| 释义 |
▪ I. suffrage, n.|ˈsʌfrɪdʒ|
Also 5 souffrage, sofrage, 6 Sc. sufferagh, 6–7 sufferage, 7 suff'rage.
[ad. L. suffrāgium, partly through F. suffrage (from 13th c.). Cf. It., Pg. suffragio, Sp. sufragio. An earlier anglicization of the L. pl. is suffragies.]
1. collect. pl. and sing. Prayers, esp. intercessory prayers, intercessions. arch.
c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 303 In alle þise wordis ben feyned of gostliche suffrage wiþ-oute grounde. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 431 Vn til thei aske the suffrage and helpe of Seynte Wenefride. c1450Godstow Reg. 182 In massys, in matyns, in oþer owrys, suffrages, almys, fastynges. 1513Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 3259 Also by her merite, suffrage and peticion Euery humble creature had helpe and succour. 1553Becon Reliques of Rome (1563) 197* The Suffrages and sacrifices of the Masse. 1602Warner Alb. Eng. xiii. lxxvii, Not tedious suffrages they ask't, nor Sacrifices strate. 1660Wood Life (O.H.S.) I. 345 The chappell being onlie for privat or secret suffrages. 1681Burnet Hist. Ref. ii. i. 64 That the Sacrifice might bring to them a greater Indulgence, being offered up by the Suffrages of the Saint. 1865Kingsley Herew. i, Of what use to you then the suffrages of the saints? 1904M. Hewlett Queen's Quair i. viii. 110 The Queen was at prayers—which is more than can be said for the priest who should have lifted up her suffrages.
b. spec. Prayers for the souls of the departed: esp. in phr. to do suffrage. arch.
c1440Alphabet of Tales 58 He..garte do message & oders prayers & suffrage of halie kurk for hym. c1450Godstow Reg. 206 So þat þey scholde haue in mynde the sowlys Afore in alle here prayeris suffrages & benefettes for euer. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 348/2 That generalle Suffrages temporal myght be done for them. 1521Extr. Burgh Recs. Stirling 14 Oct. (1887) 13 Twa markis of obit silver..for sufferagh to be doun for the saullis of wmquhill Allexander lord Elphinstoun and Sir Johen Elphinstoun, his fader. c1554in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. i. 87 To do suffrage for the sawll of the deid. 1584R. Scot Discov. Witchcr. xv. xxii. 434 Whose soule art thou?.. Wantest thou any suffrages, masses, or almes? 1596R. H. tr. Lavaterus' Ghostes & Spir. 107 Whether he require any aide by prayers and suffrages? 1848K. H. Digby Broad Stone Hon. III. Morus 280 Their prayers and suffrages for the dead.
†c. phr. suffrages of prayers; cf. med.L. orationis suffragium, OF. suffrages d'oroisons. Obs.
The original sense was prob. ‘help given by (intercessory) prayer’: cf. sense 2.
1447in Anstey Epist. Acad. Oxon. (O.H.S.) I. 261 We commend us unto ȝowr goode lordschipe wt the gostly suffrages of oure prayers. c1613in Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ. (1914) XIV. 34 We humbly request the Suffrages of your Devout Prayers of Charity.
d. pl. Liturgical intercessory petitions; esp. in the Book of Common Prayer, (a) the intercessory petitions pronounced by the priest in the Litany (also sing., any one of these); (b) a series of petitions pronounced by the priest with the answers of the people, a set of versicles and responses.
Also by some writers (see quots. 1657, 1732, 1796) used for a responsive petition (or response to a versicle, etc.).
1532Elyot Let. in Gov. (1880) I. p. lxxix, [In Germany] the Preest [at mass] in vestmentes after oure manner singith everi thing in Latine as we use, omitting suffrages. 1548–9(Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Evensong, Then the suffrages before assigned at Matins. Ibid., Litany, The Letany and Suffrages. 1587Harrison England ii. i. 138/1 in Holinshed, After morning praier also we haue the letanie and suffrages. 1657Sparrow Bk. Com. Prayer 95 These Forms of prayers, (where the peoples devotion is so often excited..by continual Suffrages, such as Good Lord deliver us; We beseech thee to hear us good Lord,) were called ἐκτενεῖς δεήσεις, earnest or intense Petitions. 1662Bk. Com. Prayer, Form of Prayer 5 Nov., In the Suffrages after the Creed, these shall be inserted and used for the King. 1697J. Lewis Mem. Dk. Glocester (1789) 78 He..would answer very properly at prayers, in the Suffrages and different parts of the Liturgy. 1714Order in Council 1 Aug. in Lond. Gaz. No. 5247/3 In the Suffrages next after the Creed, instead of Queen read King. 1732Neal Hist. Purit. I. 54 They compiled a Litany consisting of many short petitions interrupted by Suffrages. 1796Pegge Anonym. (1809) 145 Tu autem..is the beginning of the suffrage, which was supposed to follow the reading of the Scripture, which the reading scholar was to continue, by saying, Miserere mei, Domine. 1855Procter Bk. Com. Prayer 255 After the suffrage for the Church, those for the ecclesiastical orders usually come first. 1882–3Schaff's Encycl. Relig. Knowl. II. 1327 A brief litany, in which the people continually respond to the various suffrages, ‘Lord, have mercy upon us’. 1885Pall Mall Gaz. 23 May 7/2 Installation of the Dean of Gloucester... The Bishop then said some suffrages. 1885Dixon Hist. Ch. Eng. III. 496 The Suffrages which the clerks were wont to sing in the time of the communion [viz. the Agnus Dei, etc.].
transf.1701Norris Ideal World i. ii. 35 This great and solemn suffrage of the adorable Trinity, Let us make man.
†2. Help, support, assistance. Also, one who helps, a support. Obs.
c1460Promp. Parv. 483/2 K., P. Suffrage, or helpe, suffragium. c1480Henryson Orpheus & Eurydice 174 And had noucht bene throu suffrage of his harp, Wyth scharp pikis he had bene schorne & schent. 1513Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 420 Moost blessed Werburge..Our synguler suffrage, and sterre of our clerenes. Ibid. 3055 Than she requyred with humylyte The spyrytuall sufferage of holy vnccyon. 1528Roy Rede me (Arb.) 86 Thorowe his passion, For vs he made satisfaccion, Withoute eny mans suffrage. 1613R. C. Table Alph., Suffrage, consent, or voyce, or helpe.
3. a. orig. A vote given by a member of a body, state, or society, in assent to a proposition or in favour of the election of a person; in extended sense, a vote for or against any controverted question or nomination.
1534More Comf. agst. Trib. iii. xxvi. Wks. 1259/2 Euery mans assent was called his suffrages:..one kinde of those suffrages, was by certayn thynges that are in latine called calculi. 1588Shakes. Tit. A. i. i. 218 People of Rome, and Noble Tribunes heere, I aske your voyces and your Suffrages. c1600Drayton Miseries Q. Margaret cliv, The Spirituall Lords, and Temporall,..who farre more ready are To giue, then he their suffrages to craue. 1651Hobbes Leviath. iii. xlii. 290 The manner of choosing Magistrates..was by plurality of suffrages. a1707S. Patrick Autobiog. (1839) 43 The fellows came up one by one, and in a paper wrote their suffrages. 1765Blackstone Comm. i. 170 In all democracies..it is of the utmost importance to regulate by whom, and in what manner, the suffrages are to be given. 1781J. Moore View Soc. It. (1790) I. viii. 79 When the election took place, all the suffrages fell upon Paul Lue. 1809–10Coleridge Friend (1865) 127 Each of these [sc. inhabitants] has a right to a suffrage. 1848Mill Pol. Econ. ii. i. §2 (1876) 125 A magistrate or magistrates, whom we may suppose elected by the suffrages of the community. 1873C. Robinson N.S. Wales 91 Those whose suffrages are to determine its [i.e. the State's] future should be able to give an intelligent vote.
b. An object, as a pebble, a marked paper, or the like, used to indicate a vote given. rare.
1534More Conf. agst. Trib. iii. Wks. 1259/2 Vnto him which ouercometh, he will geue a white suffrage. 1665J. Buck in Peacock Stat. Cambr. (1841) App. B. p. lxxviii, The Scrutators..put their suffrages into one of the Hats. 1819Scott Ivanhoe xxxvii, The Grand Master had collected the suffrages. 1835T. Mitchell Acharn. of Aristoph. 543 note, Ψηϕίζεσθαι, to vote by suffrages thrown into jars.
4. gen. A vote in support of or an opinion in favour of some person or thing; hence (now Obs. or arch.), in neutral sense, an opinion.
1594Selimus E, The loue I beare to my deare Acomat, Commands me giue my suffrage vnto him. 1610B. Jonson Alch. To Rdr., If it were put to the question..the worse would finde more suffrages. 1640Hall Episc. ii. xiii. 166 Tertullian was..not at all below him [sc. Irenæus] in the clearnesse of his suffrage, Edant origines &c. 1653Nicholas Papers (Camden) II. 24, I have herein sent you an Extract of the Substance of that Elector's Suffrage there concerning his Majesty. 1660H. More Myst. Godl. To Rdr. 25 He that is a perfect Papist being of one mind and suffrage with his Church. 1726Pope Odyss. xix. 181 My anxious parents urge a speedy choice, And to their suffrage gain the filial voice. 1750Johnson Rambler No. 11 ⁋9 He that finds his knowledge narrow,..and by consequence his suffrage not much regarded. c1804Jane Austen Watsons in Austen-Leigh Mem. (1871) 322 ‘Oh uncle! do look at my partner; she is so pretty!’.. Charles was hurried off without being able to receive his uncle's suffrage. 1822–7Good Study Med. (1829) I. 423 It has not fallen to my lot..to add my suffrage in its favour. 1850Whipple Ess. & Rev. (ed. 3) I. 13 He has the hesitating suffrages of men of taste, and the plaudits of the million. 1883‘Ouida’ Wanda I. 216 The world would not be as much so if I really wanted its suffrages.
5. a. Approval, sanction, consent. Const. to. arch.
1598Chapman Iliad viii. 7 That God nor Goddesse may attempt, t' infringe my soueraigne mind: But all giue suffrage. 1609B. Jonson Sil. Wom. i. ii, I'll giue no suffrage to't. a1652Brome Novella v. i, Let me beg Your suffrage Lady, I may bid them welcome. 1668Rolle's Abridgm. Publ. Pref. a 2, The Common-Law of England..hath had the suffrage of the whole Kingdome in all Ages. 1704Evelyn Diary Dec., My Lord of Canterbury wrote to me for suffrage for Mr. Clarke's continuance..in the Boyle Lecture. 1787J. Barlow Oration 4th July 12 The system to be established by his suffrage is calculated for the..purposes of extending peace. 1825Scott Jrnl. 20 Nov., To gain your suffrage to his views, he endeavours [etc.]. 1873H. Rogers Orig. Bible ii. (1875) 80 Those religious systems which happen to have the suffrage of the government.
†b. An instance of this; an expression or token of approval. Obs.
1603Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 304 Such was the glorie and valour of Huniades..as..procured vnto him the generall fauour and suffrages of all. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 470 The man was pardoned, and the lion was giuen vnto him for a reward or suffrage. 1610Heywood Gold. Age i. i, The Queene, the Peeres, And all the people with lowd suffrages, Haue shrild their Auees. 1788T. Taylor Proclus I. 9 They openly presaged, that this gift..was a future suffrage of his succession confirmed by divine events. 1829I. Taylor Enthus. viii. 195 A system..which had won for itself a suffrage so general if not universal.
†6. The support or assurance of evidence or testimony in favour of something. Obs.
1606S. Gardiner Bk. Angling 50 We list first to conclude our iudgement by suffrages of scriptures. 1650Bulwer Anthropomet. 4 In the opinion of Claramontius, the reason of the thing gives a suffrage unto it. a1677Barrow Serm. (1686) III. ii. 17 Precepts are delivered in an universal and abstracted manner,..without any intervention, assistence, or suffrage of sense. a1718W. Penn Tracts Wks. 1726 I. 570 We herein are not without the Suffrage of the Scriptures to our Defence.
7. The collective vote of a body of persons.
1610Heywood Gold. Age i. i, I choose it as my right by gift of heauen, The peoples suffrage, the dead Kings bequest. a1700Evelyn Diary 6 Jan. 1661, I was now chosen (and nominated by his Majestie for one of the Council) by suffrage of the rest of the Members, a Fellow of the Philosophic Society. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. (1782) I. xii. 384 The election of a new emperor was referred to the suffrage of the military order. 1823Bentham Not Paul but Jesus 221 Philip,..one of the seven trustees, who..had been chosen by universal suffrage.
8. a. The collective opinion of a body of persons; hence, contextually, consensus of opinion; (common or general) consent.
1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 111 In this suffrage or voyce of consent. 1611Coryat Crudities 627 Mercator..who by the vniuersall suffrage of all the learned is esteemed the most excellent cosmographer. 1662Gunning Lent Fast 79 The Apostles by their common suffrage sanctified..these 7 weeks of fastings. 1697Evelyn Numismata vii. 240 Head..cut in Onyx, comparable by universal Suffrage to any of the Old Masters. 1794R. J. Sulivan View Nat. II. 232 To prefer their own judgment to the general suffrage of mankind. 1861Mill Utilitar. ii. 16 What means are there of determining which is the acutest of two pains..except the general suffrage of those who are familiar with both? 1882Hinsdale Garfield & Educ. ii. 361 He draughted a paper,..and submitted it to the suffrage of the republic of scientific scholars.
†b. Repute; = opinion 6. Obs.
1667Waterhouse Narr. Fire in London 90 She hath the suffrage abroad to be one of the most August..Governments in the world.
9. The casting of a vote, voting; the exercise of a right to vote; election by voting.
1665Manley Grotius' Low C. Wars 907 They..should have right of suffrage in their Dyets and Assemblies. 1667Milton P.L. ii. 415 Here he had need All circumspection, and wee now no less Choice in our suffrage. 1709Strype Ann. Ref. I. xxix. 299 They went to the Suffrage in the Afternoon, and such of the House as were against the Six Articles..carried it. 1760–72J. Adams tr. Juan & Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) II. 45 In the former [university] are chairs for all the sciences, and filled by suffrage. 1850Marsden Early Purit. (1853) 300 A successor was chosen by general suffrage. 1887Lowell Democracy etc. 32 The right of suffrage is not valued when indiscriminately bestowed.
†10. A voice or voting power in a matter. Obs.
a1662Heylin Laud (1668) 375 The Covenanters had so laid the Plot, that none but those of their own Party should have Suffrage in it. 1673Lady's Call. Pref., The Gyneceum has still had a rival suffrage with the Senate.
11. a. The right or privilege of voting as a member of a body, state, etc. (orig. U.S.)
1789Constit. U.S. v, No state shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 1817–8Cobbett Resid. U.S. (1822) 220 The suffrage, or qualification of electors, is very various. 1840Arnold Hist. Rome II. 313 The survivors..were obliged to become Roman citizens without suffrage. 1867Latham Black & White 114 No territories shall be admitted as States in which there is not an equal suffrage of all races and colours.
b. With prefixed word denoting the extent, as adult suffrage, female suffrage, household suffrage, manhood suffrage, universal suffrage, woman('s suffrage, women's suffrage.
1798W. Nares Jacobin vi. in Anti-Jacobin No. 22, I pant and sigh for univers―al suffrage. 1866[see household 8]. 1873[see manhood 7]. 1877Gladstone Glean. (1879) I. 147 Is not Mr. Lowe a little hard on the universal suffrage of France, when he charges on it a protective tariff, seeing that the no-suffrage of Russia has one tenfold more protective? 1884[see female a. 4 b]. 1906W. R. Cremer in Hansard Commons 25 Apr. 1572 If they once opened the door and enfranchised ever so small a number of females..it ultimately meant adult suffrage... Hon. Members had not really thought out what adult suffrage must lead to. 1910Hansard Commons 11 July 55 The Member for Clitheroe explained with great explicitness what his object is. The hon. Gentleman's object is adult suffrage. That adult suffrage, of course, includes the vote for all adult women... The result of this adult suffrage, when it does come, will be a total electorate of 23,000,000 instead of 7,000,000. In that total electorate there will be a considerable majority of women. 1939G. B. Shaw Geneva i. 16 The president and parliament are elected by adult suffrage every two years.
▪ II. † ˈsuffrage, v. Obs.
[f. prec. or ad. L. suffrāgārī (see suffragate).]
1. intr. To vote for or against; hence, to agree or side with, to give support to.
1613T. Godwin Rom. Antiq. (1614) 97 Neither children..nor old men..were allowed to suffrage in these assemblies. 1652L. S. People's Liberty ix. 60 They are not to be permitted to suffrage in state affairs. 1657Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 237 Yet Matthiolus will not suffrage herewith, but contends [etc.]. 1657W. Morice Coena quasi κοινὴ ix. 93, I never voted for exorbitant Episcopacy, nor should I have ever suffraged against a regulated. Ibid. Diat. vi. 309 Some, that suffrage for the Presbyterial Government. 1661Glanvill Van. Dogm. 179 What he hath of this, was never learnt from his Hypotheses; but forcibly fetch'd in to suffrage to them.
2. trans. To elect by vote; hence, to give support to; to side with.
1641Milton Reform. ii. Wks. 1851 III. 57 As well as their worldly wisedomes are priviledg'd as members of the State in suffraging their..Burgesses. 1641Anc. Customs Eng. in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) IV. 368 Every particular subject, who is either present personally, or consenting by his assignee, suffraged by himself. 1838S. Bellamy Betrayal 17 When the false god call'd Upon her tempest breath to suffrage him.
Hence † ˈsuffrager Obs. rare, a voter.
1613T. Godwin Rom. Antiq. (1614) 98 Little coffers, into which the suffragers which did approue the law did cast in the first table; those that disliked it, did cast in the second. 1701Enq. Inconv. Public & Adv. Priv. Elect. 22 An Election..is a Majority of Votes including the Sense of a Majority of Suffragers. |