship.
1390Gower Conf. III. 92 Erthe..Which..in his forme is schape round, Substancial, strong, sadd and sound. c1412Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 5116 They made ware of a ribbe,..Which more strong is, and substancial, Þan slyme of eerthe. 1463Bury Wills (Camden) 39 A substanciall and a sqwar dore of free stoon. 1512Act 4 Hen. VIII, c. 1 §3 Goode and substanciall bulwarkes..in every landyng place. 1551Robinson tr. More's Utopia ii. ii. (1895) 128 A brydge..with gorgious and substanciall archeis. 1624Capt. J. Smith Virginia v. 189 Then they built no more Cabbens, but substantiall houses. 1662Gerbier Principles 19 Well-riveted Windowes, with substantiall Locks, Bolts, and Hinges. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 189 Some rich Burgher, whose substantial dores, Cross-barrd and bolted fast, fear no assault. 1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 374 Country Houses ought to be substantial, and able to encounter all the shocks of the Wind. 1845Disraeli Sybil (1863) 129 Behind the substantial counter, which was an impregnable fortification. 1858Hawthorne Fr. & It. Note-bks. II. 47 The clouds..looking quite as substantial as the distant mountains. 1861Parker Introd. Gothic Archit. (ed. 2) iv. 103 Early Norman masonry is in general so massive and substantial that it is difficult to destroy all traces of it. 1879Stainer Mus. Bible 5 Whose roof was never more substantial than a tent.
Comb.1897‘A. Hope’ Phroso iv. (1905) 73 He held a very substantial-looking whip in his hand.
†8. Of persons, their constitution, etc.: Sturdy, strong, burly. Obs.
c1400Beryn 2518 Natur was more substancial, when tho dayis were, Then nowe. 1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1539) 52 b, [Vociferation] maketh the members of the body substancial and stronge. 1578Whetstone 2nd Pt. Promos & Cass. iv. i. (heading), Gresco, a good substantiall Offycer. 1602in Moryson Itin. (1617) ii. 250 Men broken, and not substantiall in war. 1657N. Billingsley Brachy-Martyrol. xiv. 48 Tormentors, pray procure Substantialler than these; these are too small.
9. Of ample or considerable amount, quantity, or dimensions. More recently also in a somewhat weakened sense, esp. ‘fairly large’.
1454Rolls of Parlt. V. 254/2 That substantiall provision be made in all hast. 1539Tonstall Serm. Palm Sund. (1823) 81 Yf a manne wolde offre a greatte substantiall suretie. c1550Rolland Crt. Venus ii. 515 He thocht the price was ouir substanciall. 1616in Fortescue Papers (Camden) 17 Although you are not capable (through your fulnes) of any substantiall addition from me. 1690C. Nesse Hist. & Myst. O. & N.T. I. 138 The wealth of a man is..reckoned..by the substantial bills and bonds, &c. he is able to produce. 1728Morgan Algiers II. v. 319 Often..one finds good substantial Leagues dwindling into even Liliputian Furlongs. 1780Jefferson Corresp. Wks. 1859 I. 274 Were it possible to arm men, we would send on substantial reinforcements to you. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 335 One of us at least would..have made something substantial by the venture. 1908Outlook 8 Aug. 178/2 These two substantial volumes. 1957W. S. Churchill Hist. Eng.-Speaking Peoples III. 218 A substantial section of the population, which included the most prominent if not always the most powerful of French citizens, were largely exempt from taxation. 1976Sunday Times 30 May 24/4 (Advt.), It is mandatory that candidates have experience of..the control and motivation of a substantial work force.
10. Based upon a solid substratum; firmly or solidly established; not easily disturbed or damaged; of solid worth or value; weighty, sound.
a. of statement, discourse, writing.
c1430Lydg. Minor P. (E.E.T.S.) I. 41 With Crystis worde substancial in sentence. 1468Engl. Misc. (Surtees Soc.) 19 By substanciall wrytyng undre sealez. 1547Boorde Brev. Health in Introd. Knowl. (1870) 96 In great matters aske substancial counsell. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 151 My letters cannot make you such substanciall assuraunce, of my desire touching your safetie, as it is in deede. a1591R. Greenham Wks. (1599) 56 The Lord..vrgeth him with substantiall questions. 1602in Moryson Itin. (1617) II. 238 We have not heard any such substantiall intelligence. 1691Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 607 His..practical, spiritual, substantial preaching. 1710Addison Tatler No. 158 ⁋1 This he looks upon to be sound learning, and substantial criticism. 1742in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. i. 277 Few words but substantial ones you will like best I suppose. 1863Geo. Eliot Romola xxxiv, His mind glanced round..to see how far those words could have the force of a substantial threat. 1873Earle Philol. Engl. Tongue (ed. 2) §66 This division is substantial and useful.
b. of reasons, causes, evidence.
c1513More Rich. III Wks. 50/1 For that I se some men so gredye withowte any substaunciall cause. 1528in Pocock Rec. Ref. (1870) I. li. 121 Very good matter and substantial why the said matrimony should be dissolved. 1590Shakes. Com. Err. ii. ii. 105 Your reason was not substantiall. a1687Petty Pol. Arith. v. (1691) 88 Although there be not naturally substantial reasons..why there should be such differences. 1845M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 19 No more substantial evidence being producible against the bishop, the synod broke up. 1846Grote Greece (1862) II. xvi. 394 In itself a substantial testimony. 1866Baring-Gould Cur. Myths Mid. Ages Ser. i. i. 23 How wanting they are in all substantial evidence which could make us regard the story in any other light than myth.
c. of actions, conditions, results, ideas.
1565Allen Defence Purg. xvii. 282 Do yow not see here a trim faith and a substantiall? 1592Nashe P. Penilesse Wks. 1904 I. 164 Now trust me, a substantiall trade. 1622Drayton Poly-olb. xxiv. 240 The Christian Faith, for whose substantiall planting, Saint Augustine from Rome was to this Island sent. 1624Capt. J. Smith Virginia iii. xii. 94 Ten good workemen would haue done more substantiall worke in a day, then ten of them in a weeke. 1696Tate & Brady Ps. cxix. 165 Secure, substantial Peace have they. 1749Smollett Regicide v. i, Life with substantial ills enough is cursed. 1753Richardson Grandison V. xliii. 278 She has substantial notions still left, I find, of ideal Love. 1784Cowper Task iii. 300 Foolish man..quits..Substantial happiness for transient joy. 1812Coleridge Friend (1818) III. 60 Where he deems his interference warranted by substantial experience. 1814Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Life (1870) I. viii. 256 The substantial comforts of a good coal fire. 1824L. Murray Engl. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 543 The substantial enjoyments..which result from piety and virtue. 1867Ruskin Time & Tide ii. §7 To..complete his home gradually with more delicate and substantial comforts.
†11. Of acts, measures, etc.: Having weight, force, or effect; effective, thorough. Obs.
1461Cov. Leet Bk. 314 The good & substanciall rule and guydyng that ye kepe theryn. 1485Ibid. 523 Thobseruyng..such sad direccions and substanciall ordinaunces. 1523Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII, c. 3 §1 The true and substanciall makyng of the said clothes. 1547in Sir J. Williams Accompte (Abbotsf. Cl.) 4 That a substanciall Survey vue and true accompte..shalbe taken. 1550Crowley Way to Wealth 30 The most substanciall waye in curinge diseases is by puttinge awaye the causes. 1551in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) II. ii. iv. 272 That substantial Order be taken forth⁓with for the pulling down all Altars. 1683Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xxiv. ⁋19 There is no substantial remedying this fault, but by making a new Head.
12. a. Possessing ‘substance’, property, or wealth; well-to-do, wealthy; hence, of weight or influence.
c1450Brut 479 They..ordeyned .iiij enquestes within the Cite, of substantiall peple. 1461Paston Lett. II. 27 Any substancyall gentylman. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 169 b, The Maire..assembled a great numbre of substanciall and grave citizens. 1593Nashe Christ's T. 37 All which were of the Nobles, Gentlemen, and substantialest men of the Iewes. 1642Pr. Rupert his Declar. 4 The Knights, Aldermen, and substantiall Citizens of London. 1714J. Fortescue-Aland Pref. Fortescue's Abs. & Lim. Mon. 10 A Jury of twelve upright and substantial Men, is by the Law, to be summon'd. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. (1815) 104 The substantial tradesman, who was wont to pass his evenings at the alehouse for fourpence halfpenny, now spends three shillings at the tavern. 1823Scott Peveril viii, Her father is a substantial yeoman. 1833H. Martineau Brooke Farm viii. 94 In former times,..the proprietor or occupier of thirty or forty acres was thought a substantial farmer. 1883S. C. Hall Retrospect II. 276 Among our few fellow-passengers..was a substantial Scottish grazier.
†b. absol. with the: Persons of influence. Obs.
1568Grafton Chron. II. 331 The Maior of London, and the substanciall of the Citie toke counsaile together.
13. Of real worth, reliability, or repute; of good standing or status.
c1449Pecock Repr. i. xvi. 85 Substancial clerkis weel leerned in logik. 1562Turner Herbal ii. (1568) 72 Theophrast so ancient and substantiall autor. 1588Greene Pandosto (1843) 45 That he might go like an honest substantiall man to tell his tale. a1687Petty Pol. Arith. (1690) 74 Another Book written by a substantial Author. 1814W. Wilson Hist. Diss. Ch. IV. 310 Mr. Sheffield was a sound and substantial scholar. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. i. i. i, Dismissal of his last substantial man. 1863Froude Short Studies (1867) I. 228 Till it be so agreed the substantial intellect of the country will not throw itself into the question.
14. Having a corporeal form; consisting of solid matter; corporeal, material. Obs. or rare.
1589? Lyly Pappe w. Hatchet (1844) 36, I came so neere, that I could feele a substantiall knaue from a sprites shadowe. 1603Shakes. Meas. for M. iii. ii. 290 To draw with ydle Spiders strings Most ponderous and substantiall things. 1653H. More Conject. Cabbal. (1713) 184 He means no substantialler a Being by Matter than what may well be called Metaphysical. 1818Scott Br. Lamm. xxiii, Neither was there pressure of the grass, nor any other circumstance, to induce him to believe that what he had seen was real and substantial.
15. Having substance; not imaginary, unreal, or apparent only; true, solid, real.
1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. ii. ii. 141 All this is but a dreame, Too flattering sweet to be substantiall. 1726–31Tindal Rapin's Hist. Eng. (1743) II. xvii. 115 Not only by words..but by very substantial deeds. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. xvii. II. 23 The manly pride of the Romans, content with substantial power, had left to the vanity of the east the forms and ceremonies of ostentatious greatness. 1781Cowper Hope 154 Hope sets the stamp of vanity on all That men have deem'd substantial since the fall. 1798S. & Ht. Lee Canterb. T. II. 15 His substantial wealth vanished, but the shadow still remained. 1862Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. II. i. 27 We should..not be led away from that which is real and substantial by the pursuit of the shadowy and fantastic.
16. a. Belonging to the component substance or matter of a thing.
1671N. Grew Anat. Pl. i. iii. (1682) 13 In all such Roots, the Pith is..of the same substantial nature. 1718Prior Solomon i. 497 Now shine these Planets with substantial Rays?
b. Pertaining to the substance or tissue of the body or a part or organ.
1611[see substance 23]. 1620Venner Via Recta viii. 189 The radicall or substantiall moysture of the body. Ibid. 192 By reason of much resolution of the nutrimentall and substantiall moisture through the pores. 1875[see substantive a. 8]. 1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 120 Transition from substantial to membranous parietes.
†17. That is really such; thorough, real. Obs.
1663S. Patrick Parab. Pilgr. xx. (1687) 207, I mean..that it must appear to the World, that you are a substantial Christian by all the acts of an Holy Life. a1694Tillotson Serm. liii. (1742) IV. 497 To become wise and peaceable and substantial Christians.
18. That is such in the main; real or true for the most part.
1771Junius Lett. xliv. (1788) 256, I should be contented to renounce the forms of the constitution.., if there were no other way to obtain substantial justice for the people. 1790Paley Horæ Paul. i. 8 It establishes the substantial truth of the narration. 1841Myers Cath. Th. iii. §24. I. 63 The question..here is not concerning the substantial Divinity of the Jewish Scripture. 1852H. Rogers Ecl. Faith 322 They are certain of the substantial accuracy of their impressions. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xviii. IV. 150 The Tories..though they could not deny that there had been some hard cases, maintained that, on the whole, substantial justice had been done. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 115 He argues rightly for the substantial genuineness of the text.
†B. adv. = substantially. Obs.
1502Arnolde Chron. 81 Consideryng that hys fee is competent for a substanciall lerned man. 1532More Confut. Tindale Wks. 726/1 That substaunciall wel learned man Lyre. c1560in Anglia XIII. 464 In the Latin tongue, and other substancial congrue languages.
C. n.
1. a. pl. The things belonging to or constituting the substance; the essential parts or elements; the essentials.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. ci. (Bodl. MS.), Al þe substancials of þe tree haue sourenes & vertu of bindinge. 1567Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. I. 547 Alwayis kepand all the uther substantiallis of the formar seill. 1652Gaule Magastrom. 77 Neither doth nature prefer any creature for its adventitials or accidentals, but for its substantials or essentials. 1661Except. agst. Liturgy 4 Those who in the substantials of the Protestant Religion are of the same perswasions with our selves. 1681Stair Inst. Law Scot. i. xiii. 262 The Clauses which are adjected in Infeftments, not being of the Substantials or Solemnities thereof. 1726Ayliffe Parergon 75 Altho' a Custom introduc'd against the Substantials of an Appeal be not valid..yet a Custom may be introduc'd against the Accidentals of an Appeal. 1816J. Scott Vis. Paris (ed. 5) 181 In the substantials of knowledge and conduct they are below both these. 1845M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 8 One who is certainly not chargeable with neglect of the substantials of historical science. 1854Thoreau Walden (1908) 41 A great proportion of architectural ornaments are literally hollow, and a September gale would strip them off, like borrowed plumes, without injury to the substantials. 1870Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. i. (1873) 26 Though his judgement in substantials, like that of Johnson, is always worth having.
†b. rarely sing. Obs.
1628Feltham Resolves ii. xlvii. 138 All this change, without the losse of any visible substantiall.
2. pl. Substantial or solid things.
a1653Binning Serm. (1845) 570 All these substantials we let go, that we may get hold of some empty unedifying notions. 1796M. Robinson Angelina I. 155 We look sharp after the substantials, and leave the shadows to your end of the town. 1824S. E. Ferrier Inher. xxviii, Too busy with the substantials of marriage, to have much time to bestow on the empty speculations of love.
3. pl. The substantial or solid parts of a meal.
1751R. Paltock P. Wilkins (1884) I. 126 From day to day I found out something new to add to my repast, either in substantials or by way of dessert. 1765H. Walpole Let. to E. of Hertford 7 Apr., Instead of substantials, there was nothing but a profusion of plates striped red, green, and yellow, gilt plate, blacks and uniforms! 1865J. Cameron Malayan India 301 Soup and fish generally both precede the substantials... The substantials are invariably followed by curry and rice. 1886M. E. Braddon One Thing Needful v, The substantials were all on a side-table. |