| 释义 |
dualism|ˈdjuːəlɪz(ə)m|
[f. dual + -ism: cf. F. dualisme (1755 in Hatz.-Darm.).]
1. The condition or state of being dual or consisting of two parts; twofold division; duality.
1831Carlyle Sart. Res. ii. ix, In Teufelsdröckh there is always the strangest Dualism. 1833― Diderot Misc. Ess. 1872 V. 53 Among the dualisms of man's wholly dualistic nature, this we might fancy was an observable one. 1841–4Emerson Ess., Compensation Wks. (Bohn) I. 41 An inevitable dualism bisects nature, so that each thing is a half, and suggests another thing to make it whole. 1877E. Caird Philos. Kant ii. 12 A dualism between knowing and being, between the ‘me’ and the ‘not me’.
2. Gram. The fact of expressing two in number.
1874Sayce Compar. Philol. vii. 276 We find many others [languages] in which the formal expression of plurality has never passed beyond that of dualism.
3. A theory or system of thought which recognizes two independent principles. spec.
a. Philos. The doctrine that mind and matter exist as distinct entities; opposed to idealism and materialism.
b. The doctrine that there are two independent principles, one good and the other evil.
c. Theol. The doctrine, attributed by his opponents to Nestorius, that Christ consisted of two personalities.
1794Mathias Purs. Lit. (1798) 65 Then he introduces..the two principles or dualism (a little more French jargon) the monde animé and the monde machine. 1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. (1877) I. xvi. 293, I would be inclined to denominate those who implicitly acquiesce in the primitive duality as given in Consciousness, the Natural Realists or Natural Dualists, and their doctrine Natural Realism or Natural Dualism. 1847Buch tr. Hagenbach's Hist. Doctr. I. 93 The Gnostic doctrine of two supreme beings (dualism). 1864Pusey Lect. Daniel (1865) 529 The characteristic error of the Zend religion, its Dualism, was its blot from the first. 1872Liddon Elem. Relig. iv. 148 Manicheeism was the Dualism which had acquired a Christian flavour by coming into contact with Christianity. 1882Farrar Early Chr. I. 263 The dualism—the existence of matter as the source of evil apart from God—finds a distinct expression in the Wisdom of Solomon. 1882–3Schaff Encycl. Rel. Knowl. I. 669 According to dualism existence itself is based on a contrariety which appears in philosophy as spirit and matter.
4. Chem. The theory, originated by Berzelius, now abandoned, that every compound is constituted of two parts which have opposite electricities.
1884Muir Princ. Chem. i. ii. iii. §54 Dumas' discovery of the chloracetic acids which marks the beginning of the revolt against the compound radicles of dualism. |