| 释义 |
▪ I. rating, vbl. n.1|ˈreɪtɪŋ|
[f. rate v.1 + -ing1.]
1. a. The action of the vb., in various senses.
1534Act 26 Hen. VIII, c. 3 §10 In the makinge and ratinge of the sayde yerely values. 1545Brinklow Complaynt 15 b, By the parcyal act of ratyng of vytellys. 1596Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 663/2 What rating of rents meane you? 1764Burn Poor Laws 129 Rating of the wages of servants, artificers, and labourers, is also..of very ancient date. 1858Bright Sp., Reform 21 Dec. (1876) 308 The system of rating forms the basis of the elective franchise. 1884B'ham Daily Post 23 Dec. 3/5 Watch-jobber wanted; one who thoroughly understands the cleaning and rating of Chronometers.
b. The (or an) amount fixed as a rate.
1887S. D. Horton Silver Pound 77 A suggestion to change..the permitted rating of the Guinea in Government offices. 1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 481 The practice of applying an extra rating for residence in the tropics..has been found to work fairly on the whole.
attrib.1866Bright Sp., Reform 13 Mar. (1876) 345 In Ireland they had a {pstlg}12 rating franchise. 1893Times 25 Apr. 5/5 Persons with a {pstlg}20 rating qualification.
2. Naut.
a. ‘The station a person holds on the ship's books’ (Smyth); also transf., position, class, etc., in general.
1702Lond. Gaz. No. 3815/3 The Names, Qualities or Ratings of the Company of such Man of War. 1840Marryat Poor Jack ii, As he no longer did the duty of coxswain,..he was not entitled to the rating. 1853De Quincey Autobiog. Sk. Wks. I. 150 When my ‘rating’, or graduation in the school, was to be settled. 1891Daily News 16 June 3/6 The third match was between yachts not exceeding a rating of twenty tons.
b. In pl. Men of a certain rating.
1893Westm. Gaz. 2 Dec. 3/2 We certainly cannot build lieutenants in 3½ years! whilst in all engine-room ratings we are still more behindhand. 1906Ibid. 6 June 6/2 The cruiser..landed fourteen officers, 290 ratings, and eighty-five marines. 1925Nation 26 Sept. 756/2 Numerous ground ratings are needed to handle airships in and out of the hangars in addition to a very considerable repair staff of specially skilled ratings. 1932Daily Express 27 Jan. 1/2 Many of the ratings belong to Portsmouth, and some are married and have families. 1955Times 12 May 7/5 Two naval ratings, both aged 19, were arrested on board H.M.S. Ark Royal. 1979Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXVII. 545/2 Six scholarships for deck ratings were awarded.
3. The value of a property which is claimed to be standard or limiting for a piece of equipment or a material, or to be necessary for its optimal or standard use; a rated value (rated ppl. a.1 2).
Quot. 1893 repr. the action of rate v.1 8 rather than the result.
1893Trans. Amer. Inst. Electr. Engineers X. 260 This wire was quite uniform in diameter, and gave evidence of careful rating. The curve of rating should be of the same general equation as that of fusion, since both represent isothermal conditions. 1905Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engineers XXXV. 367 The ‘normal carrying capacity’ or ‘rating’ of a fuse wire may be defined as: The maximum current which the fuse is capable of carrying continuously without deterioration or undue heating. 1916Standardization Rules Amer. Inst. Electr. Engineers 25 A transformer of given kv-a rating must be capable of delivering the rated output at rated secondary voltage. 1941E. Molloy Aero-Engine Pract. 57 The rating of an aero-engine is prepared not with the mere hope that it may be suitable for some aircraft or other, but with the intention of fulfilling a definite specification, whether civil or military. 1967G. Arnold Re-Wiring House 19 Cables used in house wiring usually operate at below their maximum current rating. 1967M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World iv. 123 This enables the insulator to be operated at higher ratings than would otherwise be possible. 1968Miller & Sawers Techn. Devel. Mod. Aviation iii. 94 The fuel used in the 1920's was no better than that sold for cars, with an octane rating of about 50. 1969Jane's Freight Containers 1968–69 12/1 Rating, means the maximum gross weight and is the maximum permissible combined weight of the freight container and of its contents. 1974Homes & Gardens Apr. 150/2 The fuse rating is given in the accompanying instruction book as well as being clearly marked on the appliance rating plate. 1978Amateur Photographer 2 Aug. 131/1 It is important that the total current drawn from all sockets should not exceed the rating of the supply socket—13 or 15-amp.
4. a. An assessment or measure (of a person's achievement, behaviour, skill, status, etc.); a grade, category or standing.
1921A. W. Procter Princ. Public Personnel Admin. viii. 162 A rating of individual efficiency is intended to be a measurement of the value of the services rendered throughout a given period of time by an individual employee. 1939[see dating vbl. n. c]. 1948B. G. M. Gundkler Bantu Prophets S. Afr. iv. 88 The farmer has certain definite rules for social rating. 1951M. McLuhan Mech. Bride (1967) 58/2 Culture ratings à la Emily Post are not often made in accordance with the consumer mentality. Ibid. 59/2 Woe to the indigent intellectual who accidentally acquires a ‘high’ rating without the economic appendages. 1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. xi. 138 Suppose a firm selects personnel by interviewing applicants. We can find out how effective this is by comparing ratings (or the rank-order) of candidates made by the interviewer with their subsequent success at the job. 1968Listener 6 June 748/2 There is to be a ballot during the interval to determine which of three works..should be repeated after the interval. One doesn't have to think very long to discover how invidious this could turn out to be. First performances are quite bad enough for the composers concerned without their having to worry about Instant Popularity Ratings as well. 1974Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) 26 Oct. 4-d/4 Many sports publications may have underestimated the Cavaliers in the pre-season ratings.
b. Broadcasting. Usu. pl. orig. Crossley rating [from Archibald M. Crossley who in 1930 began the regular reports of the Cooperative Analysis of Broadcasting]: an estimate, based on statistical sampling, of the size of the audience of any particular radio or television programme; its popularity so assessed.
1939Business Week 25 Feb. 36/2 You've heard some radio comedian crack, after getting off a poor gag, ‘There goes my Crossley’. He is referring to his popularity rating with one of the services that measure..the size of radio listening audiences. 1940Time 29 Jan. 50/2 In the radio business, ‘Crossley ratings’ are the official box-office count. Crossley's boss is the Cooperative Analysis of Broadcasting, instituted eleven years ago..and now subscribed to by 635 sponsors. 1941G. Marx Groucho Lett. (1967) 47 The Tommy Riggs show, which I spurned, now has a Crosley rating of seventeen... This will give you an idea of how little I know about audiences and what they want. 1947Billboard 1 Nov. 3 The majority of new shows on the air—so far at least—are failing to show evidence of any particular rating strength. This is especially true when ratings are related to talent budgets. 1952H. V. Grohmann Advertising Terminol. 64 Rating, the popularity test for a specific show. 1959Daily Mail 11 Aug. 8/8 According to the ratings, the only court of public opinion that counts in these circles, Hylton shows are successful. 1962Times 19 May 4/3 Public-service broadcasting, free from ‘the tyranny of the ratings’. 1971Daily Tel. 2 Aug. 7/4 Though the two BBC channels between them still share the ratings with ITV on a 50–50 basis, the trend is sufficiently strong to alarm the major companies. 1977Time 7 Feb. 40/3 The hokiness of Hollywood fame got to him too. He would say, ‘Even my friendships are related to ratings.’
5. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 1) rating area, rating authority; (sense 2) rating badge; (sense 3) rating point, rating scale; (sense 4 b) ratings battle, ratings issue, ratings terms, ratings war.
1928Britain's Industr. Future (Liberal Industr. Inquiry) v. 408 Rating areas should be drastically revised with a view to a more equal distribution of the burden of rates.
1962L. Golding Dict. Local Govt. 328 Rating authorities, i.e., the local authorities responsible for levying and collection of rates, are the councils of county boroughs and county districts.
1910Our Navy (U.S.) Apr. 19/1 A following the sea Is plenty good enough for me, Since I've got a ratin' badge tacked on my arm. 1921Sea Bag (U.S.S.S. Oklahoma) 22 June 2/1 How many men suddenly wake up to the fact that they haven't watch-marks on their jumpers or rating-badges on their sleeves?
1976Sun (Baltimore) 16 May a12/4 Since it [sc. Washington] is a bigger TV market than Baltimore, it costs more for a political advertisement. The price in Washington is $90 a rating point. In Baltimore it is $50 a rating point. In Baltimore, a rating point represents about 7,500 homes.
1974Times 15 Oct. 16/6 The silly ratings battle..claims about the number of viewers watching each channel.
1927Scribner's Mag. Apr. 418/2 One institution, in its confidential rating scale to be filled out by the school principal,..and others.., asks..as to ‘moral earnestness, loyalty,..modesty’. 1967M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour v. 102 Another method [of measuring competence] is to use ratings: a number of rating scales are devised covering various aspects of a task, and are filled in by special observers.
1958Wall St. Jrnl. 28 Nov. 1/6 Behind the ratings issue is the bigger question of whether the big TV networks, including the Columbia Broadcasting system, National Broadcasting Co. and American Broadcasting Co., should come under Federal regulation.
1977TV Times (Brisbane) 13 Aug. 11/1 Australian ratings terms have been revised to incorporate the introduction of colour TV and consequent multi-set use in many homes.
1980Times 25 Jan. 19/6 The ratings war—the battle to win as many viewers as possible for a programme.
Senses 4 a, b in Dict. become 4 b, c. Add: [4.] a. An assessment according to an established scale of the value or performance of something offered commercially; spec. in Comm., of the profitability of a company's shares.
1909J. Moody Moody's Anal. Railroad Investments I. Pref. 15 A table of bond records and ratings, in which the position of each bond issue is shown in the average results worked out in the tables. The issues are all then given a rating, indicating their general security and strength as shown by the record. 1924N.Y. Times 13 June 29/1 Moody's Industrial Rating Book for 1924 is now ready. 1935F. W. Jones in A. L. Bernheim Security Markets xvi. 613 The investment value of stocks, particularly common stocks, is..subject to such rapid and wide changes, that rating becomes much less significant than in the case of bonds. The bond ratings are, on the other hand, of real value. 1936Consumers Union Rep. May 8/1 The ratings of the stockings are based on the results of both laboratory tests and tests of wear in actual service. 1960Which? May 103/1 With such a complicated product as a TV set, it is difficult for manufacturers to produce an absolutely standard product. Minor differences in ratings between brands should not, therefore, be taken as too significant. 1973Ibid. Feb. 36/1 The laboratory tested the records to see how ‘hi-fi’ they were. The Table gives ratings, under technical quality. 1976Fortune Apr. 132/2 The ratings are not the sole determinants of a bond's price. 1984Which? Car Suppl. Oct. 21/3 Our ratings are estimates based on the trade value of a two year old car as a proportion of the current price of a new car. 1989Banker Feb. 35/3 Ratings..give comfort to the investor... You need more than price to determine whether or not to buy.
▪ II. rating, vbl. n.2|ˈreɪtɪŋ|
[f. rate v.2 + -ing1.]
The action of reproving, etc.; an instance of this.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 119 b, Least the stronger spoile the weaker, while hee dreadeth the rating and whipping. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 369 Horses and Dogs which live among men..do discern also their tearms of threatning, chiding and rating. 1667Pepys Diary (1877) V. 6, I was witness of a horrid rateing, which Mr. Ashburnham..did give him. 1854Mrs. Gaskell North & S. xxxi, I've helped old Mr. Leonards to give George a good rating. 1878E. W. L. Davies Mem. Rev. J. Russell 299 A little rating and a few cracks of the whip, and their [hounds] heads are up.
▪ III. ˈrating, ppl. a.
[f. rate v.1]
Regulating.
1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 187 A screw..to receive the rating nut.
▪ IV. rating
see retting. |