| 释义 |
▪ I. sugar, n.|ˈʃʊgə(r)|
Forms: see below.
[c gray][a. OF. çucre (12–14th c.), çuquere, zuchre, sukere, north-east. chucre, mod.F. sucre (from 13th c.), = Pr. sucre, It. zucchero, ad. (prob. through OHG.) med.L. zuccarum, succarum, ad. Arab. sukkar (with prefixed article assukkar, whence Sp. azucar, Pg. assucar). The phonological history of the Eng. forms is in several points obscure. (1) The g of the modern form (see γ-forms below) cannot be accounted for by any known OF. or AF. forms (but med.L. zugurum occurs); cf., however, AF. segerstaine, Norman F. segrestein = OF. secrestain (see sexton), and Eng. flagon representing F. flacon. (2) The quantity of the vowel of the first syllable appears to have been variable from early times (cf. the spellings suigur, sewger, seukere, and suggur), but the development of initial (sj[/c]) into |ʃ| makes it probable that the long ū |uː| prevailed (cf. sure), and that shortening took place afterwards; |ˈsjuːgə(r)| survives in some north midl. districts. (3) The Sc. forms (δ) pronounced |ˈsʌkər| show a survival of the short vowel type from F. |sykr|, but LG. influence is also possible.
The relation of Arab. sukkar to Gr. σάκχαρον, σάκχαρ (whence L. saccharon, saccharum), Pers. shakar, Skr. śarkarā (Prakrit sakkara) ground or candied sugar, orig. pebble, grit (cf. jaggery), is not clear. Forms representing one or other of the types are found in most European languages: e.g. MLG. sucker, MDu. sucker, sûker, suycker (mod.Du. suiker), OHG. zucura (MHG. zu(c)ker, G. zucker), Icel. sykr, MSw. so(c)ker, sucker (Sw. socker, Da. sukker), Lit. Russ. cukor, Serb. cukar, Boh. cukr, Pol. cukier, Turk. sukker; Rum. zahăr, Russ. sakharŭ, Serb. šećer, † cahara, † cakara, Bulg. sheker, zahar', Turk. sheker.]
1. a. A sweet crystalline substance, white when pure, obtained from a great variety of plant juices, but chiefly from those of the sugar-cane and sugar-beet, and forming an important article of human food.
(α) 3–4 zuker, 4 -ur, zucur, -er, zuccor, zukre, couker, 5 zucre, zuccary; 5 zugere, -ure.
In med.L. documents it is often impossible to determine whether a form is intended for Latin or for latinized English.
c1299Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 494 Zuker Roch. Ibid. 495 Zuker Marrokes. c1310Ibid. 510 In 3 li. et di. de Couker de Rupe. In 31 li. de Couker de Marrok. 1340Ibid. 37 In di. li. zukur emp., 3d. 1364in Exch. Rolls Scotl. II. 182 Per empcionem 434 librarum, cum quartario, zucure, xlij li. xviij d. 1419Lib. Alb. Rolls Ser. i. 224 Kark de zucre, xij d. a1425tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula etc. 68 Recipe cynamom [etc.]..to which be done zuccary euenly. 14..Nom. in Wr.-Wülcker 714 Hec zucurca [sic], zugure.
(β) 4 sucere, -ore, suker, (seukere), 4–5 sucre, 5 sucure, sukyr.
[1289–90Househ. Exp. R. de Swinfield (Camden) 116 In .xix. lī sucar, .viij.s. .viij. d. ob... Item in .xxix. libr sucur in duobus panibus .xvj. s. xj. d.] 1308Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 4 In 1 libra de sucore, 9d. 1309–10Ibid. 6, 3 li. de sucere. a1310in Wright Lyric P. v. 26 Such sucre mon secheth that saveth men sone. 1340Ayenb. 83 Þet is þe zuete sucre and of guod ssmak. 1390Gower Conf. II. 222 Whan venym melleth with the Sucre And mariage is mad for lucre. 14..Langl. P. Pl. B. v. 122 (MSS. B R) Sucre. c1440Promp. Parv. 484/1 Sukyr, zucura.
(γ) 4–5 sugure, 4–6 sugur, sugre, 4–7 suger, 5–6 sugour, (4 suigur, 4, 6 surger (?), 5 sewger, sugyr, -or, sogyr, suggir, 6 sugare, -ir, suggur, suuger, 6–8 suggar, 7 shugar), 6– sugar.
1334–5Abingdon Rolls (Camden) 4 Item pro surger viij s. x d. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiv. 312 The nyneth is swete to þe soule, no sugre is swettere. c1386Chaucer Sqr.'s T. 606 Yeue hem sugre [v. rr. sugere, sucre, suger], hony, breed and Milk. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xvii. 76 Swetter þan sugur or hony. 1440–1Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 78 Item 1 layf de suggir. Ibid., Di. 1 laff de Sogyr. 1491in Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. Var. Coll. IV. 211, 6 loves of sewger, 10. s. 1530Palsgr. 176 Sucre, sugar. 1562Turner Herbal ii. 36 b, The pouder of it [sc. liverwurt] taken wyth suggar. 1607Dekker & Webster Northw. Hoe ii. i, The warres in Barbary make Suger at such an excessiue rate. 1682Wilding in Collect. (O.H.S.) I. 255 For shugar..00 00 02. 1756C. Lucas Ess. Waters I. 73 The like effect is produced by dropping oils on suggar. 1788Cowper Pity for Africans 6 How could we do without sugar and rum? Especially sugar, so needful we see? 1898G. B. Shaw Plays I. Widowers' Houses 8 Do you take sugar, Mr Cokane?
(δ) Sc. 5–7 succour, 8– succar, sucker, (5 sucur, 6 sukkoure, suckar, succur(e, 7 sucre, 8 soukar).
1495Ledger A. Halyburton (1867) 41, 12 li. sucur valans,..½ sucur lacrissye. 1496Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. I. 284, viij pund and x vnce of succour. 1549Compl. Scotl. xvii. 145 Spicis, eirbis, drogis, gummis, & succur for to mak exquisit electuars. 1629Z. Boyd Last Battell 958 (Jam.) Poyson, confected with sucre, is moste piercing and deadlie. 1644Row Extr. in Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) p. xxvi, Two of them..misbehavit themselfes..in drinking wine, sek, and succour. 1786Burns Scotch Drink ix, Just a wee drap sp'ritual burn in, An' gusty sucker! 1852J. Fraser Poet. Chimes, Jas. V, iii. ii, Neeps, like sucker, wha'll buy neeps?
b. With qualifying adj., n., or phr. indicating:
(a) the place of origin or manufacture, as † sugar of Alisaunder (= Alexandria), Babylon, Barbary, Candy (cf. sugar-candian), Cipre (= Cyprus), Marrokes (= Morocco); see also Lisbon; (b) colour, as black sugar, † blanch sugar, brown sugar (see brown a. 7), green sugar, white sugar, yellow sugar; see also roset; (c) the stage of boiling, purification, or crystallization at which, or the form in which, the particular kind is produced, as blown sugar, boiled sugar, burnt sugar, caramel sugar, centrifugal sugar, clarified sugar, coarse sugar, cracked sugar, crashed sugar, crude sugar, crushed sugar, crystal sugar, crystalline sugar, crystallizable sugar, -ized, double-refined sugar, form sugar, granular sugar, -ated, hard sugar, high sugar, liquid sugar, low sugar, pounded sugar, raw sugar, refined sugar, refining sugar, refuse sugar, sifted sugar, stamped sugar, strained sugar, uncrystallizable sugar, unrefined sugar; † ambered, female, fluid, male, pulled, store, true sugar, † sugar royal (see quots.); see also barley B. 2, bastard A. 10, candied 2, candy n.1 2, clayed 1, feathered 9, loaf-sugar, lump n.1 9, moist a. 7, muscovado, pearl n.1 13, pearled 4, powder n.1 5 b, powdered 6, rock n.1 4 a, 9, soft a. 29; (d) its use, as coffee sugar, kitchen sugar, preserving sugar; (e) the plant from which it is made; see beet n. 2, beetroot, cane n.1 9 a, date n.1 4, maple 3, palm n.1 7 c.
c1430Two Cookery-bks. 50 Caste a-bouyn Sugre of *Alysaundre.
a1648Digby Closet Opened (1669) 131 *Ambered⁓sugar is made by grinding very well, four grains of Amber⁓greece, and one of Musk, with a little fine Sugar.
c1330Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 518, 20 li. zukur *Babilon.
1592Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1860) 212, x lbs. of *Barbarye sugar 10s. 1607Marston What You Will ii, Ha sweete, hunny barbary suger sweete Maister.
c1430Two Cookery-bks. 7 Take *blake sugre, an cold water.
1408–9Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 608 It. 1 lb. suger *blanch, 2s.
1725Fam. Dict. s.v., To have *Blown Sugar; when it has boiled a few more Walms, hold the Skimmer in your hand, and having, as before, shaken it a little, beating the Sides of the Pan, blow through the Holes.
1843Pereira Food & Diet 119 When sufficiently heated, sugar becomes brown,..in this state it is called Caramel or *Burnt Sugar.
1553Eden Treat. New Ind. (Arb.) 41 Suger which excelleth the sugre of *Candye or Sicilia.
1725Fam. Dict. s.v., These boilings are perform'd by Degrees... Sugar may be boil'd till it becomes Smooth, Pearled, Blown, Feather'd, *Crack'd and *Caramel.
1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 872 Soft *centrifugal sugar.
1725Fam. Dict. s.v., Two Ladles full of *clarify'd Sugar are put to one of Water.
1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v., *Coarse sugar, in which there is more oil than in refined sugar, is recommended as a good medicine.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2443/1 The crystals are separated in the centrifugal machine, and sold as a very light-colored *coffee-sugar.
a1834in McCulloch Dict. Comm. (ed. 2) 1095 Different Sorts of *crashed Sugar to be kept separate.
1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., *Crude Sugar, or Moscouade, is that first drawn from the Juice of the Cane.
1857Miller Elem. Chem., Org. ii. §1. 66 The syrup..is boiled down again in the vacuum pan, and is obtained in the form of what is termed *crushed sugar.
1867Chambers' Encycl. IX. 192/1 *Crystal Sugar.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1209 The liquor..can dissolve none of the *crystalline sugar.
Ibid. 1203 Not only is the *crystallizable sugar blackened, but its faculty of crystallizing impaired.
Ibid. 1207 Nearly 35 cwt. of *crystallized sugar.
1316Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 11, 18 li. de sucore de *cipre. c1450Two Cookery-bks. 95 Take resons of corance,..Maces, sugur of Cipris.
1755Dict. Arts & Sci. IV. s.v., The *double refined sugar of the shops.
1845Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 498/1 That which is obtained from Muscovado, the crystals of which are sweeter, and less hard and fine, is named *female sugar.
1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 872 *Form sugar (nearly white).
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1203 Concentrated cane-juice, containing nearly half its weight of *granular sugar.
1842Penny Cycl. XXIII. 225/1 The difficulty of extracting *granulated sugar from a fruit containing so much mucilage.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2447/2 Cones of sugar, containing 100 pounds each of *green sugar.
1755Dict. Arts & Sci. IV. s.v., They put it up in hogsheads,..under the name of *grey or brown sugar.
1624Althorp MS. in Simpkinson Washingtons (1860) App. p. lv, *Hard sugar for conserve of redd roses.
1848Chambers' Inform. for People I. 727/2 According to the quantity of water which any sugar contains, so it is denominated *high or *low; that from the cane being a higher or stronger variety than that from the grape, and sugar-candy a higher form than that of raw sugar.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 238 They are serued vpon the table, and strewed ouer with *kitchen suger.
1681Grew Musæum ii. ii. ii. 224 By placing a great many slender sticks across a Vessel of *liquid Sugar. 1835Partington's Brit. Cycl. Arts & Sci. II. 795/2 [The key] on being..turned round, unlocks the socket and plug at the bottom of the tube, and allows the liquid sugar to flow through the apertures.
1845Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 498/1 That which is obtained from cakes of sugar is very white and hard, resembling crystal; it is called *male sugar.
1299Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 495 In 25 li. de Zuker *Marrokes. c1340Ibid. 36 In 12 li. succuris Marrok'.
1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., They strew the Surface over with the same *pounded Sugar.
1851Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 204 *Pulled sugar, or penides.
1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVIII. 59/2 After the melasses are drained off, the sugar becomes pretty dry and fair, and is then called muscovado or *raw sugar.
1712tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 57 As much as the *Refined-Sugar wants of its first Weight. 1845Act 8 & 9 Vict. c. 5 §10 Bastard or Refined Sugar.
1834McCulloch Dict. Comm. (ed. 2) 1089 The *refuse sugar..remaining after the process of refining.
c1299Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 494 In 10 li. de Zuker *Roch. 1326–7Ibid. 15, 5 li. Zukur de Roche.
1712tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 55 This *Sugar-Royal is extreamly white throughout the whole. 1714Fr. Bk. of Rates 102 Double refined Sugar, called, Sugar Royal.
1845E. Acton Mod. Cookery xvi. (ed. 2) 335 The pastry must be..well covered with *sifted sugar.
1867Tomlinson's Cycl. Arts II. 687/1 A description of sugar, called *stamped sugar, is prepared from the inferior qualities..in such a manner as to have the shape and appearance of first quality refined.
1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., *Strain'd or Brown Sugar..does not differ much from the crude Sugar.
1812Howard in Partington's Brit. Cycl. Arts & Sci. II. 793/2 Water dissolves the most *uncrystallizable sugar in preference to that which is most crystallizable.
1834McCulloch Dict. Comm. (ed. 2) 1092 The Quantity of *Unrefined Sugar imported into the United Kingdom.
c1430Two Cookery-bks. 7 Take *whyte sugre an caste þer-to. 1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 5 Whan time hath tournd white surger to white salte. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1824) I. 135 White sugar will sometimes be full of maggots. 1867Tomlinson's Cycl. Arts II. 677/2 The juice being decanted off and boiled down..furnished a pure white sugar.
1834McCulloch Dict. Comm. (ed. 2) 1097 Sugar..Bengal, *yellow.
c. pl. Kinds of sugar; also, † cargoes or stocks of sugar.
1570Act 13 Eliz. c. 25 §8 The said Acte..is not meant to extend..to any Wynes Oyles Sugers. 1607[Harington] Englishm. Docter Ad Libr., Nor of Barbary, Those luscious Canes, where our rich Sugars lie. 1695Disc. Duties on Sugars 4 Every one that hath been acquainted with the Importing Sugars. 1714Mandeville Fab. Bees (1733) I. 52 Decio got five hundred pounds by his sugars. 1800Asiat. Ann. Reg. II. 58/2 Sugars manufactured in India. 1847Simmonds's Colon. Mag. Dec. 413 Sugars had evidently risen.
†d. = sugar-cane. Obs.
1593Munday Def. Contraries 93 In Madera, Cyprus, and other Islandes, where the Sugars doe grow. 1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 111 The country abounds in Sugars, which they make great and many uses of. 1785Martyn Lett. Bot. xiii. (1794) 153, I have not told you..that Sugar is a grass of the first division.
e. colloq. A lump or teaspoonful of sugar.
1962L. Deighton Ipcress File xxiii. 150 He poured coffee into a black wedgwood cup and put four sugars in. ‘Raise the sugar count,’ he said. 1978C. MacLeod Rest you Merry (1979) ii. 18 ‘Why don't I make us a cup of coffee?’ ‘Great idea. Three sugars in mine.’ 1982Sunday Tel. 18 Apr. 8/6 How many sugars they were allowed in their tea.
2. transf. and fig. uses, phrases, etc.
a. fig. or in fig. context: Sweetness; also, sweet or honeyed words.
c1374Chaucer Troylus iii. 1194 To whom this tale sucre [v.rr. seukere, sugre] be or soot. 1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy i. 218 Galle in his breste and sugre in his face. Ibid. iv. 2794 Þin hony mouþe þat doth with sugre flete. c1430― Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) II. 160 Galle under sugre hath doubyl bitternesse. c1530Crt. Love 542 That they be bound by nature to disceive, and sugre strewe on gall. 1713S. Sewall Diary 22 Oct., Mr. Noyes..said Love was the Sugar to sweeten every Condition in the married Relation. 1890Barrère & Leland Slang Dict. (1897), Sugar,..(Amer.) flattery, praise, gammon. 1895Cornh. Mag. Oct. 398 She was all sugar and honey.
b. Proverbial and allusive phr. to be neither sugar nor salt, not to be made of sugar or salt: not likely to be injured by a wetting; not afraid of wet weather.
1600Shakes. A.Y.L. iii. iii. 31 Honestie coupled to beautie, is to haue Honie a sawce to Sugar. 1655Moufet & Bennet Health's Improv. 251 Sugar never marred sawce. 1842S. Lover Handy Andy i, Sure he's neither sugar nor salt, that he'd melt. 1855,1870[see salt n.1 2 f].
c. slang. Money.
1862Cornh. Mag. Nov. 648 We have just touched for a rattling stake of sugar at Brum. 1884Punch 11 Oct. 180/1 Political Picnics mean sugar to them as is fly to wot's wot. 1890‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 308 He's always got the sugar, consequence he always gets the worth of his money.
d. slang (orig. U.S.). A narcotic drug: spec. (a) heroin; brown sugar (see quot. 1974); (b) LSD (taken on a lump of sugar).
1935A. J. Pollock Underworld Speaks 116/2 Sugar and salt, poisonous habit forming drugs; any of the white narcotics. 1951Evening Sun (Baltimore) 27 Mar. 4/1 Dope in general was ‘cement’..‘sugar’, etc. 1956H. Gold Man who was not with It (1965) iii. 27 You'll dream about the sugar yet. You'll wake up hot for it. No joy⁓popping, hear? Stay off, kid. 1967M. M. Glatt et al. Drug Scene Gloss. 116 Sugar, dose of LSD on sugar lump. 1973K. Royce Spider Underground viii. 118 We sat in a corner of this dark, smoke-infested hole that smelled of..third-rate pot... ‘What a place to pick,’ I complained. ‘It's the sort of dump the fuzz raid three times a week.’.. ‘Relax, man. They hit us last night... That makes it safe, man. I'm not carrying sugar or anything. I don't touch the stuff.’ 1974Indonesian Observer 26 July 3/2 French police said this year they have seized 50·6 pounds (23 kilograms) of ‘brown sugar’ in the suitcases of 13 Chinese arriving at Orly airport enroute to Amsterdam. The brown sugar is 33 per cent heroin diluted with 60 per cent caffein and strychnine. 1978D. MacKenzie Raven settles Score (1979) 32 No more Hong Kong brown sugar. We'll be out of business. 1979Observer 25 Nov. 4/1 Detectives call them the ‘sugar people’ and they are young, rich and blue-blooded. They are also heroin addicts. It is in an ironic double reference to the ‘sugar daddy’ parents and to the expensive white powder they inject or sniff.
e. colloq. A term of endearment. Also in Comb., as sugar-babe, sugar-baby, sugar-pie, etc.
1930Dialect Notes VI. 85 Sugar-pie,..common term of endearment. 1930J. H. Combs in B. A. Botkin Folk-Say v. 245 A-settin' on the ice till my feet got cold, sugar-babe. 1936M. Mitchell Gone with Wind xxvi. 455 Scarlett said gratefully: ‘Thank you, Sugarbaby.’ 1936J. Curtis Gilt Kid vi. 68 When am I going to see you again, sugar? 1944L. A. G. Strong Director xvii. 135 See here, sugar. I'll take care of you. 1951S. Spender World within World i. 26 No, you don't, sugar, you don't go out with your cold. 1962J. D. MacDonald Girl, Gold Watch & Everything vii. 87 What you do for a living, sugar? 1976P. Flower Crisscross i. 10 ‘What's funny, sugar?’ Sibyl said... Would he ever get Sibyl to stop calling him sugar? 1980D. Brierley Blood Group O 76 Okay, sugar, what are you looking for?
3. Chem.
a. In old terminology, applied (with qualification) to certain compounds resembling sugar in form or taste (cf. salt n.1 5). † sugar of iron, steel: ? an oxide or chloride of iron; sugar of lead or † Saturn (also English sugar): lead acetate. acid (or essence) of sugar: oxalic acid. † sugar of milk = milk sugar (milk n. 10).
1652French Yorksh. Spaw x. 92 To mix some Sugar of steel, or steel wine with the first glass. Ibid. xii. 99 Unless it be corrected..with Sugar of Iron, made out of the very Mine of Iron. 1661Boyle Scept. Chym. vi. 383 Sugar of Lead, which though made of that insipid Metal and sour salt of Vinager, has in it a sweetnesse surpassing that of common Sugar. 1662R. Mathew Unl. Alch. §108. 176 It wil shoot into most transparent Christals, which is called the Sugar of Saturn. 1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl., Sugar of milk. 1756Burke Subl. & Beaut. iv. xxii. (1759) 297 The component parts of this [sc. milk] are water, oil, and a sort of a very sweet salt called the sugar of milk. 1776Edinb. Med. Comm. IV. 260 Six parts of a fine volatile alkali, can be saturated with one of the acid of sugar. 1800B. Moseley Treat. Sugar (ed. 2) 112 The acid thus obtained I call acid of sugar..because sugar affords it more pure..than any other matter hitherto tried. 1843R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xxv. 314 In Egypt acetate of lead, under the name of English sugar, is in great request for making eye-water. 1847C. J. Hempel tr. Rau's Organon of Specific Healing Art lxii. 128 If triturated with sugar of milk, it [sc. phosphorus] changes to phosphoric acid in a very few hours. 1859Mayne Expos. Lex. 1225/2 Acid of Sugar, Essence of Sugar, common terms for..oxalic acid. 1864P. Squire Compan. Brit. Pharmacopœia 161 Sugar of Milk... Crystallized Sugar obtained from the Whey of Cow's Milk by evaporation. 1895Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 252/3 Artists Tube Oil Colors..Silver White, Sugar of Lead, Terre Verte. 1975Nature 23 Oct. 632/2 Something needed to be done to stop the watering of milk..and even so flagrant a malpractice as the use of ‘sugar of lead’, as lead acetate was called, to sweeten beer.
b. In modern terminology, a chemical compound having the composition of ordinary sugar and forming a constituent of many substances; also, in wider sense (with distinctive qualifying word), any member of the saccharose and glucose groups of carbohydrates, all of which are soluble in water, more or less sweet to the taste, and either directly or indirectly fermentable.
sugar of acorns = quercite. animal sugar, sugar of flesh or muscle = inosite. hepatic sugar = liver sugar. liquid sugar, uncrystallizable glucose. See also aphis 2, diabetes, diabetic 1, fruit n. 9, gelatin 3, grape n.1 9, invert a., inverted 6, liver n.1 7, malt n.1 5, manna1 9, mushroom n. 6 c, nest n. 8, potato n. 6 a, sorghum 4, starch n. 5 b, urine, vegetable.
sugar of milk, milk-sugar (= lactose) is a sugar in the modern chemical sense, but the term belongs in origin to the old nomenclature (see a).
1826Henry Elem. Chem. II. 403 Sugar enters pretty largely into the composition of milk; and into the urine, when altered by disease. 1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 1034 Sugar is the essential constituent in liquors to be converted into vinegar. 1866Roscoe Elem. Chem. 322 (1) Sucroses, or the sugars proper, (2) Glucoses, or the grape sugars. 1891F. Taylor Man. Pract. Med. (ed. 2) 777 This quantity of urine contains half a grain of sugar.
1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 6 Sugar of *Acorns... A saccharine substance contained in acorns.
1826Henry Elem. Chem. II. 403 *Animal Sugar.
1867Bloxam Chem. 615 A sweet substance called inosite or sugar of *flesh.
1857Dunglison Med. Lex. s.v. Saccharum, Liver or *Hepatic Sugar.
1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 636 *Liquid sugar was first pointed out by Proust... It is distinguished from every other species of sugar, by being incapable of crystallizing.
1852W. Gregory Handbk. Org. Chem. 370 Inosite or sugar of *muscle. 1857Dunglison Med. Lex., Sugar, muscle.
4. attrib. and Comb.
a. attrib. Of, pertaining to, derived or made from, connected with sugar or the sugar-cane, belonging to or involved in the cultivation or manufacture of sugar, as sugar-adulteration, sugar-barrel, sugar-basin, sugar basket, sugar-beer, sugar bin, sugar-boilery, sugar-bounty, sugar cube, sugar-culture, sugar dish, sugar factory, sugar icing, sugar industry, sugar kettle, sugar knife, sugar lump, sugar mill, sugar mule, sugar ration, sugar refinery, sugar scoop, sugar thermometer, sugar trade, sugar worker, etc.; also, producing sugar, as sugar-climate, sugar-colony (hence sugar-colonist), sugar estate, sugar field, sugar grove, sugar-island (sugar-islander), sugar land, sugar plantation.
1856Orr's Circ. Sci., Pract. Chem. 409 Any processes..of *sugar adulteration.
1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. iii. iii. i, *Sugar-barrels rolled forth into the street.
1785Daily Universal Reg. 1 Jan. 3/2 (Advt.), Oval pierced *sugar and cream basons, 10 oz. to 15 oz. a pair. a1828D. Wordsworth Jrnl. (1941) II. 81 A sugar-basin made of cocoa-nut. 1851Catal. Great Exhib. iii. 755/1 Two satin-wood sugar-basins.
1917F. H. Bigelow Historic Silver of Colonies 472/1 (Index), *Sugar baskets. 1981Sunday Tel. 18 Jan. 13/2 Garrads have augmented the exhibition with antique castors.., as well as sugar baskets, boxes, tongs and nippers.
1880C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark xvi. 160 This *sugar-beer is called huarapu.
1792(title) Remarks on the New *Sugar Bill. 1848Ld. G. Bentinck in Disraeli Life (1905) 375 Six days' discussion on the sugar bill.
1922Joyce Ulysses 58 There he is,..leaning against the *sugar-bin in his shirtsleeves.
a1774R. Fergusson Rising of Session xi. Poems (1789) 47 In wine the *sucker biskets soom As light's a flee.
1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. ii. v. iv, Of *sugar-boileries, plantations, furniture.
1840R. Ellis Customs IV. 243 marg. *Sugar Bounty. 1888Pall Mall Gaz. 14 Apr. 10/2 The International Conference upon Sugar Bounties.
1822Ainslie Land of Burns 232 Cadging about the track-pats, pouries an' *succar bowls. 1834M. Edgeworth Helen xxxvi, She set sugar-bowl and cream before him.
1688Holme Armoury iii. xxii. (Roxb.) 281 Sugar Boylers Instruments..a *sugar brush.
1861Thackeray Four Georges i. 26 In the *sugar-chamber there were four pastrycooks.
1830T. Burges Debates in Congress 10 May 929 Men have..emigrated from South Carolina to the *sugar climate..of Louisiana.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1203 Our *sugar colonists.
1702Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) V. 196 Our *sugar collonies in the West Indies. 1733Act 6 Geo. II, c. 13 (title) An Act for the better..encouraging the Trade of his Majesty's Sugar Colonies in America. 1833Act 3 & 4 Will. IV, c. 56 §9 The Island of Mauritius shall be deemed to be one of His Majesty's Sugar Colonies.
1591Exch. Rolls Scotl. XXII. 156 For certane *succour confectis and sweit meit furneist to bancatis.
1897*Sugar cube [see cube n.1 1 b]. 1978T. Allbeury Lantern Network xi. 169 She was screwing up the paper from the sugar cubes.
1742W. Ellis Timber-Tree Improved II. 151, I was told..that this Wood makes fine *Sugar-dishes, and other Turners-ware. 1765J. Wedgwood Let. 17 June (1965) 34 The articles are..a slop basin, sugar dish with cover, [etc.]. 1771Ann. Reg. 131/1 For stealing a silver tea-pot and sugar-dish.
1908Daily Chron. 23 May 1/7 This *sugar dust is heavily charged with ether.
1834McCulloch Dict. Comm. (ed. 2) 1094 Mr. Grant's motion for a reduction of the *sugar duties, 25th of May, 1829.
1796Stedman Surinam I. 314 The *sugar estates in this colony contain five or six hundred acres. 1870Kingsley At Last x, Managers of sugar-estates.
1908Kipling Actions & Reactions (1909) 96 They [sc. bees] took to cadging round *sugar-factories and breweries. 1958O. Caroe Pathans xxvi. 429 Peshawar, always famous for its sugar-cane, has been enriched with finer varieties which have turned the old village industry of gur into the great sugar-factories which now sustain the life of Pakistan.
1613Dekker Strange Horse-Race, etc. Wks. (Grosart) III. 316 Before either this Masque, or *Suger-feast come marching in their true and most sweet state.
1930W. K. Hancock Australia iv. 81 Polynesians in their wild state never clamoured for admission to the Queensland *sugar-fields.
a1700Evelyn Diary 27 June 1654 A collation of eggs fried in the *suggar furnace. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2446/1 Sugar-furnace, one in which pans are set for boiling sugar-cane juice.
1792G. Imlay Topogr. Descr. Western Terr. N. Amer. 136 Luxuriant *sugar groves. 1847Ex. Doc. 31st U.S. Congress 1 Sess. House (1849) No. 5. iii. 629 A ridge covered with sugar maples, formerly an Indian sugar grove. 1948E. N. Dick Dixie Frontier 247 A clump numbering from one hundred to three hundred trees was chosen for the operation. Such a clump came to be called a sugar grove.
1769Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 265 To make *Sugar Iceing for the Bride Cake. 1930E. Waugh Labels vii. 180 Gaudi has again introduced his ‘sugar-icing’ motive, translating it from tile and mosaic into carved stone. 1979‘M. Hebden’ Pel & Faceless Corpse xii. 123 The pink shirt had suddenly become sugar icing-coloured and hideously wrong.
1887Encycl. Brit. XXII. 628/1 There are numerous modified and subsidiary processes connected with refining, as well as with all branches of the *sugar industry.
1714Observ. Trade Sugar Colonies 5 How near the Desolation of the *Sugar Islands is at hand. 1779Sugar island [see scuttle v.2 1 a]. 1980Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts Apr. 271/1 The UK has traditionally bought 50 per cent of the sugar consumed here on the world market, principally from the Sugar Islands of the Caribbean.
1764J. Otis Rights Brit. Colonies 29 That..brutal barbarity that has long marked the general character of the *sugar-islanders.
1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., The *Sugar Juice is purified.
1834J. Kemper in Wisconsin Hist. Coll. (1898) XIV. 444 If ardor leads some of the [Sioux] hunters beyond the boundary stake, they can be punished by the soldiers by having their *sugar kettles broken or their lodges torn down. 1847Webster's Dict. (ed. 2), Sugar-kettle, a kettle used in boiling down the sap or juice from which sugar is made.
1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., When it has been a Quarter of an Hour in the Forms, 'tis cut with a *Sugar-Knife. 1949Caribbean Q. I. 8 It was..the stalwart, armed with hoes and..sugar knives.., whose work would ‘make or break’ the proprietor.
1692Calendar Virginia State Papers (1875) I. 44 We marcht to the *Suggar Land. 1883Sweet & Knox On Mexican Mustang through Texas vii. 82 A great deal of the finest sugar-lands in the world. 1974Guardian 23 Jan. 12/6 As far as sugar lands are concerned,..the Government is now the largest landowner. Tate and Lyle sold their lands to the last government.
1901Kipling Kim xii. 307 She chuckled like a contented parrot above the *sugar lump. 1964D. Francis Nerve ix. 122 The dope has been given to the horses on sugar lumps.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade 366/1 *Sugar-machinery, the rolling mills necessary for squeezing out the sap of the sugar-cane.
1600Hakluyt Voy. III. 718 His owne Ingenios or *sugar-milles. 1800B. Moseley Treat. Sugar (ed. 2) 33 Water or Horse sugar Mills. 1882W. D. Hay Brighter Britain! I. viii. 221 If all the farmers in the district were to combine to grow beet-root on every acre they could plough,..even then it would hardly pay the sugar-mills, or possibly the farmers either. 1971Advocate-News (Barbados) 24 Apr. 10/1 (Advt), 1/3 acre house plots and/or cottage with sugarmill and swimming pool.
1681Grew Musæum iv. §i. 353 Sal Ammoniac sublim'd in a *Sugar-Mould. 1861Bentley Man. Bot. 699 Treacle [is] the thick juice which has drained from refined sugar in the sugar-moulds.
1908U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 334. 24 *Sugar mules are those shipped south to use on the sugar farms of Georgia, Louisiana, and other Southern States. 1960V. Williams Walk Egypt 71 A sugar mule, now, was a big fellow. He ate big, but he pulled big, and he would look big before the wagon.
1844G. Dodd Textile Manuf. ii. 55 Copper vessels heated by steams, like *sugar-pans,..&c.
1809Neumann Sp.-Engl. Dict., Alfeñique, a *sugar-paste made with oil of sweet almonds.
1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., Some have imagined, that the ancient and modern *Sugar-Plant were different.
1714Observ. Trade Sugar Colonies 4 The English *Sugar Plantations are upon small Islands. 1834McCulloch Dict. Comm. (ed. 2) 1087 The Spanish sugar plantations. 1883‘Mark Twain’ Life on Miss. xl. 419 The great sugar plantations border both sides of the [Mississippi] river. 1978‘A. York’ Tallant for Disaster ii. 28 The burnt earth roadway which led to the sugar plantation.
1681Grew Musæum ii. §ii. ii. 224 Permitting the Molosses to drain away through a hole at the bottom of the *Sugar-Pots.
1731Gentl. Mag. I. 137 *Sugar Powder best 59s per C.
1553Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 40 In the Ilande of Hispana..were erected 28. *suger presses. 1870Kingsley At Last x, A small sugar-press..under a roof of palm-leaf. 1890D. Davidson Mem. Long Life x. 261 The cog-wheels of the Indian sugar-presses were invariably cut at an angle of 45°.
1917*Sugar ration [see ration 3 c]. 1978L. Deighton SS-GB xxv. 237 Drink up your tea, that's a good boy. It's the last of the sugar ration.
1794A. Young Trav. France (ed. 2) II. xix. 539 The *sugar refinery is a considerable business, there are 10 large and 17 smaller houses engaged in it. 1833M. Scott Tom Cringle xvi, Bullock's blood is..used in the sugar refineries in England. 1896G. Meredith Let. 17 June (1970) III. 1236, I..can own her sweet to the ear, wondering what it is in her that extracts her deadly bitter from a sugar-refinery.
1855Stephens Bk. Farm (ed. 2) II. 440/2 The following analysis of *sugar refuse was made by Professor Johnston.
1780J. Howard Prisons in Eng. & Wales 71 *Sugar-saucers of brass wire.
1916Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 1 July 8/2 Mothers had been remembered by most of the workers, for there were bread boards, and sleeve holders, *sugar scoops and wooden spoons. 1960R. A. Parker Family of Friends 89 The old days of the Quaker garb and the sugar-scoop bonnet were gone forever. 1977Time 14 Nov. 21/1 The Concordski whistled down the runway for 33 seconds, sucking in air through four ‘sugar scoop’ intakes slung beneath its body.
1805Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 209 *Sugar scum, which consists of lime and bullocks' blood.
1840Marryat Poor Jack xliv, He had..worked his passage home in a *sugar ship.
1688Holme Armoury iii. xxii. 281 A *Sugar Sive.
1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 472 Suppose..a *sugar-solution before inversion turns the plane of polarisation..to the right.
1598Sylvester Du Bartas i. iii. (1641) 26/1 The precious Reed Whence *Sugar sirrops in abundance bleed. 1842Penny Cycl. XXIII. 231/2 Animal charcoal is variously applied in the bleaching of sugar-syrup.
1913M. H. Neil Candies & Bonbons & how to make Them 24 A *sugar thermometer is generally used for testing the boiling syrup.
1695Disc. Duties on Sugars 14 This Gentleman seems very unwilling to allow any thing of the Merchant to be concern'd in the *Sugar-Trade. 1714Observ. Trade Sugar Colonies 4 Jamaica could never be kept and improved so as to support the Sugar Trade to this Kingdom. 1887Encycl. Brit. XXII. 625/1 Within the first twenty years of the 16th century the sugar trade of San Domingo expanded with great rapidity.
1677Phil. Trans. XII. 819 Vinous shrubs are now coming into fashion; of these do some make *Sugar-wines by art.
1973Sunday Express (Trinidad) 1 Apr. 12/5 A delegation of *sugar workers is to..protest what they call the ‘abandonment of the cane-growing industry’.
1826Art of Brewing (ed. 2) 31 The brewing of *sugar worts.
b. Objective, with agent-nouns, vbl. ns., and ppl. adjs., as sugar-boiler, sugar-boiling, sugar-broker, sugar-growing, sugar-maker, sugar-making, sugar-planter, sugar-producer, sugar-producing, sugar rationing, sugar-refiner, etc.; also in the names of implements used in manufacturing or preparing sugar, as sugar-chopper, etc.
1688Holme Armoury iii. xxii. (Roxb.) 279 Instruments..usefull to the *sugar Boyler or Baker. 1856Orr's Circ. Sci., Pract. Chem. 388 Iron-melters, sugar-boilers and cooks.
1688Holme Armoury iii. xxii. (Roxb.) 279 That hot and Laborious imploy of *Sugar Boyling, and refineing. 1851Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 357, I purchased a small tin saucepan, a piece of marble slab, and commenced sugar-boiling. 1866W. Reed Hist. Sugar 54 Whilst the sugar boiling season lasted.
1841Picayune (New Orleans) 10 June 2/3 Several dealers in sugar and *sugar brokers were yesterday summoned before Recorder Bertus.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade 366/1 *Sugar-chopper, a small hatchet for breaking up loaf-sugar. 1881Instr. Census Clerks (1885) 63 Sugar Merchant, Chopper, Cutter.
1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 406 A *sugar-destroying body or ferment.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2446/1 Hersey's *sugar-dryer is for granulating damp sugar.
1844Breen St. Lucia 296 In 1840 the *sugar-grower took the alarm.
1816Niles' Reg. 6 Apr. 81/1 The representatives of the *sugar-growing states insist on a certain duty upon that article. 1856Orr's Circ. Sci., Mech. Philos. 326 In sugar-growing countries. 1870Kingsley At Last xvi, The profits of sugar-growing..have been of late very great.
1598*Sugar-maker [see candier]. 1750T. Short Disc. Tea, Sugar, etc. 80 With the Skimmings of the Juice of the Cane..the Sugar-makers feed their Swine and Poultry. 1835J. J. Audubon Ornith. Biogr. III. 439 With large ladles the sugar-makers stirred the thickening juice of the maple. 1899W. A. MacKay Pioneer Life in Zorra 171 Not infrequently would the sugar-makers remain in the woods most of the night boiling down the sap.
1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v., The whole art of *sugar-making, or the reducing vegetable juices to what we call sugar. 1796Stedman Surinam I. 316 The..dangers to which the sugar-making negroes are exposed. 1828M. O'Brien Jrnls. (1968) I. iii. 27 During sugar-making time it will contain a furnace and other vessels. 1953R. F. V. Heuston Salmond's Law of Torts (ed. 11) xiv. 566 In Indermaur v. Dames itself the hole in the floor was a defect but a necessary incident of sugar-making.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1200 Each *sugar manufacturer has a warehouse.
1747State of Sugar-Trade 3 British *Sugar Planters. 1842Niles' Reg. 14 May 176/3 (caption) Sugar planters of Louisiana. 1926J. Masefield Odtaa i. 4 In the seventies others, from all parts of England, settled as sugar-planters along the northern sea coast in the Pituba country. 1983A. Brookner Look at Me iv. 56 The wealthy sugar planter's daughter.
1807Edin. Rev. Oct. 151 The profits of *sugar planting.
1881Harper's Mag. Apr. 646 We met one of the largest *sugar producers. 1974Guardian 23 Jan. 12/4 Jamaica is the biggest sugar producer in the Commonwealth Caribbean.
1866‘Mark Twain’ Lett. from Hawaii (1967) 135 Maui..that deservedly famous *sugar-producing region. 1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 354 Sorgho,..a sugar-producing grass.
1918Times 20 Jan. 3/1 When *sugar rationing actually came into operation, the workers..had to face considerable pressure. 1976J. Lee Ninth Man 77 Talking about sugar rationing.
1688*Sugar refiner [see sugar-baker 2]. 1755Dict. Arts & Sci. IV. s.v., Our sugar refiners first dissolve it [sc. coarse sugar] in water. 1879G. W. Bagby Canal Reminiscences 10 What was their petty thieving compared to the enormous pillage of the modern sugar refiner and the crooked⁓whiskey distiller? 1979Dædalus Summer 113 Sugar refiners, soap boilers, glass blowers, and brewers..depended on continuously fired furnaces.
1835Partington's Brit. Cycl. Arts & Sci. II. 793/2 The process of *sugar-refining is now carried to so high a degree of perfection.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1201 It is curious to find in the antient arts of Hindostan exact prototypes of the *sugar-rollers.
1688Holme Armoury iii. xxii. (Roxb.) 281 A *Sugar Skimmer..is a round plate of Brass a little hollow in the midle and made full of round holes.
1866W. Reed (title) The History of Sugar and *Sugar Yielding Plants.
c. Instrumental and parasynthetic, as sugar-cured, sugar-free, sugar-iced, etc.; similative, as sugar-coloured, sugar-pink, † sugar-sweet; also sugar-like.
1887W. Phillips Brit. Discomycetes 231 Externally *sugar-coloured.
1848A. Prentice Let. 20 June in Tour in U.S. vi. 56, I tasted some excellent *sugar-cured ham. 1889Judge (U.S.) 12 Jan. 222/2 Beautiful red, sugar-cured ham. 1897Daily News 16 Dec. 7/2 A sugar-cured ham.
1924Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. LXVII. 635 Three other totally depancreatized dogs had been used for studying the administration of insulin..for several weeks, during which time their urine was never *sugar-free for a period of more than 6 or 7 hours at a time. 1978N.Y. Times Mag. 23 July 22/3 The absence of what had formerly been desirable is now proudly advertised: not only lead-free gas, but salt-free diets and sugar-free soft drinks.
1805Nelson To Dk. Clarence 12 June in Nicolas Disp. (1846) VI. 455, 200 and upwards of *sugar-laden Ships.
1879Jrnl. Chem. Soc. Abstr. 360 Its granular, *sugar-like appearance.
1805Nelson To A. Davidson 12 June in Nicolas Disp. (1846) VI. 454 More than two hundred Sail of *sugar-loaded Ships.
1961House & Garden Feb. 48 A..sofa covered in *sugar-pink tafetta. 1978‘M. M. Kaye’ Far Pavilions xxi. 299 Rajastham..where..men..painted their houses blinding white or sugar-pink.
1600Breton Pasquils Fooles-cappe Wks. (Grosart) I. 18/2 *Sugar sweete, or bitter as the gall, Tis Pasquils humour. 1612J. Davies Muse's Sacrifice Wks. (Grosart) II. 44/2 And Gall itselfe, to them made Sugar-sweet!
1906Kipling in Tribune 15 Jan. 4/4 *Sugar-topped biscuits.
5. a. Special combs.: sugar-almond, a sweetmeat consisting of an almond coated with sugar; † transf., a stone resembling this; sugar aquatint, a method of etching in which the artist draws his dark areas on a copper plate with a solution of black water-colour and sugar; sugar-bag, (a) a bag or sack for containing sugar, esp. a bag made of coarse thick paper specially coloured or (Austral. and N.Z.) of fine sacking; also used as a measure of quantity; (b) (in Austral. Aborigines' speech) a wild bees' honeycomb; sugar-box, † (a) a sugar-basin or sugar-caster; (b) a box in which sugar is packed; † sugar-bread, a species of confectionery; sugar-butter sauce, a sauce made with sugar and butter; sugar-cake, a rich cake made with sugar, butter, and cream; also fig.; sugar-camp U.S., a place in a maple forest or plantation where the sap is collected and boiled for sugar; sugar card, a ration card entitling the holder to a ration of sugar; sugar-caster, -castor (see castor2); sugar-coat v., to coat with sugar; fig., to make palatable; esp. in sugar-coated ppl. a. (of pills); so sugar-coating vbl. n.; sugar-cone, a conical mould used in making loaf-sugar; sugar-crusher, (a) a machine for crushing sugar-cane; (b) an implement for crushing sugar for use at table; sugar daddy [cf. daddy 3] slang (orig. U.S.), an elderly man who lavishes gifts on a young woman; also transf.; sugar-disease, diabetes; † sugar-garden, sugar-house, a sugar-factory, sugar-works; sugar-house molasses, a low-grade molasses produced at sugar-factories, now chiefly used in the preparation of certain medicines and chemicals; sugar-lime, lime formed in the process of preparing sugar from beet-root; † sugar-man, a sugar-maker or confectioner; † sugar-meat, a sweetmeat, comfit, confection; sugar mouse, a sweet made of sugar in the shape of a mouse; sugar nippers, (a) an implement for cutting loaf sugar into lumps; (b) a pair of sugar tongs; sugar-on-snow U.S., a delicacy made by pouring hot maple syrup on snow (snow n.1 5 a); sugar-orchard U.S. = sugar-bush 1; sugar-paper, coarse paper such as that used for making sugar-bags; sugar-pellet, a pellet of sugar; † a piece of sugar-paste; † sugar-penide [cf. MLG. suckerpenit (see penide)], corruptly sugar-pennye, barley-sugar; sugar puff, (a) a puff (see puff n. 5) made with sugar; (b) pl., the proprietary name of a breakfast cereal; sugar rag U.S. = sugar-teat; † sugar-roll, (a) ? a sweetened bread roll; (b) a sugar-mill roller; sugar sack, a bag made of fine sacking for containing sugar; the sacking itself; sugar sand U.S., a fine sand raised by the sap of the maple tree which results in a gritty sediment in maple syrup unless removed; sugar shell N. Amer., a spoon with a shell-shaped bowl for serving sugar; sugar sifter, (a) see quot. 1875; (b) = sugar caster; sugar snow, (a) snow (snow n.1 5 a) made with sugar; (b) N. Amer., a snowfall in the maple sugar season (see quot. 1932); † sugar-snuff, a snuff compounded of powdered sugar-candy and oil of nutmegs; sugar soap, an alkaline abrasive used to remove paint, and in solution for cleaning paintwork; † sugar-spar, † sugar-spirit (see quots.); sugar stick, a stick of sweetstuff; also fig.; sugar-teat (see quot. 1847); in quot. 1856, transf.; also sugar-tit; sugar-tongs, a metal implement for taking hold of pieces of lump sugar (to put them into a beverage), consisting of two limbs connected by a flexible back (or a hinge) and furnished at each end with claws or a spoon-shaped plate; sugar trough U.S., a wooden trough used for collecting maple sap; sugar vase, a tall sugar-container for use at table; sugar-vinegar, vinegar made from the waste juice and washings in sugar-manufacture; sugar-wash (see quot.); sugar-water, † (a) water in which sugar has been dissolved; (b) see quot. 1753; (c) U.S., the sap of the sugar-maple; sugar-weather Canad., spring weather, characterized by cold nights and warm days, that starts the sap running in maple trees.
1594Marlowe & Nashe Dido ii. i. Wks. 1904 II. 359 Ile giue thee *Sugar-almonds. 1681Grew Musæum iii. §i. v. 296 The Sugar-Almond..so like to the rougher sort which Confectioners sometimes make, that, excepting the Tast, nothing can be liker. 1935Amer. Speech X. 193/2 The ‘bonbon [fashion] shades’ included icing blue and sugar almond pink. 1973G. Greene Honorary Consul iii. ii. 124 It [sc. a missal] might have been a first Communion present, for it closely resembled the sugar almonds..distributed on such occasions.
1962D. Bland Illustration of Bks. (ed. 3) viii. 155 Picasso used *sugar aquatints in his Buffon, making two plates, one to print grey and the other black.
1764New Hampsh. Hist. Soc. Coll. (1889) IX. 156, [I sent] also lb 141/4 *Sugar bag with it. 1830R. Dawson Present State of Australia 136 The strange native pointed with his tomahawk to the tree and..repeated the words, ‘Choogar-bag, choogar-bag, choogar-bag!’ (sugar-bag) their English expression for honey, or anything sweet. 1864R. Henning Let. 27 Nov. (1966) 185 The other [aboriginal] has been..climbing gum-trees after ‘sugar-bags’, or wild honeycombs. 1882Cassell's Family Mag. Nov. 756/2 The crowns..have two square corners like the bottom of a sugar-bag. 1913D. H. Lawrence Sons & Lovers vii. 164 There's something very blue; is it a bit of sugar-bag? 1927M. Terry Through Land of Promise 104 We found the others clustered round a bauhinia tree... ‘We've got a sugar bag.’ 1928V. Palmer Passage i. v. 44 It was Uncle Tony standing with a sugar-bag over his shoulders. 1948F. A. Iremonger William Temple v. 81 A nine-year-old boy in a Bethnal Green school, who handed to his teacher one morning an untidy piece of blue paper torn from a sugar-bag. 1963N.Z. Listener 6 Sept. 9/2 Reference to the price of a ‘sugar’ bag full of oysters. It drew my attention to the frequency with which we in New Zealand refer to a ‘sugar bag’ as a basic unit of quality. 1967A. & D. Reid Paddle Wheels on Wanganui 71 On another trip the same cabin boy acquired a sugar-bag of apples.
1620Unton Inv. (1841) 27 A *sugar boxe,..one sugar boxe spoone. 163912th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. ix. 8, 1 Scollup Suger boxe. 1669R. Montagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 448 A vinegar pot, oil pot, and sugar box. 1747in Nairne Peerage Evidence (1874) 81 Silver milk pott..suggar box..silver salvar. 1796Stedman Surinam I. 361 Placing my sugar-boxes in the middle of a tub, and on stone. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade 366/1 Sugar-box, a kind of long case in which Havana and some other sugars are imported.
1587Harrison England ii. vi. in Holinshed, Marchpaine, *sugerbread [ed. 1577 sugred bread], gingerbread.
1901Daily Chron. 16 Nov. 8/5 A Plum Pudding, with beaten *sugar-butter sauce, after the receipt of Merton College, Oxford.
1600Breton Pasquils Fooles-cappe Wks. (Grosart) I. 26/1 Such vile coniunctions such constructions make, That some are pois'ned with a *Sugar Cake. 1716W. Moffett Hesperi-neso-gr. ii. 9 This grunting Sow would sooner take, And eat a T―d than Sugar-Cake. 1801S. & Ht. Lee Canterb. T. IV. 14 Pots of conserves, sugar cakes, and such other housewifely presents as..gratify the appetites common to children. 1819Keats Otho i. ii, Who..dares to give An old lion sugar-cakes of mild reprieve? 1923Sugar cake [see sauerbraten]. 1977A. Wilson Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling ii. 110 The Durbar Room at the Queen's beloved Osborne House—not a very happy sugar-cake Moghul decoration.
1779M. Patten Diary (1903) 400, I went to our *shugar Camp and covered some fire steads with brush where we had Cabbage and french Turnip seed sowed to preserve them from Cattle. 1805Pike Sources Mississ. (1810) 49 He informed me that..the sugar camp near the stockade was where he made sugar. 1805R. Sutcliff Trav. N. Amer. (1811) 184, I saw several sugar camps..where the sap is collected in small wooden troughs. 1959R. Campbell I would do it Again ii. 7 The neighbours gathered at the sugar camps. 1966Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxxviii. 66 Sugar camp. This characteristically Midland [Illinois] term appears only once in the field interviews but with much more frequency in the checklists.
1917H. H. Henson Jrnl. 11 Dec. in Retrospect (1942) I. vi. 217, I started the day by filling up the new *sugar cards for the household.
1676*Sugar-castor [see castor2 1]. 1763Colman Prose Sev. Occas. (1787) I. 251 A queer sort of building Ma'am, said young Bonus,—a mere pepper-box, and there,—(pointing to the turrets of All Souls) there are the sugar-casters. 1878J. H. Pollen Anc. & Mod. Gold & Silver Wk. 160 Sugar caster: silver-gilt, chased with figures of virtues.
1870Eng. Mech. 18 March 660/3 He can have his pills..*sugar-coated by any druggist. 1910J. J. Reeve in The Fundamentals III. 99 The little truth in it served to sugar-coat and give plausibility to some deadly errors that lurked within.
1875‘Mark Twain’ in Atlantic Monthly Aug. 195/1 Stephen sweetened him up and put him off a week. He called then..and came away *sugar-coated again. 1876Dunglison Med. Lex. 998/1 Sugarcoated pills are prepared like the sugarplums of the confectioners. 1935Motion Picture Nov. 81/1 That keen humor, barbed sometimes, pointed always, but never other than good-natured and sugar-coated, has passed beyond our ken. 1977R. L. Wolff Gains & Losses ii. 197 The earliest [High Church] novelists..whose fiction amounted to little more than sugar-coated tracts.
1908Westm. Gaz. 21 Jan. 12/1 Who used his great gift of humour as a *sugar⁓coating for the great things he has had to say.
1856Orr's Circ. Sci., Pract. Chem. 410 *Sugar-cones painted with white⁓lead are avoided.
1870A. S. Stephens Married in Haste 366 He held a *sugar-crusher in one hand. 1901Kipling Kim xv. 403 He felt..that his soul was out of gear with its surroundings—a cog-wheel unconnected with any machinery, just like the idle cog-wheel of a cheap Beheea sugar-crusher laid by in a corner. 1962J. B. Priestley Margin Released i. i. 11 In winter, toddy, for which we had those silver sugar-crushers.
1926G. Frankau My Unsentimental Journey ii. 32 There came another woman to the sofa; and spoke to me of ‘*sugar-daddies’. 1935Wodehouse Luck of Bodkins xxi. 266 The morning papers had come aboard, reassuring citizens..that sugar daddies were still being surprised in love-nests. 1959[see door-mat b]. 1973Times 13 July (Motor Racing Suppl.) p. iii/2 The oil and petrol companies, for a long time the sugar-daddies of top class motor racing. Ibid. 20 Sept. 3/7 Norma Levy, a prostitute, had a ‘sugar daddy’ called Bunny who paid her rent and gave her a Mercedes car.
1847–9Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. i. 100/2 The chemical mechanism of *sugar-disease.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 630 His provisions for his Ingenewes or *Sugar-gardens.
1600J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa v. 52 To every of the Ingenios or *sugar-houses..do belong Negro-slaves, for the planting of their canes. 1769Ann. Reg. 111 Mr. Derman's sugar-house, in Black-friers, was burnt to the ground. 1812Brackenridge Views Louisiana (1814) 175 The sugar houses..were easily distinguished by the vast columns of smoke they sent up into the air. 1848W. E. Burton Waggeries 35 Encomiums on the sweets of married life were drowned in sugar-house molasses. 186.W. Whitman To Working Men vi. Poems (1868) 110 White⁓lead-works, the sugar-house, steam-saws. 1886B. P. Poore Perley's Reminisc. I. 39 Many of the passengers visited the bar to imbibe Holland gin and sugar-house molasses—a popular morning beverage. 1890Billings Nat. Med. Dict., Treacle, sugar-house molasses, the uncrystallizable residue of the refining of sugar.
1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 469 The calcareous thin syrup..is..filtered through bone-black, which removes a small quantity of *sugar-lime.
a1626Breton Figure of Foure ii. No. 78 Wks. (Grosart) II. 7/1 Foure sweet Trades in a Citie: *Sugar-men, Comfit-makers, Perfumers and Nose-gay-makers. 1688Holme Armoury iii. xxii. (Roxb.) 280/2 A Sugar mans Lip Bason.
1587Holinshed's Chron. III. 1490/1 A most sumptuous banket prepared of *sugar meats for the men of armes, and the ladies. 1613Wither Sat. Ess., Vanity M 6 Sweet sugar meats, and spice.
1931A. Uttley Country Child xii. 115 She pinched the stocking from the toe to the top... There was a tin ball..filled with comfits, and an orange, and a *sugar mouse. 1965‘M. A. Gibbs’ Sugar Mouse xv. 155 A sugar mouse, its chocolate eyes run to smudges, its paper ears flattened,..and its sugar hardened into rock.
1790Pennsylvania Packet 1 Mar. 1/1 This Day..will commence the Sale of a Large and General Assortment of..screw drivers, iron holders, *sugar nippers. 1840Barham Ingol. Leg. 1st Ser. 240 With those great sugar nippers they nipp'd off his ‘flippers’. 1858P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products, Sugar-nippers, tools for cutting loaf-sugar into lumps. 1921Glasgow Herald 14 July 5 A pair of George II. silver sugar nippers. 1981Sugar nippers [see sugar basket, sense 4 a above].
1947Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. viii. 9 *Sugar on snow,..‘waxed’ maple sugar served on snow. 1948Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch 9 Jan. 16/1 As serious a breach of etiquette as eating ‘sugar-on-snow’ with a knife or beating one's grandmother in public. 1973M. R. Crowell Greener Pastures 173 It never fails to remind me..of our introduction to sugar-on-snow.
1848Bartlett Dict. Amer. 344 *Sugar orchard, a collection of maple trees selected and preserved in the forest for the purpose of making sugar therefrom.
1926Paper Terminol. (Spalding & Hodge, Ltd.) 24 *Sugar paper, a common quality of wrapping paper made principally from paper waste. Used..for sugar bags. 1972Guardian 5 Dec. 16/7 Drawing paper..Grey or off-white, good quality sugar paper.
1591Percivall Sp. Dict., Alfenique, *suger pellets, Saccari gluten. 1613Dekker Strange Horse-Race, etc. Wks. (Grosart) III. 372 [Dishes] heaped full to the brim with Sugar-pellets. 1830Edin. Rev. L. 517 For administering all kinds of homoopathic medicine the little sugar pellets are the favourite medium.
1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 108/2 Then take *Sugerpennye as much as is needfulle with Lettis, and fragrant Rosewater. c1623,1683[see penide]. 1712tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 55 The first Sort,..call'd Sugar-Penids, is boil'd till the Sugar becomes brittle.
1711*Sugar puff [see ratafia 1]. 1736Bailey Household Dict. M m 3 b, To make all Sorts of Sugar Puffs. 1957Trade Marks Jrnl. 1 May 460 Sugar Puffs... Cereal preparations coated with sugar and flavoured with honey... Quaker Oats Limited. 1959Elizabethan Apr. 10/1 You've taken all the Sugar Puffs which are sweet already and left me with one mouldy old bit of Shredded Wheat. 1962J. Braine Life at Top xiii. 173, I want Sugar Puffs, Daddy, I do. And yoggy. And cheese.
1855J. E. Cooke Ellie 203 Are you going..to make a *sugar-rag for that baby up there? 1895‘Mark Twain’ in Harper's Mag. Dec. 136/1 Somebody fetch this sick doll a sugar-rag. 1938Daily Progress (Charlottesville, Va.) 15 Feb. 1/6 Mayor J. Fulmer Bright..dubbed the concessions offered by the State a ‘sugar-rag dipped in paregoric’.
1727Coll. Epigrams ccxii, All their cheer was *sugar-rolls and sack. 1758in 6th Rep. Dep. Kpr. Rec. App. ii. 129 A new method of Casting Guns or Cannon, Fire Engines, Cylinders, Pipes, and Sugar Rolls,..in dried sand. 1767in N. & Q. 9th S. vii. (1901) 148/1 It is customary with us [at Caius Coll., Camb.]..to have sugar-roll and sack standing in the hall.
1891Kipling Light that Failed ii. 18 Has any man here a needle? I've got a piece of *sugar-sack. 1929B. L. Burman Mississippi 78 Two beds, one made of automobile cushions nailed together and covered with a few folded sugar-sacks. 1965S. T. Ollivier Petticoat Farm x. 140 The thin tired figure with the..sugar-sack apron and dishevelled hair.
1882Vermont Agric. Rep. VII. 64 In the process of sugar making there was a point where it would combine with the lime, making ‘*sugar sand’ or the malate of lime. 1949[see nitre n. 1 d]. 1975Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 25 May 5/3 The strained [maple] syrup should sit to allow sugar sand to settle to the bottom of the mixture.
1895*Sugar shell [see flat-ware s.v. flat A. adj. 15]. 1916Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 12 July 7/1 Sale Goes Merrily On!.. Sugar Shells, fine silver plate, plain, for 50c.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2452/1 *Sugar-sifter, a machine for sorting grades of crushed or ground sugar according to fineness of grain. 1906Galsworthy Man of Property i. vi. 88 Now, what did you give for that sugar-sifter? 1976Deeside Advertiser 9 Dec. 9/6 She presented a cut glass sugar sifter to Mrs. Brockley, past president.
1611J. Davies Sco. Folly, To Worthy Persons Wks. (Grosart) II. 64/1 If a storme should rise..Of *suger-snowes and haile of care-a⁓wayes. 1826A. Anderson Diary 20 Mar. in G. Sellar Narrative (1916) viii. 124 Gordon awakened us by shouting ‘A sugar snow.’ There had been a light shower of it during the night, and the air was soft. Holes were rebored, and there was a fine run of sap. 1932L. I. Wilder Little House in Big Woods 92 It's called sugar snow, because a snow this time of year means that men can make more sugar... The snow will hold back the leafing of the trees, and that makes a longer run of sap. 1973M. R. Crowell Greener Pastures 149 Sugar snow is falling in those distinctive great feathery flakes that foretell the beginning of a maple sap run.
1715F. Slare Vindic. Sugars 6, I have..recommended the Use of *Sugar-Snuff to several Friends.
1930C. H. Eaton Painting & Decorating IV. xiii. 843 *Sugar soap has a softening action on the water, and is not so liable [as soda]..to cause undue softening of the paint film. 1958Woman 22 Feb. 14/3 Walls must be washed, brushed... Paintwork washed with sugar-soap, rinsed and allowed to dry. 1963W. Tee Painting & Decorating viii. 67 When you have removed all traces of the sugar soap, mop up surplus moisture.
1729Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 31 Those which they call *Sugar-spars, are those whose Crystallisations are very small, and so on crumbling to Pieces have the Appearance of powdered Sugar.
1731P. Shaw Ess. Artif. Philos. 126 By *Sugar-Spirit is here understood, the Spirit prepared from the Washings, Scummings, Dross and Waste of a Sugar-Baker's Refining House. 1811Ann. Reg., Hist. 33/1 He..proposed an increase of one halfpenny per gallon on the wash of sugar-spirits.
1825Hone Every-day Bk. I. 51 Their upright cylinder-shaped show-glasses, containing peppermint-drops,..*sugar-sticks, hard-bake [etc.]. 1892Irish Daily Independent 4 July 5/5 We are not sugarsticks. Ibid, Sugarsticks..men whose steadfastness would melt away before a passing cloud. 1914Chesterton Flying Inn xxi. 255 When the three boys last met in the village market-place, they were all sucking sugar-sticks. 1936W. B. Yeats Let. 21 Dec. (1940) 124 He [sc. Wilfred Owen] is all blood, dirt & sucked sugar stick.
1847Halliwell, *Sugar-teat, a small portion of moist sugar tied up in a rag of linen of the shape and size of a woman's nipple, given to quiet an infant when the mother is unable to attend. 1856Kane Arctic Expl. II. v. 63 Sugar-teats of raw meat are passed around. 1938M. K. Rawlings Yearling v. 51 The 'coon nibbled at his flesh and cried again. ‘He wants his sugar-teat,’ Fodder-wing said maternally.
1892Dialect Notes I. 232 *Sugar-tit. 1936M. Mitchell Gone with Wind viii. 145 Prissy produced the sugar-tit..and the baby's wails subsided. 1958S. A. Grau Hard Blue Sky 118 So she went into the bedroom and picked up the sugar tit and tucked it into his mouth.
1708W. King Cookery 70 For want of *Sugar-tongs or Spoons for Salt. 1874Ruskin Fors Clav. IV. 272 Because people are now always in a hurry to catch the train, they haven't time to use the sugar-tongs.
1779in Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc. (1886) 2nd Ser. II. 453 Made *Sugar Troughs and Katch.d some Sap. 1837R. Bird Nick of Woods II. iv. 90 What should I do but see the old sugar-trough floating in the bushes. 1946C. Richter Fields 17 She lifted the long bundle from out of the sugar trough.
1848H. R. Forster Stowe Catal. 144 A pierced *sugar-vase—with goats' heads. 1956G. Taylor Silver ix. 202 Sugar Vases. Among the many varieties of vases is one based on the Greek volute-krater. 1981Sunday Tel. 18 Jan. 13/1 Tate and Lyle's own collection..includes silver gilt sugar vases with tops, and the pierced ladles used with them.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1 Vinegar may be distinguished into four varieties,..1. Wine vinegar. 2. Malt vinegar. 3. *Sugar vinegar. 4. Wood vinegar.
1812Ann. Reg., Gen. Hist. 9 ‘*Sugar wash’ i.e. the liquid prepared in order to distil spirits from it.
c1430Two Cookery-bks. 7 Take almaundys,..an stampe hem, an draw hem, with þe *sugre water thikke y-now, in-to a fayre vessel. c1450Ibid. 85 Grynde hem with sugour water into faire mylke. 1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Sugar spirit, Sugar-water, which is no other than the water in which the aprons, moulds, and other utensils, employed in the refining of sugar, are washed. 1843Pereira Food & Diet 118 Sugar water is frequently used at the table on the continent. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2267/2 A spout for sugar-water (the sap of the sugar⁓maple tree).
1826A. Anderson Diary 18 Mar. in G. Sellar Narrative (1916) viii. 124 Have had no *sugar-weather this week; frosty with strong winds, and some snow. 1942G. Campbell Thorn-Apple Tree 97 When the March sun began to honeycomb the snow, and the sun was warm on the south side of the house, then came sugar weather.
b. In names of birds, insects, and other animals that feed upon or infest sugar or sweet things, as sugar-acarus, sugar-ant, sugar-worm; sugar-creeper (see creeper 3); sugar-eater = sugar-bird 2, 3; sugar glider, a flying phalanger, Petaurus breviceps, found in Australia and New Guinea; sugar-louse, -mite, (a) a springtail or silverfish, Lepisma sacchari; (b) a mite of the genus Tyroglyphus or Glyciphagus; sugar squirrel, a species of flying-squirrel found in Australia, which lives partly on honey; = sugar glider above.
1856Orr's Circ. Sci., Pract. Chem. 409 The theory which refers grocers' psora to the *sugar acarus is exceedingly probable.
1790Phil. Trans. LXXX. 346 The *Sugar Ants, so called from their ruinous effects on the sugar-cane. 1898Morris Austral English 443/2 Sugar-Ant, a small ant, known in many parts of Australia by this name because of its fondness for sweet things.
1811Shaw Gen. Zool. VIII. i. 258 *Sugar Creeper, Certhia saccharina.
1796Nemnich Polyglot.-Lex. vi. 910 *Sugar eater, Certhia flaveola. 1845Richardson in Encycl. Metrop. XXII. 464/2 Nectarinia,..Sugar-eater.
1937Discovery Dec. 365/1 Only fifteen inches in total length, with a lovely ash-grey coat.., the *Sugar Glider is usually a gregarious creature. 1941E. Troughton Furred Animals of Australia 95 ‘Sugar Glider’ is now adopted as being brief and suitable for popular use. 1972Sci. Amer. Sept. 56/1 Males of the sugar glider..go even further.
1817Kirby & Sp. Entomol. xxiii. II. 320 The common *sugar-louse.
1796Nemnich Polyglot.-Lex. vi. 910 *Sugar mite, Lepisma saccharina. 1828–32Webster Dict., Sugar-mite,..lepisma. 1884Ogilvie Dict. (ed. 2), Sugar-mite, a species of Acarina or mite, Acarus sacchari.
1846Waterhouse Mammalia I. 331 Petaurus (Belideus) Sciureus. Squirrel Flying-Phalanger... *Sugar Squirrel of the colonists of New South Wales. 1932Victorian Naturalist XLIX. 97 When one has kept the ‘Sugar Squirrel’ in captivity and suffered keen bites from its long piercing teeth, one is able to appreciate the spitfire temper concealed in these beautiful little creatures.
1658Rowland tr. Moufet's Theat. Ins. 1087, I assert that a little worm is bred in Sugar, long, black as a flea,..like to a Weevil; and therefore we may justly call it a *Sugar-worm.
c. In the names of plants or fruits, so called on account of their sweetness or their yielding sugar: sugar-apple, either of two West Indian trees of the N.O. Anonaceæ or their fruits, Anona squamosa and Rollinia Sieberi; sugar-bean, Phaseolus saccharatus and Phaseolus lunatus (1858 Simmonds Dict. Trade); sugar beet, any variety of the beetroot plant from which sugar is manufactured; sugar-berry, the North American nettle-tree, Celtis occidentalis, = hackberry 2; also, one of several other North American species of Celtis; sugar-birch, a N. American species of birch, as Betula lenta or Betula nigra, from the sap of which sugar is obtained; sugar-fungus, the fungus of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiæ; sugar-grass, (a) = sorghum 1 b; (b) the Australian grass Pollinia fulva or Erianthus fulvus; sugar-gum, the Australian Eucalyptus corynocalyx and E. Gunnii; sugar-melon, a sweet melon (cf. F. melon sucrin); sugar-millet = sorghum 1 b; sugar (snap) pea († -pease): see quots. 1707, 1866; = mange-tout; † sugar-pear, a very sweet variety of pear; sugar-pine (see quots.); sugar-pumpkin (see quot.); † sugar-reed [cf. Du. suikerriet] = sugar-cane; sugar-tree, (a) = sugar-maple; (b) = sugar-bush 2; (c) an Australian shrub, Myoporum platycarpum; sugar-wood = sugar-maple; sugar-wrack, Laminaria saccharina.
1738Phil. Trans. XL. 347 The Fruit of this and most other Anonas are Food for Lizards... Some of these Fruits have, from their Taste, been called Custard-apple, *Sugar-apple, and Sour-sops. 1750G. Hughes Barbados 179 It bears about April a great many flowers very much resembling those of a sugar apple. 1874Stewart & Brandis Flora N. West India 6 Custard-apple (Sweet-sop or Sugar-apple in America).
1831Sir J. Sinclair Corr. II. 422 Information regarding..the *sugar beet, will be found in..‘Crud's Economie de l'Agriculture’, p. 285. 1887Encycl. Brit. XXII. 626/1 The sugar beet is a cultivated variety of Beta maritima.
1818W. P. C. Barton Compendium Floræ Philadelphicæ I. 151 Celtis occidentalis... *Sugar-berry Tree. American Nettle Tree. 1846Lindley Veget. Kingd. 580 The drupes of Celtis occidentalis, the Nettle-tree or Sugar-berry, are administered in the United States in dysentery. 1896Chicago Rec. 17 Feb. 4/6 He laid the groundwork..by cutting a sugarberry sprout. 1948Florida Anthropologist May 19 This vegetation includes sugarberry, banyan, mulberry, papaya, saw palmetto and small plants. 1969T. H. Everett Living Trees of World xiv. 129/1 The closely related sugarberry (C. laevigata), native from Indiana and Illinois southward,.. has a maximum height of 90 feet.
1751J. Bartram Observ. Trav. Pennsylv. etc. 27 The timber was *sugar birch, sugar maples, oak and poplar.
1857G. Bird's Urin. Deposits (ed. 5) 398 The penicillium glaucum, though distinct from the *sugar-fungus, yet is not unfrequently found associated with it.
1862Ansted Channel Isl. iv. xx. 476 The *sugar grass, or sorgho. 1889J. H. Maiden Usef. Pl. 106 The ‘Sugar Grass’ of colonists, so called on account of its sweetness.
Ibid. 27 Eucalyptus Gunnii,..In Tasmania this is known as ‘Cider Gum’, and in South-Eastern Australia occasionally as the ‘*Sugar Gum’. Ibid. 442 Eucalyptus corynocalyx,..Sometimes called ‘Sugar Gum’, on account of its sweetish foliage, which attracts cattle and sheep.
1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farm 195 To make Cucumbers or Pompions sugred [marg. *Sugar-Melons]. 1629Parkinson Parad. 525 Some are called Sugar Melons, others Peare Melons, and others Muske Melons.
1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) II. 156 The *Sugar Pease, which being planted in April is ripe about Midsummer, its Cods..boiled with the unripe Pease in them, is extraordinary sweet. 1710Tusser Redivivus in Tusser's Husb. (1878) 89 note, Runcival pease find now very little Entertainment in Gentlemen's Gardens... In their room are got the Egg pea, the Sugar pea,..etc. 1866Treas. Bot. 897/2 There is a section [of peas] denominated Sugar-peas, which is remarkable in that the pods are destitute of the inner film peculiar to the pods of the other kinds of Peas. 1907A. French Bk. Veg. 198 Pea, edible-podded or sugar, is a type of pea with tender pods, which are eaten. 1951,1972Sugar pea [see mange-tout]. 1980Ecology Center (Berkeley, Calif.) Newslet. Oct. 6/2 A great crop of Sugar Snap Peas.
1664Evelyn Kal. Hort. Aug. 72 Pears..Summer Poppering, *Sugar Pear, Lording Pear. 1766Complete Farmers s.v. Pear, The green sugar-pear.
1855Dunglison Med. Lex. s.v. Arrow Root, Florida arrow-root is derived from Zamia integrifolia or Z. pumila, *Sugar pine. 1857J. D. Borthwick Three Yrs. California xi. 188 In this part of the country the pine-trees are of an immense size... The most graceful is what is called the ‘sugar pine’. 1876Encycl. Brit. IV. 704/1 The sugar pine (Pinus Lambertiana).
1905Trade Catalogue (Cent. Dict. Suppl.), Negro or Nantucket *Sugar Pumpkin. The true old-fashioned black⁓warted, shelled pumpkin.
1719Quincy Compl. Disp. 227 The *Sugar-Reed or Cane.
1705R. Beverley Hist. & Present State Virginia ii. 21 The Honey and *Sugar-Trees are likewise spontaneous, near the Heads of Rivers. 1717Petiveriana iii. 246 Sugar-tree, grows at the Heads of Rivers, and near Mountains. 1801J. Barrow Trav. I. 62 One..called here the sugar-tree, from the great quantity of saccharine juice contained in the bottom of its vase-shaped flowers. 1866Treas. Bot. 1110/1 Sugar-tree, Myoporum platycarpum. 1872Schele de Vere Americanisms 418 The Sugar-Tree or Sugar-Maple (Acer saccharinum). 1949Chicago Tribune 13 Mar. i. 6/4 The Crane Naval depot encroached upon some fine old sugar trees in Martin county.
1809A. Henry Trav. 68 Covered with the rock or sugar maple, or *sugar-wood.
1882Encycl. Brit. XIV. 29/2 Kelp..is prepared from the deep-sea tangle (Laminaria digitata), *sugar wrack (L. saccharina).
†6.
a. in fig. use, passing into adj. (with superlative sugarest, sug(e)rest): Sugary, sweet. Obs.
c1530Crt. Love 22 Thy suger-dropes swete of Elicon Distill in me..I pray. 1578T. Proctor Gorg. Gallery L iv, Our sugarest sweetes reapes sorowing sobs in fine. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. iii. ii. 119 Here are seuer'd lips Parted with suger breath. 1599― Hen. V, v. ii. 303 You haue Witch-craft in your Lippes, Kate: there is more eloquence in a Sugar touch of them, then in the Tongues of the French Councell. 1604Dekker Honest Wh. Wks. 1873 II. 97 Our Country Bona Robaes, oh! are the sugrest delicious Rogues. 1687in Magd. Coll. & Jas. II (O.H.S.) 167 They were wheedled..by..sugar words.
†b. In parasynthetic compounds, as sugar-chopped, sugar-lipped, sugar mouthed adjs. Obs.
1553Respublica iii. iii. 680 A slypper, suger-mowthed howrecop as can bee. a1652Brome New Acad. i. i, Do you tell me Of your sweet sugar-chop't nestle coxscombe? 1827Scott Surg. Dau. Concl., All that sugar-lipped raillery which is fitted for the situation of a man about to do a foolish thing.
▸ Used as a euphemistic substitute for ‘bugger’ or ‘shit’. Cf. sugar int., sugar v. 5.
1916J. Joyce Portrait of Artist v. 228 He..said flatly:—A sugar!.. He..repeated with the same flat force:—A flaming bloody sugar, that's what he is! 1944F. O'Connor Crab Apple Jelly 30, I liked Josie and I could have killed that little sugar, Hennessey, when he let her down. 1986T. Barling Smoke ix. 183 Where the sugar have you been? 1995A. McNab Immediate Action (1996) 109 We were issued with our jungle kit the next day... I was like a pig in sugar.
▸ sugar cookie n. N. Amer. a type of sweet biscuit made from a simple dough which is often rolled out and cut into decorative shapes before baking.
1854Graham's Amer. Monthly Mag. Jan. 59/2 *Sugar-cookies that would melt in the mouth. 1913J. Morris Househ. Sci. & Arts 144 Sugar cookies... Make a dough stiff enough to roll. Roll it out thin on a floured board, cut it with a floured cookie cutter. 2003A.-M. MacDonald Way Crow Flies 276 Mimi has been busy baking: shortbreads, icebox cookies, sugar cookies.
▸ sugarcraft n. the art of creating decorations with sugar paste, esp. for use on cakes; a decoration created in this way.
[1958Times 6 Dec. 2/1, 2{oneon4}lb Marzipan Cake. Tastefully iced and decorated... 15s. each... Sugarcraft Limited, Thornaby-on-Tees.] 1967E. Wallace Cake Decorating & Sugarcraft Introd. 9 Colour plays a great part in *sugar-craft. 2000Mainichi Daily News (Japan) (Nexis) 21 Aug. 5 Wedding cakes and anniversary cakes decorated with sugarcrafts, along with sugarcrafts in floral motifs, will be showcased.
▸ sugar pie n. (a) a pie in which sugar is a major ingredient of the filling, esp. (in Quebec), an open or lattice-topped pie consisting of a pastry crust filled with a mixture of maple sugar or brown sugar and cream; (b) as a term of endearment, esp. for a girl or woman.
[1878Harper's New Monthly Mag. Sept. 574/1 You may think it's suthin smart to git married, but mebbe you'll find 'tain't all honey-sugar pie.] 1879M. C. Tyree Housekeeping Old Virginia (1965) 413 Sugar Pie. Three cupfuls light brown sugar, one-half cupful melted butter, [etc.]. 1911N.Y. Times 9 Mar. 6/4 Letters introduced as evidence were of an affectionate tenor. In one written by Denison to his wife..he referred to her as his ‘Dear Sugar Pie’. 1912Washington Post 14 May 5/8 Maple Sugar Pie.—Two eggs, one cupful of milk or cream, one cupful of maple sugar, [etc.]. 1970Food à la Canadienne 85 Sugar pie,..mix maple sugar, brown sugar and flour... sprinkle evenly over pie shell... pour cream over sugar mixture and bake [etc.]. 1992R. Kenan Let the Dead bury their Dead xi. 264 Why Ida, sugarpie, don't you worry. 1993Gazette (Montreal) 19 June (TV Times Suppl.) 7/1 A virtual treasure trove of Quebec antiques, its menus are totally in keeping with the surroundings—pea soup, coq au vin and sugar pie listed side by side with such classics as Chateaubriand, rack of lamb and sweetbreads.
▸ sugar shack n. N. Amer. a building in which maple sap is boiled down to make maple sugar or syrup.
1927Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 14 51 (caption) Sugar maple (acer saccharum) at the right, and in the center a *sugar shack of a Chippewa Indian. 2002K. Paterson Same Stuff as Stars (2004) ix. 94 What she'd thought was a shed in Grandma's yard was really a sugar shack, long past its maple sugaring days.
▪ II. sugar, v.|ˈʃʊgə(r)|
Forms: 5–6 sugre, 6–7 suger, 7– sugar.
[f. sugar n.]
1. a. trans. To mix, cover, sprinkle, or sweeten with sugar.
1530Palsgr. 743/1, I suger, I make swete with suger, je sucre. 1626Bacon Sylva §16 With Water thick Sugred. 1736Bailey Househ. Dict. Mm 3 b, To Sugar all Sorts of small Fruit. 1806Southey Let. to Mary Barker, Rum and water..sugared to the utmost. 1824Ld. Grenville Nugæ Metricæ 87 We now sugar our cups as freely as our ancestors spiced and drugged them. 1872Geo. Eliot Middlem. li, When I sugar my liquor.
absol.1834,1850[see cream v. 6].
b. in fig. context (cf. 2).
1610R. Abbot Old Way 9 To Suger the brims of their intoxicated Cups, that men the more greedily..may drinke those venimous potions. 1642D. Rogers Naaman 320 Instead of (Master) call him (Father) sugering the bitter potion they were to minister. 1654Fuller Comm. Ruth (1868) 137 One dram whereof is able to sugar the most worm⁓wood affliction. 1740[see sugaring vbl. n. 1].
c. intr. To spread sugar mixed with beer, gum, etc. upon trees or the like in order to catch moths. Also trans. with the tree as obj.
1857,1882[see sugaring vbl. n. 3]. 1889Pall Mall Gaz. 20 Aug. 3/1 They were out late ‘sugaring for moths’. 1892F. E. Beddard Anim. Coloration iii. 84 Any lepidopterist who has ‘sugared’ in the New Forest. 1902S. S. Sprigge Industr. Chevalier vii. 165 There are crowds of them,..who go out beating bushes, tapping palings, and sugaring trees.
2. fig. To make sweet, agreeable, or palatable. to sugar the pill = to gild the pill s.v. gild v.1 1 b.
1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy Prol. 57 That wyth thyn hony swete Sugrest tongis of rethoricyens. 1429Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 145 Thy right ay sugre with remyssioun. a1586Sidney Arcadia iii. xxvii, The messenger,..having ever used to sugre any thing which his Maister was to receave. 1613–18Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. (1626) 51 To baite the people, and sugar their subiection. 1639S. Du Verger tr. Camus' Admir. Events 194 Bad love is sugered full of quaint wantonesses. 1681T. Flatman Heraclitus Ridens No. 23 (1713) I. 152 Jest. Oh, Mr. Sham's..turn'd true Protestant! Earn. Nay, I thought so by their sugaring the Oaths. 1794Ld. St. Helens Let. 14 Oct. in A. Paget Paget Papers (1896) I. 66 They [sc. the Prussian Cabinet] have no right to complain, as I observe that you continued to gild and sugar over the pill which you were directed to administer. [1878C. Gibbon For the King iii, Madam, I can sugar my pills, but I cannot sugar my words.] 1936V. W. Brooks Flowering of New England xv. 287 He liked to administer doses of moral quinine, and he never thought of sugaring his pills. 1954N. Mitford Madame de Pompadour xviii. 237 To sugar the pill of what was, in fact, his dismissal, a Cardinal's hat was procured for Bernis by Stainville. 1955E. Pound Section: Rock-Drill lxxxix. 55 Louis Philippe suggested that Jackson stand firm And not sugar his language. 1978J. Carroll Mortal Friends v. ii. 521 The bishop sugared the request with his smile. 1978[see pill n.2 1 b].
absol.1604Shakes. Oth. i. iii. 216 These Sentences, to Sugar, or to Gall, Being strong on both sides, are Equiuocall.
b. with over.
1603Shakes. Ham. (Qo. 1) 1768 Then I perceiue there's treason in his lookes That seem'd to sugar o're his villanie. 1649Milton Eikon. Pref. Wks. 1851 III. 330 The common grounds of Tyranny and Popery, sugard a little over. 1686H. More Let. in Norris Th. Love, etc. (1688) 217 A sin..sugar'd over with the circumstance of Jucundum or Vtile or both. 1830Cunningham Brit. Paint. II. 77 Burke..endeavoured to soothe down his rugged spirit and sugar over the bitterness of his nature. 1849Robertson Serm. Ser. i. ix. (1866) 152 Names..with which this world sugars over its dark guilt.
c. To flatter. Also const. up.
1923J. Manchon Le Slang 300 To sugar a person up, flatter quelqu'un. 1939R. Chandler Big Sleep ii. 25 It won't get you anything. Sugaring them never does. 1958R. Stout And four to Go iii. 172 There was no point in trying to sugar him. The damage..had been done the second he saw me. 1962W. Faulkner Reivers x. 219 When I sugars up a woman, it aint just empty talk.
3. intr. usually sugar off: in U.S. and Canada, in the manufacture of maple-sugar, to complete the boiling down of the syrup in preparation for granulation.
1836in [Mrs. Traill] Backw. Canada App. 316 Those that sugar-off outside the house have a wooden crane fixed against a stump. 1845[see sugaring vbl. n. 2]. 1884Blakelee Indust. Cycl. 432 If it is noticed while sugaring off that the syrup is scorched. 1892Howells Mercy 17 Families that you find up in the hills, where the whole brood study Greek while they are sugaring off in the spring.
4. Cambridge Univ. Rowing slang. To shirk while pretending to row hard. Also transf.
1882‘F. Anstey’ Vice Versa viii. 166 Although (to use a boating expression) he ‘sugared’ with some adroitness, he was promptly found out, for his son had been a dashing and plucky player. 1890Barrère & Leland Slang Dict. (1897) 307/2. 1894 Daily News 6 Feb. 3/5 Now do look alive, number ninety and five, You're ‘sugaring’. 1898Blackw. Mag. Jan. 48 Don't sugar—four. 1906G. B. Shaw Let. 4 Apr. in Florence Farr, Shaw, Yeats (1946) 26 Your standard of work [sc. in acting]..is far too low... You sugar disgracefully except where you see your way to an effect.
5. Used in imprecations, esp. as pa. pple.: = blow v.1 29. euphem.
1886Mrs. H. Wood in Argosy XLI. 270 ‘Stephenson says he had blue eyes. Now Dick's are brown.’ ‘Eyes be sugared,’ retorted the lawyer. 1903[see amateur 3 b]. 1903Kipling Traffics & Discov. (1904) 107 War's declared at midnight. Pedantics be sugared! 1942Tee Emm (Air Ministry) II. 78 Real pilot be sugared. Real little show-off, more like! 1962B. Glanville Diamond xxi. 339 ‘They wouldn't talk to me.’.. ‘Sugar them; you're too good for them.’
6. trans. To ‘cook’ or ‘doctor’; spec. to give a specious impression of the amount of trade done by (a place of business, etc.). colloq.
1892Stevenson & Osbourne Wrecker xv. 239 Out of six thousand mats [sc. bags of rice], only twenty were found to have been sugared; in each we found..about twelve pounds of drug. 1894Daily News 26 Dec. 5/3 ‘Sugaring a house’..in Birmingham..denoting a system of creating a fictitious appearance of business by privately giving away money to be spent at its bars.
▪ III. sugar, int. orig. U.S.
Brit. |ˈʃʊgə|, U.S. |ˈʃʊgər|
[‹ sugar n., perhaps suggested by the identity of the initial sound with that of shit n.]
Used as a mild substitute for a swear word, esp. expressing annoyance or disgust.
Often regarded as a euphemism for shit int.
1883G. W. Peck Peck's Bad Boy 268 ‘O, sugar, I don't want to tell’, said the boy, as he blushed. 1896Harper's Mag. Mar. 574/2 The Virginian was heard drawling to himself: ‘Alfred and Christopher. Oh, sugar!’ And they found pleasure in the delicately chosen shade of this oath. 1916E. H. Porter Just David xviii, Sugar, kid, 'course there would! Gosh, but you be a checkerboard o' sense an' nonsense, an' no mistake! 1966R. Stone Hall of Mirrors 8 ‘Sugar’, the Bible salesman said... ‘I thought I lost something.’ 1993Guardian 26 July ii. 7/3 ‘Oh sugar!’ said Sister Irene... The black-faced lamb she was feeding had made a puddle on the floor. |