| 释义 |
▪ I. dose, n.|dəʊs|
Also 7 dos, doss, dosse, 7–9 doze: see also dosis.
[a. F. dose (15th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. med.L. dosis: see dosis.]
1. Med.
a. A definite quantity of a medicine or drug given or prescribed to be given at one time.
1600W. Vaughan Direct. Health (1633) 78 The Dose or quantity is foure or five leaves of it in a cup of Ale. 1608T. Morton Pream. Encounter 39 A dos of his Opium. 1808Med. Jrnl. XIX. 248 Small dozes of tincture of digitalis. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 441 To call his complaint a fever, and to administer doses of bark.
b. A given quantity of X-rays or other ionizing radiation, esp. considered in relation to a person receiving it; a quantity of ionizing radiation received or absorbed at one time or over a specified period (e.g. in radiotherapy or the irradiation of plants); dose rate, the rate at which the dose is increasing. Also attrib.
absorbed dose (or simply dose): the quantity of ionizing radiation absorbed, measured (in rads) by the energy absorbed per unit mass of material; exposure dose (or exposure): the quantity of ionizing radiation to which anything is exposed or subjected, measured (in roentgens) by the ionization it produces in a given mass of air.
1912Bythell & Barclay X-ray Diagnosis & Treatment 117 Heavy doses may occasionally produce a strong skin reaction. 1918R. Knox Radiogr. & Radio-Therap. (ed. 2) ii. 424 An erythema dose is one which causes slight erythema to appear within fifteen to twenty-one days. Ibid. 428 If the total dose is to be administered in several sittings. Ibid. 514 Exposures, with large quantities of radium in well-filtered doses, may be given up to twenty-four hours. 1947Radiology XLIX. 283/2 Lower dose rates could not be used, as the period of fertility of mice is only eight months. Ibid. 352/1 Four dose levels (13, 4·3, 1·15, 0·115r) were empirically chosen. 1950Britannica Bk. of Year 682/2 Dose, the amount of radio-active contamination received by a person, implement, or other object employed on or used in atomic energy research or utilization. 1955Bull. Atomic Sci. 213/3 The biological effects of radiation are measured by the dose received, that is, by the energy absorbed by unit volume of the tissue from the radiation. 1956Nature 17 Mar. 531/1 At very low dose-rates..the radiation times required would be inconveniently long. 1959Times 7 Dec. (Agric. Suppl.) p. vi/5 Doses of radiation in the range 8,000–10,000 rads have been found to be sufficient for commercially acceptable sprout suppression in potatoes of several varieties. 1963Clin. Dosimetry (Nat. Bur. Stand. Handbk. 87) 38/2 Numerous names were examined as a replacement for exposure dose, but there were serious objections to any which included the word dose. There appeared to be a minimum of objection to the name exposure and hence this term has been adopted by the [International] Commission [on Radiological Units and Measurements]... The elimination of the term ‘dose’ accomplishes the long-felt desire of the Commission to retain the term dose for one quantity only—the absorbed dose. 1969New Scientist 24 Apr. 177/1 With high energy X-rays the dose at a depth below the surface is significantly greater than that on the surface skin. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxxiii. 3/2 Such fall-out is estimated to have resulted in an average yearly dose of 2·4 mrads in the period 1954–9.
2. transf. and fig.
a. A definite quantity or amount of something regarded as analogous in some respect to a medical prescription, or to medicine in use or effect; a definite amount of some ingredient added to wine to give it a special character.
1607Schol. Disc. agst. Antichr. i. ii. 68 To banish the whole dosse of popishe doctrine. 1664Butler Hud. ii. iii. 955 Marry'd his punctual dose of Wives. c1790Willock Voy. 55 A sufficient doze of their favorite liquor, whiskey. 1862Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) VI. liii. 338 To repeat and daily increase the dose of flattery. 1894P. L. Ford Hon. Peter Stirling 150 ‘He snubbed me,’..explained Miss De Voe, smiling..at the thought of treating Peter with a dose of his own medicine.
b. An unpleasant experience.
1847E. Brontë Wuthering Heights I. 56 You have reason in shutting it up... No one will thank you for a dose in such a den! 1939H. G. Wells Holy Terror i. ii. 41 Seems he don't like the idea of this new war that's coming... We had a dose.
c. a dose of salts: a dose of aperient salts; also transf. and fig. with like: very rapidly.
1837Crockett's Almanac 3 I'll go through the Mexicans like a dose of salts. 1953E. Simon Past Masters ii. iii. 84 She went systematically through the residents, in the phrase of Monro, like a dose of salts. 1961Dobie & Sloman Tinker 11, If you think you're getting tired or anything, tell me and we'll be back down that bloody thing like a dose of salts. 1961Wodehouse Service with Smile ii. 27 He boxed three years for Oxford... And went through the opposition like a dose of salts. 1968J. Wainwright Edge of Extinction 31 If we don't hold 'em they'll go through this city like a dose of salts.
d. An occurrence of venereal disease.
1914Dialect Notes IV. 105 Dose, venereal disease. 1922Joyce Ulysses 151 Some chap with a dose burning him. 1952B. Hamilton So Sad, So Fresh xix. 122 The cream of the joke is, she gave me the worst dose I've ever had. 1968B. Turner Sex Trap xi. 97 She's riddled with pox. I know four blokes who've copped a dose from her.
▸ dose–response adj. Med. and Biol. relating to, exhibiting, or designating a relationship between the size of a dose and a measure of the response to it; esp. in dose–response curve.
[1932Q. Jrnl. Pharmacy & Pharmacol. 5 263 (caption) The dosage/response relation for rabbits.] 1940Suppl. Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 7 22 Marks..gave the results of a series of experiments which supplied a standard *dose-response curve for use in the interpretation of future tests. 1944Proc. Royal Soc. (B.) 132164 The response of the bovine ovary to single subcutaneous injections of pregnant mares' serum..has been studied... Both time-response and dose-response data were obtained. 1990Internat. Jrnl. Epidemiol. 19 876/1 A highly preventive effect of ginseng on cancer with a dose-response relationship was observed in humans. 2002Behavioural Pharmacol. 13 593 Daily pretreatment with corticosterone shifts the ascending limb of the dose-response curve for the acquisition of cocaine self-administration upwards and to the left.
▪ II. dose, v.|dəʊs|
[f. prec. n.: cf. F. doser (16th c. in Hatz.-Darm.).]
1. trans. To divide into, or administer in, doses.
1713Derham Phys.-Theol. (J.) Plants..esteemed poisonous, if corrected, and exactly dosed, may prove powerful medicines. 1733Cheyne Eng. Malady i. xi. §12 (1734) 105 Care..in dosing the proper Medicines for such..Disorders. 1757Pultney in Phil. Trans. L. 74 They knew how to dose it very exactly.
2. To administer doses to; to physic.
1654Gayton Pleas. Notes ii. ii. 39 For the mishap, no other..was to dose it but himselfe. 1685South Serm. I. 298 (T.) A bold, self-opinioned physician..who shall dose, and bleed, and kill him secundum artem. 1753G. Washington Jrnl. Writ. 1889 I. 25 They dosed themselves pretty plentifully with it [wine]. 1824W. Irving T. Trav. I. 41 My uncle grew worse and worse, the more dosing and nursing he underwent.
b. transf. To add or apply a dose of something to: see dose n. 2.
1836J. Hume in Ho. Comm. 24 Mar., The dosing wines liberally with brandies and other spirits. 1884Fortn. Rev. Dec. 799 This dosing with ammoniates has done more to impoverish agriculture than all the terrors of disease.
Hence ˈdoser, one who (or that which) gives a dose: used contemptuously for a physician.
1888Poor Nellie 162 Never met one of your dosers yet, who was anything but a quack.
▪ III. dose
obs. f. does, etc. (see do v.), doze. |