| 释义 |
sustentation|sʌstənˈteɪʃən|
Also 4–5 -acioun, 5–6 -acyon, etc.
[a. AF., OF. sustentacion = Pr. sustentacio, It. sostentazione, Sp. sustentacion, Pg. sustentação, ad. L. sustentātio, -ōnem, n. of action f. sustentāre: see prec.]
†1.
a. The action of bearing or enduring; endurance.
In first quot. transl. Vulg. sustentatio (= Gr. ἀνοχή).
1382Wyclif Rom. iii. 26 In the sustentacioun [gloss or beringe vp] of God. 1607J. Carpenter Plaine Mans Plough 134 Patience,..a voluntarie and daily sustentation and tolleration. 1653Baxter Meth. Peace Consc. 244 Their [sc. martyrs'] sufferings and strange sustentations.
†b. The bearing of a pecuniary charge. Obs.
1553in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) III. App. ii. 4 For sustentation of your charges in this behalf.
2. a. The action of keeping up or maintaining an institution, establishment, building, or the like; upkeep, maintenance.
1389in Eng. Gilds (1870) 67 He schal payen, to the sustentacion of this gylde v.s. c1450Godstow Reg. 190 Which rent he assigned vnto the sustentacion of the kechyn of the forsaid mynchons. 1486Rec. St. Mary at Hill (1905) 7 The said xx s for the sustentacion of the said v tapers. Ibid. 16 Than I bequethe all..to the vse and sustentacion of london Brigge. 1557in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 386 The maynteyninge and sustentacion of the same housse and Colladge. 1627Sir R. Cotton Hen. III. 46 Councellors..are but as accessaries, not principals, in sustentation of the State. 1635Swan Spec. Mundi (1670) 280 The Stars..stand in need of daily sustentation, like a lamp. 1837J. D. Lang New S. Wales II. 165 The sustentation and maintenance of agriculture and commerce. 1860Hook Lives Abps. II. ii. 139 The Peter-pence had..been..a charge laid upon the private estates of the king..for the sustentation of the English College at Rome. 1869Rawlinson Anc. Hist. 49 The taxes, which he imposed on the provinces for the sustentation of his enormous court.
b. The keeping up or preservation of a condition or state, esp. human life; also, maintenance of something at a certain level.
1425Rolls of Parlt. IV. 174/1 For ye better sustentation of ye said stile, title, name and worship. c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. xiv. (1885) 142 Howe the kyng mey best haue sufficient..livelod ffor the sustentacion off his estate. 1533Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) I. 356 A certeyn Annuytie of xxvi s. viii d. toward the Sustentacion of his lyvyng for terme of his Naturall life. 1538Starkey England (1878) 56 Al thyngys necessary and plesaunt for the sustentatyon and quyetnes of mannys lyfe. 1607J. Carpenter Plaine Mans Plough 68 To till..their fieldes for the better sustentation of mans life. 1785Paley Mor. Philos. (1818) I. 99 Applied to the sustentation of human life. 1850W. R. Williams Relig. Progr. iv. (1854) 89 A nation..eager..for the sustentation and diffusion of freedom. 1856Olmsted Slave States 279 The improvement, or even the sustentation of the value of his lands became a matter of minor importance. 1878Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xviii. 244 Royal progresses for the sustentation of peace and justice.
3. a. The action of maintaining a person or concrete thing in being or activity, or of keeping it from failing or perishing; esp. in the 17th cent. of divine support. Now rare.
1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 11 b, Slepe no more than shall suffyse onely for the Sustentacion of thy body. 1555W. Watreman Fardle Facions App. 325 If menne shal not onely haue regard to their owne priuate profecte, but also to the sustentacion of other. a1617[see suavity 2 b]. 1624Darcie Birth of Heresies xxii. 105 The Sunne..by his force and calidity giues sustentation to whatsoeuer liues vpon the earth. 1645Ussher Body Div. (1647) 378 That he would not take his holy Spirit from us in our trialls, but give us sustentation in our temptations. 1675Brooks Gold. Key Wks. 1867 V. 164 ‘The preservation and sustentation of all things’: Col. i. 17. 1847Grote Greece ii. xxxi. IV. 235 The fruit of the fresh-planted democracy as well as the seed for its sustentation and aggrandisement.
†b. fig. A prop, stay, support. Obs.
1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iii. xiii. 95 b, They haue some small peeces of money giuen vnto them which is their onely aduantage and sustentation [orig. soustien] of their pouerty. 1642H. More Song of Soul i. iii. xlviii, God..Who is our lifes strong sustentation. a1734North Lives (1826) I. 18 His family was not in a posture to sustain any of the brothers, by estates to be carved out of the main sustentation of the honour.
4. a. The provision of a person with a livelihood or means of living; maintenance or support with the means of subsistence; livelihood.
Very common in the 16th century.
1428E.E. Wills (1882) 79, I be-quethe to the sustentacion of that..preest..xx.li. 1530Proper Dyaloge in Roy Rede me, etc. (Arb.) 138 Artificers and men of occupacion Quietly wanne their sustentacion. 1547Act 1 Edw. VI, c. 14 §7 Moneye..payed..abowte the fynding, mayntenaunce, or sustentacion of any preistes. 1558T. Watson Seven Sacr. xxvi. 168 The payment of tythes..for so much as perteineth to..the sustentacion of Gods ministers. 1563Foxe A. & M. 112 The patronages and almoise bestowed by them..for the sustentation of the poore of the realme. 1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 35 So much [land] was allotted to euery man, as was thought sufficient for the sustentation of his familie. 1609Skene Reg. Maj. 2 They ordeined to the Justitiar for his sustentation, ilk day of his justice air, fiue pounds. 1677Scougal Praise & Thanksgiving (1770) 14 He that brought it into the World, hath already provided for its Sustentation in it. 1845Stephen Comm. Laws Eng. (1874) II. 695 For the proper sustentation and payment of licensed curates, the law has made a variety of provisions. 1852Gladstone Glean. (1879) IV. 176 As there is no poor-law under which nations can be rated in proportion to their means, for the sustentation of the impotent.
†b. With a and pl. A provision or allowance for maintenance; also, one who provides maintenance for others. obs.
1461Rolls of Parlt. V. 473/2 Eny Graunte of a Corrodye or Sustentacion made..by th' abbot and Convent. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 174 The reuenues..shall be well kept by the handes of the treasurer of Scotlande..sauyng a reasonable sustentation of the lande, Castelles, and ministers of the kingdome. 1622Donne Serm., John xi. 35 (1640) 156 Lazarus, the staffe and sustentation of that family was dead. 1671J. Webster Metallogr. i. 23 To seek for a sustentation by such slavish and drudgery Work.
5. a. The action of sustaining the life of an animate being; the provision of the means of sustenance; feeding, nourishment. Also applied to spiritual nourishment.
c1440Gesta Rom. xlviii. 218 The water shalle seye..I brynge forþe diuerse kynde of Fishis for thi sustentacioune. a1483Edw. IV. in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. I. 141 Yeving unto hir for the sustentacion of hir houshold half a beef and ii motons. 1543Necessary Doctr. I iij b, A perpetual fode..for our spiritual sustentation. 1549Latimer Ploughers (Arb.) 25 It is necessarie for to haue thys ploughinge for the sustentacion of the bodye. 1605Camden Rem. (1637) 190 All manner of prices of things in this Realme, necessary for sustentation of the people, grew daily excessive. 1658Rowland tr. Moufet's Theat. Ins. 903 Unlesse you see that there is not so much Honey left as may serve for the sustentation of the Parents or elder Bees. 1741Warburton Div. Legat. iv. v. II. 266 The Country..was rocky and mountainous: which, therefore,..was unfit for the Breed and Sustentation of Horse. 1825Coleridge Aids Refl. (1848) I. 193 The part of the plant..suited..to the deposition of its eggs, and the sustentation of the future larva. 1861Holland Less. Life iv. 62 That peculiar element on which the germ must rely for quickening and sustentation.
b. Physiol. The action of those vital functions or processes (as digestion, etc.) which sustain the life and normal activity of an organism.
1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. Introd. 24 The apparatuses by which certain operations, subsidiary to sustentation and generation, are carried on. 1881Mivart Cat 10 The study of the actions of the system of organs which nourish and support the body: i.e., the study of the function of sustentation.
6. concr. That which sustains life; sustenance, food, nourishment. Also applied to spiritual food. (Cf. 5.) Now rare.
1537Inst. Chr. Man I v, The sacrament of the Altare..is the very spirituall fode, and the very necessarye sustentation..of all christen men. 1549Compl. Scot. vi. 38 Beystis..quhilk past besyde burnis & boggis on grene bankis to seik ther sustentatione. 1552Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 21 We may lesumlie desyre of God our necessarie sustentatioun. 1630S. Lennard tr. Charron's Wisd. i. Pref. 2 To meditate..therein..is the food, sustentation, life, of the spirit. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. xxi. 163 It is..a very abstemious animall, and such as..will long subsist without a visible sustentation. 1668Wilkins Real Char. ii. x. §3. 259 By Sustentation Ordinary..is intended such kind of Food as is usual for ordinary persons, and ordinary times. 1774T. West Antiq. Furness (1805) 195 Sustentation and commodities for themselves and their children. 1866Reader 26 May 513 The soil from which they derive their supplies and sustentation.
7. a. The action of holding up or keeping from falling; the condition of being so supported. † Also concr., a support. Now rare.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 23 It is nessessarie summe lymes to han a sustentacioun. 1482Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 27 And so [he] came to chirche..and without sustentacion or helpe of any thing entrid into the quire. 1555Eden Decades (Arb.) 349 The most notable pyllers or sustentacions that the earth hath in heauen. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 93 A convenient Fascia..for the sustentation of the arm. 1650Bulwer Anthropomet. 189 Since the Tonique motion of the Muscules is not sufficient for sustentation of the Body. 1669Boyle Contn. New Exper. i. xxvi. 91 An ordinary School-philosopher would confidently have attributed this sustentation of so heavy a Body to Nature's fear of admitting a Vacuum. 1893Bent in Geogr. Jrnl. II. 140 In difficult places the rocks have been cut [for the old roadways]; walls of sustentation are visible at many points.
b. Aeronaut. The action or condition of being aerodynamically supported either by the lift afforded from the motion of an aerofoil or by means of an air-cushion.
1907[see aerofoil]. 1939Nature 18 Feb. 272/1 Most modern air transport is by means of the aeroplane, a body heavier than air, depending upon forward movement for sustentation. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. I. 197/2 Another form [of air-cushion vehicle] creates high air pressure beneath its structure for sustentation. 1977T. K. S. Murthy in Proc. 2nd Internat. Waterborne Transportation Conf. (1978) 308 The sustentation of the vehicle above the water surface is therefore partly due to the pressure of the air in the cushion and partly due to the hydrostatic buoyancy of the submerged hulls.
8. attrib.: sustentation fund, a fund in the Free Church of Scotland and other bodies for providing adequate support for ministers.
1843Chalmers Consid. Free Ch. Scot. in Hanna Mem. (1852) IV. 564 That the General Fund shall be separated into two parts—a Building and a Sustentation Fund. 1869Daily News 21 Oct., The Free Church of Scotland in 26 years had..raised a sustentation fund of 132,000l. per annum, so that every minister should have not less than 150l. a year. |