| 释义 |
▪ I. east, adv., n. and a.|iːst|
Forms: α. 1 éastan (Northumb. éasta), 3–4 esten. β. 1–2 éast, 2–5 est, 3 æst, (4 yeast), 4–5 este, 4–6 easte, eest, 6 Sc. eist, 3– east.
[repr. two distinct forms in OE., both of which occur only as adv. or in composition. (1) OE. éastan = OS. ôstan(a (Du. oost), OHG. ôstana, (MHG. ôsten(e, mod.G. osten), ON. austan:—OTeut. *aus-to-nô ‘from the east’, f. base *aus- dawn (found in L. aurōra:—*ausōsa, Lith. auszrà, Skr. ushās dawn, Gr. αὔριον :—*αὔσριον morning) + double suffix, as in OE. hin-da-n from behind. (2) OE. éast, in compounds repr. OTeut. *aus-to- (see above), but as adv. perh. shortened from *éaster ‘toward the east’ = OS., OHG. ôstar (Du. ooster- in compounds), ON. austr advbs.:—OTeut. *aus-tr-, f. *aus- + suffix, as in OE. hinder backwards; cf. ON. austr n. masc. (gen. austrs), Goth. *Austragutôs Ostrogoths. A trace of the lost OE. *éaster appears in the adj. (compar.) éasterra more easterly; also in certain place-names, as Eastoreᵹe, Eastry; cf. ‘Alduulfus rex Estranglorum’ Bæda H.E. iv. xvii.
As a nautical term the Eng. word has been adopted into Romanic langs.: Fr., It. est, Sp., Pg. este, Pg. also leste.]
A. adv.
†I.
1. [repr. OE. éastan.] From the east. Also in OE. bi éastan, ME. bi esten eastward; sometimes as prep. with dat. = eastward of. Comb. eastan-wind: see east-wind.
c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. §12 Be eastan Rine sindon Eastfrancan. a1000Cædmon's Gen. 806 (Gr.) Ȝif wind cymþ westan oððe eastan. a1225Ancr. R. 232 ‘Bihold,’ cweð [he] bi esten. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Langt. (1725) 5 Grete taliage laid he þeron bi Esten.
II. [repr. OE. éast.]
2. a. With reference to motion or position: In the direction of the part of the horizon where the sun rises. More definitely: In the direction of that point of the horizon which is 90° to the right of the north point; also due († full) east.
c890K. ælfred Bæda i. iii. (Bosw.) Ðæt ealond on Wiht is þrittiᵹes mila lang east and west. a1000Boeth. Metr. xiii. 59 (Gr.) Sio sunne..norð eft and east Eldum oðeweð. c1200Ormin 7270 We sæȝhenn æst in ure lond þiss newe kingess sterrne. 1250Lay. 23223 Ferden heo æst ferden heo west. 1473J. Warkworth Chron. (1839) 22 It [a comet] arose ester and ester, till it arose full este. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 35 b, Where it weneth to go eest, it gothe west. 1562J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 41 Alwaie the longe east the shorter west. 1611Bible Gen. xiii. 11 Lot iourneyed East. 1828J. H. Moore Pract. Navig. (ed. 20) 144 If the place be any distance east or west of Greenwich. 1832Act 2 & 3 Will. IV, lxiv. Sched. O. 38 A straight line drawn due east to a point one hundred yards distant.
b. about east: in U.S. slang ‘regularly’, in proper style, as it should be.
a1860H. Bigelow Lett. in Family Comp. (Bartlett), I did walk into the beef and 'taters and things about east. 1864Lowell Biglow P. Wks. (1879) 231 To find out what was about east and to shape his course accordingly.
3. quasi-n. Preceded by prep. from, on, etc.
c1200Ormin 11258 All þiss middellærd iss ec O fowwre daless dæledd Onn Est, o Wesst, o Suþ, o Norþ. a1240Sawles Warde in Cott. Hom. 265 As swifte as þe sunne gleam þe scheot from est into west. a1300Cursor M. 2212 Fra est he broght a felauscap vnto þe feld of sennar.
B. n.
1. a. subst. use of A. 2. The portion of the horizon or of the sky near the place of the sun's rising. More definitely, that one of the cardinal points near which the sun rises.
c1180Newminster Cartul. (1878) 118 Versus le Est. c1300St. Brandan 35 Towards than Est so fur we wende. 1340Ayenb. 124 Sleȝþe: hit wereþ wyþ þet yeast be porueynge aye þe perils. c1440Promp. Parv. 143 Est, oriens. 1535Coverdale Ezek. viii. 16 Fyue and twenty men..turned..their faces towarde the easte. 1599Shakes. Much Ado v. iii. 27 The gentle day..Dapples the drowsie East with spots of grey. 1655H. Vaughan Silex Scint. i. 65 Herbs sleep unto the East. 1732Pope Ep. Cobham 64 The Wind just shifted from the East. 1850Tennyson In Mem. xcv, And East and West..Mixt their dim lights..To broaden into boundless day.
b. to the east (of): (situated) in an eastward direction (from).
1778Robertson Hist. Amer. I. 431 If the countries..had been situate to the east of those whose longitude mariners had ascertained. Mod. Barking is 7 miles to the east of London.
2. a. The eastern part of the world, the orient; the eastern part of a country, district, or town.
a1300Cursor M. 3384 Þai held..þe landes þat war tilward þe est. c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 339 Þre kingis camen afer out of þe eest. 1482Caxton Chron. Eng. xxii. 21 The real wey from the eest in to the west was called watling strete. 1535Coverdale Ezek. xxv. 4, I will delyuer y⊇ to the people of the east. 1667Milton P.L. ii. 3 Where the gorgeous East..Showrs on her Kings Barbaric Pearl. 1732Berkeley Alciphr. vi. §27 There was a general expectation in the east of a Messiah. 1853Robertson Serm. Ser. iii. iii. (1872) 38 In the same East, men take off their sandals in devotion.
b. The states of eastern Europe; the Communist powers. Freq. attrib. and appositively with west (or West).
1951Ann. Reg. 1950 iii. 188 There were more ‘espionage’ convictions..and the closing of the Czech Consulate-General in New York. These incidents, significant of the growing estrangement of East and West, were also..evidence that neither party wished to push its claims to the limit. 1959Daily Tel. 10 Mar. 1/5 Russia had been told her proposals could not be accepted because there was no trust between East and West. 1959News Chron. 5 Aug. 4/2 The harsh reality of the cold war, of East-West tension. 1959Manch. Guardian 11 Aug. 7/4 East-West experts agreed..on the feasibility of detecting tests in the outer orbit. 1968K. Martin Editor xv. 318 It would be very difficult to maintain an objective view of East/West relations.
3. = east-wind.
a1763Shenstone Elegies xx. 12 Where the sharp east for ever..blows. 1785Cowper Task iv. 363 The unhealthful East, That..searches every bone Of the infirm. 1864Bryant Return of Birds iv, The blustering East shall blow.
4. Bridge. (With capital initial.) The player sitting opposite ‘West’.
1926Auction Bridge Mag. Aug. 126/2 West and North passed, and East doubled. Ibid., East's top cards are all sure tricks. Ibid., East is justified in expecting to set South at least one trick. 1929Bridge World Oct. 7/1 The Five Spade bid by East is very good. 1958Listener 2 Oct. 541/2 East had been able to recognise his plan.
C. as adj. That is situated in or adjacent to the eastern part of anything; that is towards the east; oriental, easterly. Formerly often used where eastern would now generally be preferred.
The adjectival use of the word arises from the analysis of compounds like OE. érast-dǽl (see D. 1), the first element of which, having a virtually adjectival force, came to be regarded as a separable word.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 5 [Christ] rad in et þan est ȝete þere burh. 1297R. Glouc. (1810) 2 Temese by the Est syde. a1300Cursor M. 11395 A folk..Wonnand be þe est occean. c1400Mandeville xiv. 156 Ethiope is departed..in the Est partie, and in the Meridionelle partie. 1413Lydg. Pylgr. Sowle v. xiv. 81 The sonne..hastyd hym vpward toward the eest oryson. 1593Hooker Eccl. Pol. iv. xi, The East and West Churches. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iii. vii. 167 An East window welcomes the infant beams of the Sun. 1693Evelyn Compl. Gard. I. 30 There are four sorts of Expositions, the East, the West, the South and the North.
D. In Combination.
1. a. Combined with n., as in † east-deal, eastern part; † east-half [cf. ON. austr-halfr], eastern or easterly side; † east-man (see quot.); east-sea, a sea on the east side of a country, or in an eastern region of the world; formerly also as the proper name of the Baltic [= Ger. Ostsee]. See also East-country, -end, -land, -wind, estriche. (The combs. of this class still in use are now commonly written without hyphen, and east regarded as an adj.)
c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. ii. 2 We ᵹe-sawon hys steorran on *east-dæle. c1200Ormin 16400 æstdale off all þiss werelld iss Anatole ȝehatenn. a1300E.E. Psalter cii[i]. 12 How mikle estdel stand westdel fra.
898O.E. Chron. an. 894 Ðæm monnum þe on *east healfe þære e wicodon. c1200Ormin 3430 He sette a steorrne upp o þe lifft..Onn æst hallf off þiss middellærd. c1400Destr. Troy 10581 He grauntid þo grete a graunt for to haue In the entre of the est halfe.
1610Holland Camden's Brit. ii. 68 The Oustmans, as one would say Esterlings or *Eastmen, came out of..Germanie into Ireland.
c890K. ælfred Bæda i. xii, Fram *east sæ oþ wæst sæ. c1305St. Kenelm 18 in E.E.P. (1862) 48 Temese [goþ] into þe est see. 1710Lond. Gaz. No. 4669/3 A Danish Frigot arrived from the East-Sea.
b. Prefixed to names of countries or districts, usually with sense ‘eastern portion of{ddd}’, as in East Germany, East London; often forming the recognized name of a political or administrative division, as East Prussia, East Derbyshire. Also prefixed to adjs. of territorial signification, as East-midland, East-central; and to names of peoples, as East-Goths (= Ostrogoths), East-Franks. East Coast fever, in East and South Africa, a disease of cattle caused by a protozoan organism (Theileria) and transmitted by ticks.
898O.E. Chron. an. 894 Norþhymbre ond Eastengle hæfdon aþas ᵹeseald. 1513–75Diurn. Occurr. (1833) 40 Vpoun the xxvj day of September, the Homes wan eist-Nisbet. 1561J. Daus tr. Bullinger on Apoc. (1573) 196 The Eastgothes & Lumbardes, obtained Italy. 1817Edin. Rev. XXIX. 49 The East-insular tribes have a chivalrous abhorrence of..personal abuse. 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. II. 55 The East-Goths had a strongly monarchical constitution. 1904A. Theiler in Rep. S. Afr. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 203 The disease was originally called Rhodesian Redwater... An improvement in the nomenclature was the words Rhodesian Tick Fever: a still better name is East Coast Fever. 1955J. H. Wellington Southern Africa II. i. v. 79 East Coast fever, or ‘African Coast fever’, a very virulent and highly fatal form of piroplasmosis.
2. With ppl. adj., as † east-surprised; east-bound, eastward bound (chiefly in America of railway traffic); also ellipt.
1599Nashe Lent. Stuffe (1871) 29 By the proportion of the east-surprised Gades..diuers have tried..to configurate a twin-like image of it. 1881Chicago Times 12 Mar., The east-bound express was held at North Platte. 1882Times 22 Mar. 5/3 East bound freight rates. 1909R. A. Wason Happy Hawkins 222 This time the west-bound had to take a sidin' and wait twenty minutes for the east-bound. 1948H. Drake-Brockman in B. James Austral. Short Stories (1963) 111 The east-bound was on the way towards Wallu.
3. east-south-east, east-north-east: the points of the compass distant 22½° from due East; east-by-south, east-by-north: the points distant 111/4° from due East. Used as n., adj., and adv.
1555Eden Decades W. Ind. i. vi. (Arb.) 87 An Eastsoutheaste wynde arose. 1594Davis Seaman's Secr. (1607) 14 East and by north raiseth a degree in sailing 102 leagues and a mile. 1713Lond. Gaz. No. 5141/3 A Sand lies almost East and by South, half Southerly from the Spurn Light. 1725De Foe Voy. round W. (1840) 84 We..then stood away east, and east-by-north. Ibid. 302 [We] stood away..east-north-east. Ibid. 335 A much larger river..which..ran east-by-south towards the sea. 1742Woodroofe in Hanway Trav. (1762) I. ii. xxiii. 98 A light breeze springing up at east south east, we weighed. 1849Dana Geol. ix. (1850) 489 The course of a fissure is east-by-north.
Add:[C.] b. Eccl. Situated in or at that part of a church (normally the actual east) containing the altar or high altar. Cf. west adv., n.1, and a. D. 3.
1445in J. G. Nichols Descr. Beauchamp Chapel (1838) 29 In the Est windowe be vij lights. 1713W. Derham Physico-Theol. iv. iii. 120 The Whispering-place in Glocester Cathedral..is no other than a Gallery above the East-end of the Choir. 1834J. Romilly Diary 31 May (1967) 59 We..paid a visit to the Church; it is very nicely fitted up with an organ & stalls, the East End very well done up. 1937E. Vale in T. Stephenson Romantic Brit. 136 (caption) The choir, Worcester cathedral... The east window is made up of five separate lancets. 1963Ann. Reg. 1962 447 [Coventry Cathedral] was planned as a simple rectangle with the liturgical ‘east’ wall facing north. 1986H. Thorold Collins Guide Cathedrals, Abbeys & Priories of Eng. 279 (caption) York Minster: the chancel and the east window.
▪ II. east, v.|iːst|
[f. prec.]
a. intr. To move, turn, or veer towards the east. Cf. easting vbl. n.b. refl. To orientate, find out one's true position.
1858O. A. Brownson Wks. V. 202 He must make many a turning..before he can east himself. |