| 释义 |
▪ I. rash, n.1 Sc.
Also 5–6 (9) rasch, 6 rasche.
[f. rash v.1]
a. A crash or clash.
b. A plashing shower of rain.
c1470Gol. & Gaw. 914 The rochis reirdit vith the rasch, quhen thai samyne rane. 1513Douglas æneis ix. xii. 60 Of his huge wecht, fell wyth a rasche, The erd dyndlyt. Ibid. xii. xii. 74 For gret raschis all the hevynnis rang. 1808Jamieson, Rasch is still used for a sudden fall. 1824Mactaggart Gallovid. Encycl. s.v., Rash also means a fall of rain, attended with wind.
▪ II. rash, n.2 Now only Hist.|ræʃ|
Also 6 rashe.
[= Du. and LG. ras, G. rasch, Da. and Sw. rask; ad. F. ras (16th c.) = Sp., It. raso, silk, satin, or fine serge, n. use of the adj. corresp. to L. rāsus scraped, shaven, smooth: see rase v.1
The origin of the -sh, -sch, -sk in the Eng., Germ., and Scand. forms is not clear. There is no evidence of any connexion with It. rascia coarse woollen cloth (which Florio, app. in error, explains as ‘rash’) or with arras, which has been suggested as the ultimate etym.]
A smooth textile fabric made of silk (silk rash), or worsted (cloth rash).
1578Richmond. Wills (Surtees) 276, ix yeards of blacke rashe at ijs. iiijd. a yeard. 1590Acct. Bk. W. Wray in Antiquary XXXII. 117, iiij yeardes silke rashe, xvj s. 1592Greene Upst. Courtier Wks. (Grosart) XI. 239 Quaintly attired in veluet and sattin, and a cloake of cloth rash. 1622Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman d' Alf. i. 158 Hee had a cloake, which (if I be not deceiued) was of Rash, or else of fine Cloth. 1674S. Jeake Arith. (1696) 65 In 1 Piece of Rashes, Flanders Serges, &c. 15 Yards. 1701Lond. Gaz. No. 3701/4 All sorts of Mercery Goods, viz. Bristol Stuffs,..Russels, Rashes, Calamancas,..will be sold by Auction. 1721C. King Brit. Merch. I. 301 Cloth Rashes 209 Pieces. [1846J. S. Burn Hist. For. Prot. Refugees 5 The Flemings taught the manufacturing of Wool into Broadcloth, Rashes, Flannel, and Perpetuanas.]
attrib. and Comb.1590Lansdowne MS. 66 fol. 55 b, His opinion towching y⊇ suite of y⊇ Rashe makers of Sowthampton. 1597Lanc. Wills II. 229 My silke rash gowne. 1611Florio, Rasciere, a Rash-maker or weauer.
▪ III. rash, n.3|ræʃ|
[Perh. a. OF. rache, rasche scurf, eruptive sores (Godef.; cf. It. raschia itch); but the late appearance of the word in Eng. is against this.]
1. a. A superficial eruption or efflorescence of the skin in red spots or patches, as in measles, scarlet fever, etc.
1709Steele Tatler No. 38 ⁋11 He understands..the Art of Medicine as far as to the Cure of a Pimple or a Rash. 1736Wesley Wks. (1872) I. 36 She had only the prickly heat, a sort of rash, very common here in the summer. 1840Lady Granville Lett. (1894) II. 301, I have a cold and a rash on the tip of my nose. 1876J. S. Bristowe Th. & Pract. Med. (1878) 153 Indications of the rash visible long after the actual rash has disappeared.
b. attrib. and Comb., as rash-exanthem, rash-fever; rash-like, rash-producing adjs.
1747Wesley Prim. Physick §101 A Rash Fever. 1753N. Torriano Gangr. Sore Throat 117 Some rash-like Spots..upon her Skin. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 341 The general complexion of the genus exanthesis, or rash-exanthem. Ibid. IV. 419 Rash fever or ‘efflorescence springing from within’. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 936 Different specimens of serum vary greatly in their rash-producing capacity.
2. transf. and fig. A proliferation or spate; a sudden outbreak of something.
1820J. Hogg Winter Evening Tales I. 312, I was workin' at the loom, wi' my leather apron on, an' a rash o' loom needles in my cuff. 1907W. De Morgan Alice-for-Short xl. 427 There too appear more bells than Poe ever wrote about..a rash of bells that makes you think before you ring. 1930R. Campbell Adamastor 67 A rash of stars upon the sky, A pox of flowers on the earth. 1933Times Lit. Suppl. 16 Mar. 186/1 Her prose is marked by a rash of exclamation marks. 1956J. M. Mogey Family & Neighbourhood i. 8 By 1870 the pleasant meadow land..had disappeared beneath a rash of bricks and pavements. 1968B. Hines Kestrel for Knave 30 Great rashes of buttercups spread across the fields. 1980J. McNeil Spy Game xix. 189 A piece of open ground which has miraculously escaped the rash of building covering the rest of the site.
▪ IV. rash, n.4|ræʃ|
[Echoic: cf. raish.]
A rustling noise. So rash-whish (see quot.).
1668Dryden Even. Love i. i, The whisking of a Silk-Gown, and the rash of a Tabby-Petticoat. 1899Crockett Kit Kennedy 22 The strident rash-whish of the sharpening-strake on the scythe.
▪ V. rash, n.5 Coal Mining. orig. dial. (esp. S. Wales) and U.S.|ræʃ|
[Prob. f. rash a.]
Usu. pl. = rashing vbl. n.2
1903A. Strahan Geol. S. Wales Coal-Field IV. iii. 26 Black rashes, fireclay, and clift. Ibid. 27 Clift, rashes and rock. 1912Federal Reporter (U.S.) CXCIII. 125 The appearance of rash in the eighth and ninth west entries and at the face of the slope justified the belief that the coal in that vicinity of the mine was inferior and unmerchantable. 1917Gibson & Cantrill Geol. S. Wales Coalfield (ed. 2) IV. v. 70 Rashes and clod 1 ft. 3 in. 1964[see rashing vbl. n.2]. 1964Woodland & Evans Geol. S. Wales Coalfield (ed. 3) IV. v. 126 At Western the section (from top): coal 7 in, rashes 2½ ft, coal 7 in, fireclay and rashes 5 ft.
▪ VI. rash
Sc. and north. form of rush (the plant).
▪ VII. rash
variant of ratch n.1
▪ VIII. rash, a. and adv.|ræʃ|
Forms: 4 rasch, 5 rasshe, 6 rashe, Sc. rasche, 6– rash.
[= (M)Du. rasch, OHG. rasc (G. rasch), ON. rösk-r, Sw. and Da. rask, active, vigorous, healthy; quick, hasty, etc.
The precise source of the Eng. word is not clear; in spite of its late appearance it may represent an OE. *ræsc. An adoption of the Scand. word would normally have given rask.]
A. adj.
1. Sc. and north. dial. Active, fresh, vigorous; brisk, nimble, quick; eager.
13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 1167 Of raas þaȝ I were rasch & ronk. 1804Anderson Cumberld. Ball. 85 I's quite young and rash—eighty-five. 1808Jamieson s.v., A rasch carle, a man vigorous beyond his years. Loth. Tweedd. 1878–in northern glossaries (Chesh., Cumbld., Northumbld.).
2. a. Hasty, impetuous, reckless, acting without due consideration or regard for consequences.
1509Barclay Shyp of Folys 154 Unwyse men rasshe, and mad of brayne Becomyth prestis onely for couetyse. 1530Palsgr. 322/1 Rasshe rude or boystous of condycions, [no French]. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 55 A great occasion of this terrible Warre came by rashe and lewd preachers. 1638Junius Paint. Ancients 35 Rash and inconsiderate beginners fall to worke upon the first sight. 1671Milton Samson 907, I was a fool, too rash, and quite mistaken. 1715N. Rowe tr. Lucan's Pharsalia iv. 462 The rash Petreians urge to Arms in vain. 1781Cowper Conversat. 641 That fire..which impels rash youth, Proud of his speed, to overshoot the truth. 1848Leigh Hunt Jar of Honey x. 135 Some rash persons were anxious to see the effect of lava upon a pool of water. 1865Tennyson Captain 10 They hated his oppression, Stern he was and rash.
b. Of things: Operating quickly and strongly. rare.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, iv. iv. 48 Though it doe worke as strong As Aconitum, or rash Gun-powder. 1611― Wint. T. i. ii. 319, I could doe this,..with no rash Potion, But with a lingring Dram. 1876G. M. Hopkins Wreck of Deutschland xix, in Poems (1967) 57 The rash smart sloggering brine Blinds her.
3. a. Of speech, actions, qualities, etc.: Characterized by, or proceeding from, undue haste and want of consideration.
1558Goodman How to Obey 194 Yt is..no rashe or perelous doctrine. 1600Holland Livy xxviii. xlii. 701 Rash aduentures speed not always best. 1651Hobbes Leviath. i. xi. 49 Vain-glorious men..are enclined to rash engaging. 1710Steele Tatler No. 78 ⁋7 An artful Way to disengage a Man from the Guilt of rash Words or Promises. 1814Cary Dante, Paradise v. 65 Not bent, as Jephthah once, Blindly to execute a rash resolve. 1862Burton Bk. Hunter (1863) 96 There are often rash estimates made of the size of libraries.
†b. Urgent, pressing. Obs. rare—1.
1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. iv. ii. 62, I scarce haue leisure to salute you, My matter is so rash.
4. dial. (See quots.) Also Comb.
1674–91Ray N.C. Words, Rash..is spoken of Corn in the Straw, that is so dry that it easily durses out, or falls out of the Straw with handling it. 1829in Brockett. 1886S.W. Linc. Gloss., Rash or Rash-ripe, Said of grain in the ear, when it is over ripe and falls out easily.
5. Comb., as rash-brain, rash-brained, rash-headed adjs.
1574W. Bourne Regiment for Sea Introd. (1577) 7 Hee ought..not to be light or rash headed. 1600S. Nicholson Acolastus (1876) 35 Training my rash-braind thoughts in reasons waies. 1632Quarles Div. Fancies iv. xcvi. (1660) 171 Is rash-brain Mendax well advised then. 1841James Brigand xxvi, Young rash-headed boys run into these encounters for mere sport.
B. adv.
†1. = rashly. Obs. (somewhat rare.)
c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 18 Wasshe þose herbes in water, þat rennes so rasshe. 1591Spenser M. Hubberd 1214 Unto the King so rash ye may not goe. 1604Shakes. Oth. iii. iv. 79 Why do you speake so startingly and rash?
2. Comb., as rash-conceived, rash-embraced, rash-levied, rash-running advbs.
1594Shakes. Rich. III, iv. iii. 50 Buckingham and his rash leuied Strength. 1596― Merch. V. iii. ii. 109 Doubtfull thoughts, and rash imbrac'd despaire. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. v. 57 His rashrunning head..turned all to nothing. 1777Potter æschylus 293 This was no hasty, rash-conceiv'd design.
▪ IX. rash, v.1 Chiefly Sc. Now rare or Obs.
Forms: 5 rassh-, 5–6 (9) rasch, 6– rash, (9 rashe).
[Prob. onomatopœic (cf. clash, crash, dash, etc.); connexion with OE. ræscan to quiver or flash (found only once) seems unlikely.]
1. intr. To dash or rush hastily or violently.
a1400Morte Arth. 2107 Thane riche stedes rependez, and rasches one armes. 1470–85Malory Arthur vii. iv, They rasshed to gyders lyke borys. Ibid. vii. vi, Ther with al he rasshyd in to the water. 1536Bellenden Cron. Scot. i. ix. (1541) 8 b/1 The britonis fast raschand to harnes to resist this haisty effray. 1575Turberv. Faulconrie 265 By some other accident, as..by rashing into bushes and thornes. 1616Rollocke On Passion 517 Young men yt haue health, habilitie & strength of body, to run & ride, rash here & there [etc.]. 1801Leyden Compl. Scot. Gloss. s.v. Rasche, ‘To rashe through a darg’, to perform a day's work hastily. 1824Mactaggart Gallovid. Encycl. s.v. Rash [n.], ‘Hear to the rain rashing’, hear to it dashing.
†2. trans. To cast or pour out in a hurried or forcible manner. Obs.
a1510Douglas K. Hart i. 10 Quhen at the sone so schene Out raschit had his bemis frome the sky. 1708M. Bruce Lect., etc. 15 It is good that I hide my self, and not rash out all my Mind (like a Fool) and Testimony at once.
†3. To dash (things together, or one thing against, in, or through another). Obs.
1549Compl. Scot. vi. 66 The rammis raschit there heydis to gyddir. 1567Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 115 He that sall..rasche thair harnis aganis a craig. 1605Shakes. Lear iii. vii. 58, I would not see..thy fierce Sister, In his Annointed flesh, sticke [Qq. rash] boarish phangs. 1666W. Sutherland Declar. in Wodrow Hist. (1721) I. App. xv. 102 If ye come one Foot further here, I shall rash my Pike through your Soul.
†4. To smash, break with violence. Obs. rare—1.
1513Douglas æneis xii. i. 19 Onabasytly raschand the schaft in sundir.
†5. to rash up: To put together hurriedly; to rush or run up. Obs.
Perh. associated with (or even derived from) rash a.
1570Foxe A. & M. 830/2 In my former edition of Actes and Monumentes, so hastely rashed vp at that present, in suche shortnes of time. 1650W. D. tr. Comenius' Gate Lat. Unl. §622 Scaffolds (pageants) are frames of timber rasht up in haste.
▪ X. † rash, v.2 Obs.
Also 5 rassh-.
[Alteration of race v.3 or rase v.1, perh. after prec. or next.]
1. trans. To cut, slash.
a1500Smyth & his Dame 351 in Hazl. E.P.P. III. 214 The smyth ranne on reed blode, All to-rent and rasshed. 1596Spenser F.Q. iv. ii. 17 They..shields did share, and mailes did rash, and helmes did hew. 1599B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. iv. vi, I..rasht his doublet sleeue, ran him close by the left cheek.
2. To scrape out, erase.
1650in Gardner Hist. Dunwick (1754) 160 Paid to John Prety for rashing out the King's Arms in our Church 1s.
▪ XI. † rash, v.3 Obs.
Forms: 4–5 (6 Sc.) rasch, 5–6 rassh(e, 6–7 rash.
[Aphet. form of arrache, perh. after OF. racher, -ier: cf. rache v.2 and race v.4]
1. trans. To pull, drag (down, off, out, etc.), to tear away. (Common in 16–17th c.)
1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cxlvii. 176 Y⊇ newe towne..was pulled downe, and the castell that stode on the hauyn rasshed downe. c1530― Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 83 The seconde [knight] he toke in hys armes, and rasshed hym out of the sadell. a1571Jewel On 1 Thess. (1611) 69 The tormentor..taketh the Lawne by the other end, and rasheth it suddenly [etc.]. 1629Maxwell tr. Herodian (1635) 141 And rasht off all their clothes; leaving them starke naked. 1697Dryden æneid ix. 1094 His crest is rash'd away.
2. To draw hastily. rare—1.
1675Traherne Chr. Ethics 326 A musician might rash his finger over all his strings in a moment; but melody is an effect of judgment and order. |