| 释义 |
suspension|səˈspɛnʃən|
Also 6 -cion, -sioun, -syon, Sc. -tione, 6–7 -tion.
[ad. late L. suspensio, -ōnem, n. of action f. suspens-, suspendĕre: see suspense v. Cf. AF. suspensiun, mod.F. suspension, Pr. suspensio, etc.]
The action of suspending or condition of being suspended.
I.
1. a. The action of debarring or state of being debarred, esp. for a time, from a function or privilege; temporary deprivation of one's office or position.
1528Tindale Obed. Chr. Man 74 Make them to feare the sentence of the chyrch, suspencions, excomunicacions and curses. c1531Pol. Rel. & Love Poems (1903) 62 Of no maner of man to be vsed,..nor to be red, vnder payne of suspencioun. 1581Marbeck Bk. Notes 1065 Suspention is the censure of the Eldershippe, whereby one is for a time depriued of the Communion of the Sacraments. 1643Ord. Lords & Com., Westm. Confess. (1658) 203 Authoritative suspension from the Lords Table, of a person not yet cast out of the Church, is agreeable to the Scripture. 1682Burnet Rights Princes viii. 267 He..required his Chapter not to receive or instal them, under the pains of suspension. 1726Ayliffe Parergon 501 Suspension taken in a proper Sense is an Ecclesiastical Censure, whereby a Spiritual Person is either interdicted the Exercise of Ecclesiastical Function, or hindred from receiving the Profits of his Benefice. 1760Cautions & Adv. Officers Army 86 During your Suspension you are a Sort of Prisoner at large and do no Duty. 1870in J. W. Clark Ordin. Univ. Camb. (1904) 306 Members of the University in statu pupillari, who are guilty of any of the foregoing practices, render themselves liable to be punished by Suspension, Rustication, Expulsion, or otherwise. 1881[see suspend v. 1].
†b. The state of being temporarily kept from doing, or deprived of, something. Obs.
1602in Moryson Itin. ii. (1617) 230 Many difficulties at home with himselfe, and actions of others abroad, may make suspension if not diversion from that Spanish invasion. 1637in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 316, I was shortly after shut up close prisoner, with suspension of pen, ink, and paper. 1667Decay Chr. Piety Pref. §1 A long indefinite suspension from seeing light.
2. a. The action of stopping or condition of being stopped, esp. for a time; temporary cessation, intermission; temporary abrogation (of a law, rule).
suspension of arms or hostilities, an armistice.
1603in Rymer Foedera (1715) XVI. 494/1 That..you make a Recesse and Suspention of your Negotiation untill you shall have further Warrant..from our said Soveraigne Lord. 1619in Eng. & Germ. (Camden) 51 Their suspension of armes will separate their troupes. 1673Essex Papers (Camden) I. 62 Y⊇ suspencion of y⊇ Rules was mencioned & let fall. 1729Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 68 We see men in the tortures of pain..excepting the short suspensions of sleep, for months together. 1748Anson's Voy. ii. xi. 253 Occasioned by a casual delay of the galeon..and not by a total suspension of her departure for the whole season. 1835Tomlin's Law Dict. s.v. Habeas Corpus, A suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act. 1844Thirlwall Greece lxi. VIII. 91 He granted a suspension of hostilities. 1874Green Short Hist. viii. §2. 477 The suspension of arms lasted through the summer.
b. Law. The abeyance of a right, title, etc.
1694in Cruise Digest (ed. 2) III. 221 The suspension in case of coheirs doth not arise from any incapacity either in the blood, or in the persons, of the coheirs. 1728Chambers Cycl., Suspension..is a Temporal Stop of a Man's Right.
c. Stoppage of payment of debts or claims on account of financial inability or failure.
1889Standard 20 Mar. 6/1 It was reported that the creditors of some of the unfortunate brokers who have been caught in the French collapse had offered a composition,..but no suspension was formally announced. 1893Times 26 April 5/1 The suspension of the London Chartered Bank of Australia was announced to-day.
d. Palæogr. A form of abbreviation consisting in representing a word by its first letter or letters accompanied by the contraction-mark; also, a word abbreviated in this way.
1896W. M. Lindsay Latin Text. Emend. Index, Suspension, contractions by. 1912W. H. Stevenson in Eng. Hist. Rev. Jan. 12 The copyist..appends his mark of suspension to words that he could not fully read. 1915W. M. Lindsay Notae Latinae 10 By the addition of the final letter the suspension ap was turned into the contraction apd.
3. a. The action of putting off to a later time; deferring, postponement; † respite.
1645Waller Upon Death Lady Rich 12 With thousand vows and tears we should have sought That sad decree's suspension to have wrought! 1648Boyle Seraph. Love xiv. (1700) 81 Witness his Suspension of the World's creation, which certainly had had an earlier Date, were the Deity capable of Want. 1660R. Ellsworth in Extr. St. Papers rel. Friends Ser. ii. (1911) 120 What reason hath his Maiestie..to giue any the least suspention vnto those..who haue been..the Enimies of His Royall person? 1816Dow Appeals Ho. Lords III. 224 This bill was not paid by the acceptors; and a protest was taken, and charge given, to the acceptors and indorsers, for each of whom suspensions were offered. 1912Times 19 Dec. 2/6 In considering what suspension he [sc. the judge] ought to impose [as to a bankrupt's discharge].
b. (willing) suspension of disbelief: Coleridge's phrase for the voluntary withholding of scepticism on the part of the reader with regard to incredible characters and events. Now freq. in allusive or extended use.
1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. II. xiv. 2 A semblance of truth sufficient to procure for these shadows of imagination that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment, which constitutes poetic faith. 1930I. A. Richards Practical Criticism vii. 277 Coleridge, when he remarked that ‘a willing suspension of disbelief’ accompanied much poetry, was noting an important fact. 1962N. Coghill in Davis & Wrenn Eng. & Medieval Studies 210 Here indeed is a call upon us for the suspension of our disbelief. 1962Listener 6 Sept. 366/1 Willing suspension of disbelief doesn't exist for television. 1976T. Sharpe Wilt (1978) ix. 98 Wilt looked desperately round the caravan and met the eyes of the police stenographer. There was a look in them that didn't inspire confidence. Talk about lack of suspension of disbelief.
4. Sc. Law. The staying or postponing of the execution of a sentence pending its discussion in the Supreme Court; a judicial order or warrant for such postponement and discussion (in full, letters of suspension). bill of suspension, a petition for suspension formally presented by the party complaining.
1581Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 435 The suspensioun or supercedere grantit of executioun of letters. 1583Leg. Bp. St. Androis 234 Howliglass..New falsat forged out for to defend him: Ane fair suspentione he hes send him. 1585Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 748 That all suspensionis aganis letters rasit..salbe deliverit be his Hienes chancellar. 1672Justiciary Proceedings (S.H.S. 1905) II. 76 He had produced a suspension suspending the Warrand. 1765–8Erskine Inst. Law Scot. iv. iii. §8 Suspension and reduction are..remedies against the iniquitous..decrees of inferior judges. 1810Bill of suspension [see interdict n. 2 b]. 1826G. J. Bell Comm. Laws Scot. (ed. 5) I. 385 The bond in a suspension is, that the suspender shall make payment to the charger. 1838W. Bell Dict. Law Scot. 965 A prayer for letters of suspension and interdict in the premises.
5. The action of keeping any mental action in suspense or abeyance: usually in phr., e.g. suspension of judgement, opinion; † also absol. hesitation or caution in decision, refraining from decisive action.
1568in H. Campbell Love-lett. Mary Q. Scots (1824) App. 44 They..promised to observe hir Majesty's direction, both in the secresy, and in the suspension of their judgments. 1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. v. §8 An impatience of doubt, and hast to assertion without due and mature suspention of iudgement. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. viii. 30 In his Indiary relations, wherein are contained..incredible accounts, he is surely to be read with suspension. a1676Hale Prim. Orig. Man. i. ii. (1677) 58 The Acts of this Faculty [sc. the Will] are generally divided into Volition, Nolition, and Suspension. 1680in Somers Tracts (1748) I. 82 Reasons for justifying themselves in the Suspension of their Assent to this. 1694Locke Hum. Und. (ed. 2) ii. xxi. §47 During this suspension of any desire, before the will be determined to action. 1754Edwards Freed. Will ii. vii. (1762) 71 The Liberty of the Will in this Act of Suspension, consists in a Power to suspend even this Act, 'till [etc.]. 1862J. F. Stephen Ess. 64 An amount of doubt, of suspension of opinion,..and..of aversion to every opinion. 1901N. Amer. Rev. Feb. 296 That state of suspension of judgment which is somewhat inadequately designated agnosticism.
6. The action of keeping or state of being kept in suspense (spec. in Rhet.); doubt, uncertainty (with expectation of decision or issue); = suspense n. 3. Now rare or Obs.
1635J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Banish'd Virg. 196 That suspension tormented her not long. 1659Pearson Creed iv. (1662) 207 The Article immediately preceding leaves us in the same suspension. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., In Rhetorick, Suspension is a keeping the Hearer attentive and doubtful. 1798Edgeworth Pract. Educ. (1811) I. 123 You may exercise his attention by your manner of telling this story: you may employ with advantage the beautiful figure of speech called suspension. 1804E. de Acton Tale without Title I. 79 The face of the father exhibited the appearance of a gathering storm, and after an awful suspension, lightning issued from his eyes.
†7. An ecstasy of contemplation. Obs. rare.
1671Woodhead St. Teresa ii. xxvi. 159 Our Lord holding her in a rapt, or suspension.
8. Mus. The action of deferring the progression of a part in harmony by prolonging a note of a chord into the following chord, usually producing a temporary discord; an instance of this, a discord so produced.
Sometimes restricted to the case in which the part descends: cf. retardation 3 a.
1801Busby Dict. Mus. 1838G. F. Graham Mus. Comp. 28/2 A variety of dissonances termed suspensions, or syncopations. 1853J. Smith Treat. Mus. 34 A suspension of the leading note, the suspension resolving upwards. 1891Prout Counterpoint (ed. 2) 17 The suspensions 9 8 and 4 3, with their inversions, are available.
II.
9. a. The action of hanging something up; the condition of being hung, or of hanging from a support; occas. hanging as a form of capital punishment; spec. in Med. the treatment of disease by suspending the patient; see also quot. 1901.
† bridge of suspension = suspension-bridge.
[1546Bale Engl. Votaries i. (1550) 56 b, Threttenynge the woman suspensyon, ye may call yt hangynge yf ye wyll.] 1656Blount Glossogr., Suspension.., a hanging up. 1657Thornley tr. Longus' Daphnis & Chloe 41 They vowed an Anniversary suspension to him of some of the first fruits of the year. 1659Pearson Creed iv. (1662) 231 True and formal crucifixion is often named by the general word suspension. 1713Steele Guard. No. 131 ⁋2 He hangs 'em over a little Stick, which Suspension inclines them immediately to War upon each other. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., Points of Suspension in a Ballance, are those Points in the Axis or Beam wherein the Weights are apply'd; or from which they are suspended. 1819Philos. Mag. LIV. 15 A bridge, upon the principle of suspension. 1821Edin. Philos. Jrnl. V. 237 Description of Bridges of Suspension. 1891F. Taylor Man. Pract. Med. (ed. 2) 207 The Method of Suspension [in locomotor ataxy]..was introduced by Professor Charcot. 1901Dorland Med. Dict. (ed. 2), Suspension of the uterus, the operation of suturing the uterus to the abdominal wall. 1909Q. Rev. July 174 A gallows about to be used for the suspension of apprehended robbers.
b. concr. Something hanging from a support.
1793Smeaton Edystone L. §143 A strong hawser..being passed under one of the arms of the anchor,..the whole suspension was in that manner purchased.
c. concr. A support on which something is hung.
1833Crabb Dict. Gen. Knowl. (ed. 3), Suspension, or Points of Suspension, those points in the axis..of a balance wherein the weights are applied, or from which they are suspended. 1906Daily Chron. 15 Nov. 3/6 The gear-box will be easily adjustable on its three-point suspension.
d. Attachment such as to allow of movement about the point of attachment; ‘hanging’, as of a vehicle on springs, straps, etc.
1891in Cent. Dict. 1912Sphere 28 Dec. p. vi/2 Lanchester cars by reason of..their luxurious suspension are well suited for colonial requirements.
10. The action of holding up or state of being held up without attachment.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. ii. iii. 72 If we conceive..that bodies suspended in the aire have this suspension from one or many Loadstones placed both above and below it. 1714R. Fiddes Pract. Disc. ii. 338 The suspension of the clouds in a medium less gross than themselves.
11. The condition of being suspended, as particles, in a medium. Also concr. a collection of suspended particles.
1707Curios. Husb. & Gard. 340 Its Salts..rise upwards, and circulate..around the Glass Vessel. These Salts, being in this suspension,..dispose themselves into Order. 1794Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. 19 To ascertain the nature of that fluid which was capable of holding in solution or suspension that immense mass of solid substances of which the globe of the earth consists. 1857Miller Elem. Chem., Org. vii. 505 The gum becoming dissolved, and retaining the resin and oil in suspension. 1863Lyell Antiq. Man iii. 53 Some silt carried down in suspension by the waters of the Forth. 1904Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Sept. 564 An arbitrarily chosen bacterial suspension in a test-tube.
12. attrib. and Comb., chiefly in sense 9: ‘of, pertaining to, or involving suspension’, as suspension principle; ‘by which something is or may be suspended’, as suspension apparatus, suspension bolt, suspension joint, suspension-line, suspension-link, suspension-rod; ‘adapted for being suspended’, as suspension-drill, suspension-scale; also suspension-chain, each of the chains which support a suspension-bridge or similar structure; suspension dot, one of a series of dots used to indicate an omission or an interval in a printed text; suspension-feeder, a bottom-dwelling aquatic animal which feeds on plankton, etc. found in suspension in the surrounding water; so suspension-feeding ppl. a. and vbl. n.; suspension period, point = suspension dot above; suspension-pier, a pier supported in the manner of a suspension-bridge, a chain-pier; suspension polymerization, polymerization in which the polymer separates out from a dispersion of the monomer in a liquid; suspension-railway, a railway in which the wheels run on an elevated rail or pair of rails, the bodies of the carriages being suspended below them; suspension-tower, each of the towers to which the chains are attached in a suspension-bridge or the like.
1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 875 *Suspension Apparatus..a splint with means of suspension from a frame.
1837W. B. Adams Carriages 121 The ends are..curled round a mandril of the size of the *suspension bolt.
1823Seaward in Philos. Mag. 31 Dec. 425 Observations on *Suspension Chain Bridges. 1823in Daily News 5 Dec. (1896) 5/7 Over the top of each tower pass the main suspension chains which issue from the body of the cliff.
1949G. Summey Amer. Punctuation viii. 109 *Suspension dots or ‘French dots’ (points de suspension) occur in groups, usually of three, usually spaced but sometimes closed up. They mark preceding material as unfinished, or left dangling an instant for attention. They are used within sentences or as terminal points— sometimes in place of the usual sentence point, sometimes in addition. (Ellipsis dots, in the same form, are discussed in Chapter 9.)
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2464 *Suspension-drill,..a vertical drilling-machine having a frame which may be bolted to the ceiling, so as to be out of the way.
1925O. D. Hunt in Jrnl. Marine Biol. Assoc. XIII. 567 Those which feed by selecting from the surrounding water the suspended micro-organisms and detritus,..for want of a better term, may be termed *Suspension-feeders. 1959A. C. Hardy Open Sea II. v. 106 Most animals on rocks or stones will be suspension-feeders,..because little detritus can remain there. 1975Nature 7 Aug. 521/1 As those samples included some typical ‘suspension-feeders’ (Porifera, Ectoprocta, Sabellida and so on), a water current able to transport the food items evidently exists and may explain the development of a rich bottom fauna under the Ross Ice Shelf.
1925Jrnl. Marine Biol. Assoc. XIII. 575 The contents of their stomachs resembles closely that of the *suspension-feeding molluscs. 1963R. P. Dales Annelids ii. 53 They [sc. sabellids] are not the only ones that have adopted suspension-feeding.
1867J. Hogg Microsc. i. ii. 70 Even after the *suspension joint has become supple by long use.
1884W. H. Greenwood Steel & Iron (ed. 2) Index, *Suspension links.
1822in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 352 The erection of *suspension piers.
1963H. Shaw Punctuate it Right! xvi. 91 When ellipsis periods come at the end of a statement requiring a period, then four of these ‘suspension periods’ or ‘*suspension points’..are occasionally used. 1969G. Smith in Lett. Aldous Huxley 4 He often used suspension points ({ddd}) in place of commas or final stops when typewriting. 1972Computers & Humanities VI. 152 Omit some parenthetic clauses of no importance to the context, and..replace them by suspension points.
1944India Rubber World CXI. 173/1 More details on *suspension polymerization will be given in another article on this same subject. 1973Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 504 Suspension polymerization is more suited to batch operation and it is difficult to convert it into a continuous process.
1825Gentl. Mag. XCV. i. 628/1 A line of railway..on the *suspension principle having been constructed at Cheshunt. 1835Partington's Brit. Cycl. Arts & Sci. II. 801/2 The bridge over the South Esk at Montrose furnishes a good example of the suspension principle.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2464 *Suspension-railway, a railway in which the carriage is suspended from an elevated track.
1842Penny Cycl. XXIII. 335/1 The *suspension-rods are an inch square, and they support transverse cross-bearers.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2464 *Suspension-scale, one swung by pendent rods from levers above.
1842Penny Cycl. XXIII. 334/2 The roadway, which rises about two feet in the centre between the *suspension-towers. |