| 释义 |
▪ I. substitute, n.|ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt|
[ad. L. substitūtus, -um, masc. and neut. of substitūtus pa. pple. (see next). Cf. F. substitut, etc.]
I. A person acting in place of another.
1. a. One exercising deputed authority; a deputy, delegate.
c1400Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxx. 78 Though a reame haue a noble kynge..he ne suffiseth nought hym selue to gouerne..his reame withouten other substitutes sett in diuerse places. 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 194 [He] has laiser..to set his substitute with the tane and him self with the tothir. a1513Fabyan Chron. v. cxl. (1811) 125 He therefore puruayed vnder hym a substitute, named Nordobert, whyle he retornyd into Austracy or Lorayne. 1575Gascoigne Glasse Govt. Wks. 1910 II. 29 These Magistrates must also bee..honored because they are y⊇ substituts of y⊇ king. 1608Shakes. Per. v. iii. 51 When I did flie from Tyre, I left behind an ancient substitute. 1651Hobbes Leviathan iii. xlii. 274 The Power..was given to the..Apostles, and their Substitutes [etc.]. 1667Milton P.L. x. 403 My Substitutes I send ye, and Create Plenipotent on Earth. a1721Sheffield (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) I. 291 Here I stand the substitute of Rome. 1765Blackstone Comm. i. viii. 287 They belong to the king or his substitute without redemption. 1843–56Bouvier Law Dict. (ed. 6) II. 555/2 In letters of attorney, power is generally given to the attorney to nominate and appoint a substitute.
b. Of ecclesiastics.
1567Allen Def. Priesthood 386 Excommunication..may be exercised by the Bishops Legates or Substituts being no priestes. 1593Nashe Christ's T. Wks. 1904 II. 129 Reuerend Ecclesiasticall Fathers, and other speciall-titled Church substitutes. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. i. v. v, Poor Bishop Pompignan withdraws; having got Lafayette for helper or substitute. 1873Hale In His Name viii. 69 The archbishop's substitute.
†c. by substitute: by proxy. Obs. rare—1.
1594Shakes. Rich. III, iii. vii. 181 First was he contract to Lady Lucie,..And afterward by substitute betroth'd To Bona.
2. Law. A person nominated in remainder.
1758J. Dalrymple Ess. Feudal Property (ed. 2) 135 That if any of the substitutes or their issue should alienate, then their right in the estate should cease. 1765–8Erskine Inst. Law Scot. iii. viii. §21 The person first called by the entail is the institute;..the rest get the name of the heirs of entail, or substitutes. 1766Blackstone Comm. ii. xxi. 355 The act of the ancestor shall bind the heir, and the act of the principal his substitute. 1838W. Bell Dict. Law Scot. 950 Substitutes in an entail, are those heirs who are called failing the institute, whether disponee or grantee. 1869J. Austin's Jurispr. (ed. 3) II. 864 note, In English law, in rights of..limited duration, the party entitled cannot alienate so as to defeat the reversioners or substitutes.
3. Mil. One who for a remuneration agrees to serve in place of another balloted for the militia.
1777Jrnls. Continental Congress U.S. (1907) IX. 1002 The laws which have been enacted in the State of Pennsylvania, permitting the furnishing of substitutes to perform militia duty. 1779J. Woodforde Diary 30 Sept. (1924) I. 266, I let my man Ben have my little Mare to go to Norwich this morning to try to get a Substitute to serve for him in the Militia. 1802C. James Milit. Dict., Substitute in the Militia, a person who voluntarily offers to serve in the room of another that has been chosen by ballot... Substitutes may be provided for quakers. 1811Gen. Regul. Army 201 No Soldier is to receive a Furlough on the plea of assisting to provide Substitutes for himself. 1840Hood Up Rhine 263 Every Prussian subject must be a soldier, consequently there can be no serving by substitute as in our militia. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. III. 138 The proved inferiority in all respects of the substitutes provided.
4. a. gen. One who acts or is employed in place of another.
1836J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. iv. 166 We maintain..that some substitute to discharge the office of personal remorse must be demanded. 1873Spencer Study Sociol. i. 15 In China where a criminal can buy a substitute to be executed in his stead. 1886Encycl. Brit. XXI. 136/1 The worshippers as a whole bear the guilt until they or the guilty man himself find a substitute. 1894Amer. Dict. Printing, Substitute, one who works at case instead of another... In England a substitute is called a grass hand.
b. spec. in Sport, a player who replaces another after a match has begun. Abbrev. sub (see sub n. 4).
1849in ‘Bat’ Crick. Man. (1850) 57 No substitute in the field shall be allowed to bowl. 1916[see bench n. 1 c]. 1951Sport 30 Mar.–5 Apr. 6/1 Of course, the idea of substitutes in both Association and Rugby football is not new. 1976Southern Even. Echo (Southampton) 17 Nov. 23/4 When Saints beat Wolves 6–2 in the Second Division last month, the appearance..of Martin Patching as substitute was lost into obscurity because of the emphatic margin of victory.
II. A thing put in the place of another.
5. a. That which is used or stands in place of something else. Usually const. for, occas. of, † to.
Quot. 1589 is an early isolated instance.
1589Puttenham Engl. Poesie (Arb.) 177 Then is it called by the Greekes Hypozeuxis, we call him the substitute after his originall, and is a supplie with iteration.
a1677Barrow Serm. xliv. Wks. 1686 III. 513 Substitutes, and shadows of things more high in substance, and efficacy. 1756C. Lucas Ess. Waters III. 165 Such as can not afford wine may have recourse to it's substitute, beer. 1802Paley Nat. Theol. ix. 158 In every part of anatomy, description is a poor substitute for inspection. 1825Bentham Offic. Apt. Maximized, Observ. Peel's Sp. (1830) 38 Salaries were substitutes to fees, and in that form the plague ended. 1828Scott F.M. Perth xxxiv, Bearing branches of yew in their hands, as the readiest substitute for palm boughs, they marched..to hear High Mass. 1866Brande & Cox Dict. Sci. etc. II. 562/1 The French, whose franc or livre is the shrunken substitute of the ancient pound. 1870F. R. Wilson Ch. Lindisf. 23 This is a miserable substitute for the old Norman chapel. 1871L. Stephen Playgr. Eur. (1894) iv. 89 Till lately the natives used holes in their tables as a substitute for plates.
b. A person or thing that becomes the object of love (or another emotion) deprived of its natural outlet. Formerly only with qualifying noun, as father substitute, mother substitute: see the first elements. Cf. surrogate n. (a.) 2.
1956L. Durrell Justine i. 78 For her we, her lovers, had become only mental substitutes for this first childish act—so that love, as a sort of masturbation, took on all the colours of neurasthenia. 1964C. Isherwood Single Man 23 Jim is the substitute I found for a real son. 1973E. Caldwell Annette (1974) ii. iv. 50 I'd say that enormous teddy bear is a substitute till some boy comes along with the real thing she's after.
6. In technical use.
†a. See quot. 1719. Obs.
1719–22Quincy Lex. Physico-Med., Substitute, is said of one Medicine put in the room of another, nearest to it in Virtue, when that cannot be had. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., The Root of the great Centaureum, and sometimes Monk's Rhubarb, are used as Substitutes to Rhapontic.
b. An artificial food-stuff intended to supply the place of a natural food; also, a cheaper article or ingredient substituted for one that is recognized or patented.
1879Buck's Treat. Hygiene I. 117 Animal Substitutes for Milk. Ibid. 119 Vegetable Substitutes for Breast-milk. 1888Times 3 Jan. 9/5 Hereafter persons who eat butter substitutes will have to avow openly their meanness whether of spirit or of purse. 1903Lancet 8 Aug. 417/1 The creed of the substitute-monger is always that the substitute is better than the real thing.
c. Mech. A short section used when a full-length section is not usable.
1875[see sub n. 4].
d. Chem. A new compound formed by substitution.
1852Fownes' Chem. (ed. 4) 599 Salicylamide..is converted by fuming nitric acid into the nitro-substitute, nitro-salicylamide.
e. Philol. A word that can stand in the place of another, e.g. a pronoun.
1807Webster Philos. & Pract. Gram. Eng. Lang. 15 Substitutes, words which are used in the place of other words or of sentences. 1933L. Bloomfield Language ix. 146 In every language we find certain forms, substitutes... In English, the pronouns are the largest group of substitutes. 1958C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Linguistics xxx. 253 The substitutes in this sentence are the morpheme he (in the word his) and the morpheme do (in the word did). He refers to John: it is John's hat which John puts on.
III. 7. attrib. and Comb.: substitute-broker, one who procures a substitute for a soldier balloted for the militia; so substitute-brokerage; substitute-feeding, a method of feeding with food-substitutes; substitute-fibre Bot. (see quot.).
1863Congress. Globe 4 Feb. 714/3 As soon as it seemed to be understood that the Government was determined to force men into the army..these *substitute brokers made their appearance.
1865Lowell Reconstruction Pr. Wks. 1890 V. 212 We have had shoddy, we have had contracts, we have had *substitute-brokerage.
1897Trans. Amer. Pediatric Soc. IX. 15 Dewees had a clearer idea of *substitute feeding than his predecessor.
1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 259 *Substitute Fibres, like libriform fibres, but a much reduced form of prosenchyma, the ‘Ersatzfasern’ of Sanio.
b. attrib. passing into adj.
1899Westm. Gaz. 4 Oct. 7/1 A substitute resolution was submitted. 1902Ibid. 3 Mar. 7/3 The..possibility of using oil instead of coal as a substitute fuel. 1909Ibid. 15 Feb. 8/1 A substitute vessel should be provided for every vessel so withdrawn.
▪ II. substitute, pa. pple. and ppl. a.|ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt|
[ad. L. substitūtus, pa. pple. of substituĕre (see next).]
†A. pa. pple. Substituted. Obs.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 29 Elidurus..was substitute in to the kynge. 1533More Let. to T. Cromwell Wks. 1427/2 It may well happen, that this pope may be deposed, & a nother substitute in his rome. 1555Eden Decades (Arb.) 109 A hundreth and fyftie fresshe men whiche were substitute in the place of suche as were deade. 1577–87Holinshed Hist. Scot. II. 385/1 He was iudged..meet..to be chosen or substitute deputie and chancellor. 1680tr. Buchanan's De Jure Regni apud Scotos (1689) 43 Robert the first was substitute in his stead. 1681Stair Inst. Law Scot. ii. xxvi. 100 Different Lines Substitute in these Tailzies.
B. ppl. a.
1. Substituted for or taking the place of another person or thing; (of officials) deputy. Obs. exc. Sc. in sheriff substitute (with incorrect pl. sheriff substitutes).
1615tr. De Montfart's Surv. E. Indies Pref. B 2 My second and substitute Country. 1648Gage West Ind. xii. 42 Who send from thence their substitute Vicars to rule. 1685Baxter Paraphr. N.T. Acts xv. 6 Had not Apostolick Testimony..proved the abrogation, it would more hardly have been believed..than the substitute Canons of Bishops. 1754in Nairne Peerage Evid. (1874) 50 John Richardson sheriff substitute of the shire of Perth. 1815,1894[see sheriff 2 b].
2. Sc. Law. Nominated in remainder.
1681Stair Inst. Law Scot. ii. xxvi. 101 The Children are but Heirs Substitute. 1816Scott Antiq. xvi, No string of substitute heirs of entail.
▪ III. substitute, v.|ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt|
Also occas. pa. tense 5 substitute.
[f. L. substitūt-, pa. ppl. stem of substituĕre, f. sub- sub- 27 + statuĕre to set up (see statute).]
†1.
a. trans. To appoint (a person) to an office as a deputy or delegate; occas. with compl. Obs.
1532More Confut. Tindale Wks. 821/1 Yet can they not say nay, but that..he appointed saint Peter with other, and that they were all knowen heades. And they dyd also substytute other whyche were knowen heades also. 1564Haward Eutropius x. Q viii b, They substituted vnder them .ii. Cesars. 1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 71 These graue fathers..do substitute under them in euerie particular church a minister. 1583T. Stocker Civ. Warres Lowe C. iv. 28 b, Those..whom his Maiestie had substituted, to the generall Gouernement of the Countreis. 1594Nashe Unfort. Trav. Wks. 1904 II. 289 When death substitutes one frend his special baily to arrest another by infection. 1628Digby Voy. Mediterr. (Camden) 4 Substituting him Commander in chiefe in case of my death. 1639Du Verger tr. Camus' Admir. Events 183 A man of..authority..was substituted to the Guardianship of her children. 1712Steele Spect. No. 509 ⁋4 If a Man of a great Genius could..substitute slower Men of Fidelity to transact the methodical part of his Affairs.
†b. To set up or appoint as a ruler or official in the place (stead, room) of another. Obs.
1555Eden Decades (Arb.) 113 They contended whether it were beste to substitute Nicuesa in his place. 1582T. Watson Centurie of Love (Arb.) 128 Ioue..substituted Ganimedes into her [sc. Hebe's] office and place. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 164 Emperour Domitian calling him vnto Jtalie substitute in his roume Julius Agricola. a1619M. Fotherby Atheom. i. xiii. §3 (1622) 138 The people should substitute him into his stead. 1639Fuller Holy War iii. xxv. 156 The Pope substituted John de Columna, a Cardinall, Legate in the place of Pelagius. 1722De Foe Plague (1884) 299 Neither did [these] go without substituting Curates..in their Places. 1831Scott Ct. Rob. xx, Who shall assure me that vows which were made to the Saxon Bertha, will be binding if a French Agatha be substituted in her stead?
†c. To depute, delegate. Obs.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, i. iii. 84 But who is substituted 'gainst the French, I haue no certaine notice. 1700J. A. Astry tr. Saavedra-Faxardo's Royal Polit. II. 13 Necessity obliging a Prince to substitute his Power to several Ministers.
2. To put (one) in place of another.
a. const. in (occas. into) the place, stead, room of.
1588Shakes. Tit. A. iv. ii. 159 And how..their Childe shall be aduaunc'd,..And substituted in the place of mine. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxvii. §12 That Deitie which with the words of consecration abolisheth the substance of bread and substituteth in the place thereof my body. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. i. v. 38 When the Golden Shields of King Solomon were taken away, Rehoboam substituted Shields of Brasse in their room. 1694F. Bragge Disc. Parables iv. 138 By..substituting Him in our stead, to suffer, as the Representative of mankind, the punishment due to their iniquities. 1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. vi. 140 Let a man substitute himself into the room of some poor creature dejected with invincible poverty. 1776Hawkins Hist. Mus. I. 342 Martianus Capella, who..was the first that substituted the term Tones in the room of Modes. 1802Paley Nat. Theol. i. 7 The expression, ‘the law of metallic nature’, may sound strange..to a philosophic ear, but it seems quite as justifiable as some others..such as the ‘law of vegetable nature’,..when it is substituted into the place of these. 1843A. Bethune Scott. Peas. Fire-side 21 She could not at the time substitute any thing better in its stead.
b. Without const.
1620T. Granger Div. Logike 300 Afterward hee substituteth the properties or powers thereof. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 599 Reject him, lest he darken all the Flock, And substitute another from thy Stock. 1798Ferriar Illustr. Sterne ii. 51 Sterne has substituted a rich and beautiful chain of incidents. 1845M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 27 Chilperic had simply erased the word ‘theft’ from the parchment, and substituted that of ‘murder’. 1870Jevons Elem. Logic xxii. 186 The reader by substituting various terms can easily make propositions.
†c. Const. to. Obs.
1681Burnet Hist. Ref. ii. i. 107 Christ substituting the Eucharist to the Paschal Lamb, used such an Expression, calling it his Body. 1769Goldsm. Hist. Rome II. 148 His own life was very opportunely substituted to that against which he aimed. 1804Med. Jrnl. XII. 409 Substitute mild, cooling, subacid applications..to his tonics and stimulants. 1817Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. vii. 591 The Rajah would gladly have seen the authority of the English substituted..to that of the Vizir. 1830W. Taylor Hist. Surv. Germ. Poetry I. 112 In a few generations, the court of France had substituted the French to the Frankish tongue.
d. Const. for.
1674Govt. Tongue ii. 7 Tis sure he can substitute none for them that can equally conduce, either to his honor or interest. 1759Goldsm. Bee No. 1 ⁋1 For real wit he is obliged to substitute vivacity. 1848Dickens Dombey lxi, Jackson..used to mention that in training for the ring they substituted rum for sherry. 1878Gladstone Primer of Homer 104 Sacrifice could not be substituted for duty, nor could prayer. 1910Encycl. Brit. IX. 51/2 The local priesthoods, who substituted their own favourite god for Re.
e. Math. and Chem. (See substitution 5, 7.)
1737Gentl. Mag. VII. 675/1 Whose Value being substituted in the aforesaid Equation. 1845De Morgan in Encycl. Metrop. II. 378/1 If in ψx we substitute αx for x. 1867Bloxam Chem. 23 The chemical equivalent of a metal expresses the weight which is required to be substituted for one part by weight of hydrogen in its compounds. 1885Watson & Burbury Math. Th. Electr. I. 132 If before inversion we substitute for the charges at C1 and O2 their equivalent distributions on the plane XEX′.
3. Law. To nominate in remainder.
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 277 b, He had by legacie made his son Edward of .ix. yeres his heire, & after him had substituted his daughter Mary. 1726in Nairne Peerage Evid. (1874) 34 The next heir descending of my own body which faillieing my other heirs substituted. 1765–8Erskine Inst. Law Scot. iii. viii. §21 In the case of a land-estate which is settled in a long series of heirs, substituted one after another. 1788J. Powell Devises (1827) II. 317 If there are no such persons, it shall not suspend the right of others, but they shall take as if no such persons were substituted.
4. To take the place of, replace.
a. (orig. in pass.)
Now regarded as incorrect.
(a)1675Temple Let. to Williamson Wks. 1731 II. 350, I hear Don Emanuel de Lyra is like to be..one of the Plenipotentiaries, and come in as substituted by the Duke de Villa Hermosa. 1770Luckombe Hist. Printing 224 Double Pica..was..substituted by a new Letter. 1863Life in South II. 198 Good brandy being substituted by vile whiskey. 1875Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. ii. v. 529 The diagram may..be substituted..by a formula composed of letters and numbers. 1900Archives Surg. XI. 275 The medicine was continued a few days longer, and then substituted by the iodide of potassium.
(b)1778W. H. Marshall Minutes Agric. 13 Sept. 1775, Let straw substitute this, if possible. 1855Bain Senses & Int. ii. ii. §16 (1864) 205 A means of judging how far touch can substitute sight. 1863Oliver Less. Bot. (1873) 162 Leafy stipules substituting true leaves. 1867Athenæum No. 2084. 442/1 Miss Hughes substituted Miss Oliver. 1899Archives Surg. X. 138 That ‘varioloid’ substituted in Bath the ‘varicella’ which was common in Bristol.
b. More recently, used incorrectly for replace v. 3 a.
1974Daily Tel. 25 July 6/7 The tribunal concludes that British Rail's proposal to compensate..at rates of four, five and six per cent. are inadequate and substitutes them with levels of five, 7½ and 10 per cent. 1978Maledicta ii. 176 Most commonly they are typically formed by substituting diavolo with other terms. 1980Coal: Energy for Future (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 3 OECD coal demand is likely to..grow much more rapidly as national actions to substitute oil by coal begin to take effect.
5. intr. To act as a substitute. Freq. with for.
1888Advance (Chicago) 15 Nov., It was plain that the idea of substituting for Gertrude now thoroughly possessed her. 1913Cavalier 23 Aug. 212/1 She is too busy now to look out for them, so I substitute. 1953[see furan]. 1962Listener 17 May 883/1 But how could it satisfactorily substitute for the complexity and psychological depth abandoned in hacking the novel down to size? 1965Language XLI. 239 A construction..which may substitute for a word..is a phrase. 1975Sci. Amer. Feb. 36/1 An ion of ferrous iron..can easily substitute for a magnesium ion. |