| 释义 |
▪ I. sward, n.|swɔːd|
Forms: 1, 7–8 sweard, 4 suerd, 5 swerde, swarde, 5–6 sworde, 5–9 (now dial.) swerd, 6 suard, swart, 6–7 swarde, 6–8 Sc. swaird, 7 swort, 7–9 sword, 5– sward. See also swad n.1 β. 6 soord, 6–7 soard, 7 sourd, 7–9 (now dial.) sord.
[OE. sweard ? m., corresp. to OFris. swarde f., skin of the head (NFris. swârd, sûrd, EFris. swôed, swode, WFris. swaerd rind of pork, surface of fenland), MLG. swarde f., thick hairy skin, esp. scalp of man, skin of pig, (LG. swaarde, also grönswaarde greensward), MDu. swarde f. (Du. † swaerd, † zwaard, mod. zwoord n., infl. by Fris. forms), MHG. swarte f., hairy skin, scalp, bacon rind, (G. schwarte), ON. svörðr, gen. svarðar, skin, esp. of the head, walrus hide, svarð- in comb., greensward, walrus hide, (Icel. grassvörðr greensward, MSw. grönsvärdher greensward, Sw. dial. svärd, Norw. svord, svor skin, greensward, also grassvord, -svoor, Da. svær, also fleskesvær bacon rind, grønsvær); f. Teut. stem sward-, swarð-: swarþ- (see swarth n.1), the ultimate origin of which is unknown. The OE. word, if indeed it survived, was reinforced in ME. by the Scandinavian forms, and possibly from LG.]
1. The skin of the body; esp. (now dial.) the rind of pork or bacon. † head sward: the scalp.
c725Corpus Gloss. (Hessels) V 222 Vistula, suᵹesweard. c1050Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 265/9 Cutis, sweard. 13..K. Alis. 5950 Caluȝ was his heuede swerd. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xlv. (Christina) 227 Þat luge..gert tak hyr in teyne, & schawe hir heid to þe suerd. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 6 Sethe..porke þer-ynne, an pulle of þe swerde, an pyke owt þe bonys. c1440Promp. Parv. 482/1 Swarde, or sworde of flesche, coriana. 1607Lingua ii. i. C iv, If they would..brandish no swords but sweards of Bacon. 1610Markham Masterp. ii. cii. 385 Annoynt the cronet of the hoofe with the fat swarde of bacon. 1663Cowley Ess. Verse & Pr., Country Mouse 19 And for a Haut goust there was mixt with these The swerd of Bacon, and the coat of Cheese. 1747–96H. Glasse Cookery v. 85 To dress a ham à la braise,..take off the swerd. 1829Glover's Hist. Derby I. 133 note, She [sc. a sow] proved when fat, good bacon, juicy and tender; the rind or sword was remarkably thin.
β1598Bp. Hall Sat. iv. ii. 36 Reez'd bacon soords shall feast his familie. 1598Florio, Cotenna..the soard [ed. 1611 sord] of bakon.
2.
†a. Usually with defining phr. of the earth, etc.: The surface or upper layer of ground usually covered with herbage. Obs.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. i. 58 Se not the swerd al nakid, white, vnclene. c1440Promp. Parv. 506 Turfe of flagge, swarde of þe erþe (S. turfe, flag, or sward of erþ), cespes, terricidium. 1473Rental Bk. Cupar-Angus (1879) I. 171 They sal neuer cast [= dig] bot onder a fourhed, leuand a pairt of the mos in the ground and fylland behynd tham with the sward of the mos. a1552Leland Itin. (1712) VIII. 119 Ovar growen in the Swart with fine Grase. 1577Harrison England ii. xvi. in Holinshed I. 91 b/2 Great plentye of water..betweene the new loose swart and the olde hard earth,..being drawne awaie. 1601Holland Pliny xvi. xxxi. I. 477 The roots of the Apple-tree, Olive, and Cypresse, lie very ebbe, and creepe hard under the sourd of the ground. 1626A. Speed Adam out of E. xvi. (1659) 138 Some will burn to Ashes, Roots, and Stubble, the sword and swarth of the Ground.
b. Qualified by green, grassy, grass, of grass, etc.: The surface of soil covered with grass or other herbage; turf, greensward.
1513Douglas æneis vi. iii. 65 A pair of dowis..on the greyn sward thair place tuke law. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 336 A prety hillocke to be seene apparelled in a fresh suit of green sord. 1667Milton P.L. xi. 433 Ith' midst an Altar as the Land-mark stood Rustic, of grassie sord. 1725Ramsay Gentle Sheph. iv. ii. Prol., The green swaird grows damp with falling dew. 1741Compl. Fam.-Piece iii. 417 If the Turf hath a good Sward of Grass upon it. 1846McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 9 The western mountains..are mostly covered with a fine green sward. 1866Livingstone Last Jrnls. (1873) I. xii. 326 The grassy sward. 1881‘Rita’ My Lady Coquette iv, The grass sward..slopes invitingly before her.
c. (a) Without qualification: = b.
1508Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 520 The sueit sawour of the sward, and singing of foulis. 1512Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 797/2 Una cum acra de le suard vel medow pro pastura animalium. 1530Palsgr. 284/1 Turfe flagge sworde, tourbe. 1649W. Blithe Eng. Improv. 34 So cut the Turfe, that the Soard may have all the Winters frost to wroxe, and moulder it. 1660Sharrock Vegetables 90 Plant them thereupon with the Soard downward. 1747E. Poston Pratler I. 85 The Sord which I pared off the Earth, commonly called Turf. 1785Burns Addr. Deil xv, The fragrant, flow'ry swaird. 1794Vancouver Agric. Cambridge 177 The toughness of the fen swerd. 1832Tennyson Œnone 3 There is a dale in Ida,..beautiful With emerald slopes of sunny sward. 1834Brit. Husb. I. 80 The grass of lawns, mown solely to keep the sward in order. 1837Lytton E. Maltrav. i. ix, The moon⁓light slept soft upon the sward. 1879Jefferies Wild Life in S. Co. 36 It has become the fashion..to break up the sward of the downs.
(b) A growth of grass; a stretch of greensward.
1733Tull Horse-hoeing Husb. xx. 289 The Grass from the Edges will spread and form a new Turf (or Swerd) on the other Side. 1816J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 619 To make a close thick sward. 1843Lytton Last Bar. i. i, A considerable plot toward the centre presented a level sward. 1881Darwin Veg. Mould 10 Wherever a path crosses a heath its surface becomes covered with a fine short sward.
†3. transf. The surface (of water). nonce-use.
1606S. Gardiner Bk. Angling 22 Such as plodde wholy in the mudde and myre of the worlde, will neuer rise vp to the sword of the water.
4. attrib. and Comb., (in sense 2), as sward ground, sward land; sward-crested, sward-like adjs.; sward-cut v., trans. to cut (land) with a sward-cutter; sward-cutter, an implement for cutting a tough sward in preparation for ploughing; sward-earth, † (a) Sc. grass-land; (b) turf.
1854H. Miller Sch. & Schm. xxv. (1858) 558 The *sward-crested trap-rock.
1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) I. 276/1 The land may lie several months in winter after being *sward-cut.
1786R. Sandilands (title) A description of the patent instrument called a *sward-cutter. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) I. 276/1 One sward-cutter will cut as much in one day as six ploughs will plough. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Sward-cutter, a machine for bringing old grass-lands into tillage.
1799View Agric. Lincoln. 71 A *sward-dresser has been found very useful upon the meadows and pastures of Brothertoft.
1541Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 565/1 Marresiam de Farneis et lie *swarde-yird ejusdem. 1634Ibid. 19/2 Cum eorum terris tam arabilibus quam non arabilibus lie sward-eardis. 1852J. Wiggins Embanking 237 A tile drain on a sole filled part of the way, say 1 foot, over, with any loose material, and the sward earth over that.
1608Willet Hexapla Exod. 241 The greene grasse and *sword ground.
1744W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman Jan. i. 12 (heading) The Gloucestershire way of preparing and sowing *sward-Land with corn. 1805R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 604 That potatoes may be grown in a very beneficial manner on sward lands. 1905Westm. Gaz. 31 July 4/1 Old sward land.
▪ II. sward, v.|swɔːd|
Also 7 sword, soard(e.
[f. sward n.]
1. intr. To form a sward; to become covered with grassy turf.
1610W. Folkingham Feudigr. i. xi. 35 A loose and light Sand swords slow. 1644G. Plattes in Hartlib's Legacy (1655) 236 [Ground] that..will not sward again, or gather a good head of grass, for the first, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 years, when laid down after Ploughing. 1649W. Blithe Eng. Improv. xv. 84 It hath one halfe yeare more to Soard in. a1735Earl of Haddington Forest Trees (1765) 45 The ground, immediately after corn, is many years before it swards.
2. trans. To cover with a sward; chiefly pass. to be covered with grass or herbage.
1610W. Folkingham Feudigr. iv. Concl. 87 The Soile is a sandy Clay of 18 Inches Crust close sworded. 1649W. Blithe Eng. Improv. 32 How to level Land, and the suddainest way to Soarde it. 1760Washington Diary 7 Mar., Writ. 1834 II. 513 The ground being well swarded over, and very heavy ploughing. 1786tr. Beckford's Vathek 23 A high mountain, whose sides were swarded with wild thyme and basil. 1841Penny Cycl. XX. 33/1 Hedge-banks may be improved..by being swarded. 1888Stevenson Black Arrow 75 It was a pillared grove..open and smoothly swarded. a1904A. Adams Log Cowboy v. 56 The prairies were swarded with grass and flowers. |