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syncretism|ˈsɪŋkrɪtɪz(ə)m|
[ad. mod.L. syncrētismus (D. Pareus, 1615), a. Gr. συγκρητισµός, f. συγκρητίζειν to syncretize. Cf. F. syncrétisme, ‘the ioyning, or agreement, of two enemies against a third person’ (Cotgr.).
Spelt syncratism by Ash (1775), who derives it from κράτος power; the spelling is recorded by some later Dicts.]
1. Attempted union or reconciliation of diverse or opposite tenets or practices, esp. in philosophy or religion; spec. the system or principles of a school founded in the 17th century by George Calixtus, who aimed at harmonizing the sects of Protestants and ultimately all Christian bodies: see Calixtin 2. (Almost always in derogatory sense.)
1618Barnevelt's Apol. Ded. A 4, We may much blush thereat: yea euen as much as we patiently did for your Syncretisme, after it lighted into the hands and style of Moguntinus the Iesuit. [1651C. Walker Hist. Independ. iii. 26 Independency being a meer complication and Syncretismus, or rather a Sink and Common Sewer of all Errours.] 1653Baxter Meth. Peace Consc. 274 Plotting a Carnal Syncretism, and attempting the reconcilement of Christ and Belial. 1660Stillingfl. Iren. i. vi. §3 (1662) 109 Grotius..when hee designed the Syncretism with the Church of Rome. 1778Apthorpe Preval. Chr. 162 This divine light..was..obscured by the prevailing syncretism of true and false religion. 1831Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 409 Their particular dissensions were merged in a general syncretism to resist the novelty equally obnoxious to all. 1839Hallam Lit. Eur. iii. iii. §96 It may be considered as a part of this syncretism, as we may call it, of the material and immaterial hypotheses, that Descartes [etc.]. 1853Fraser's Mag. XLVII. 294 Syncretism, under every possible form—ethical, political, social, and theological, was the favourite policy of the Roman emperors. They would have all the varieties of mankind called in and restamped at the Cæsarean mint. 1887A. Lang Myth, Ritual, & Relig. xv. II. 94 The process of syncretism, by which various god⁓names and god-natures are mingled, so as to unite the creeds of different nomes and provinces.
2. Philol. The merging of two or more inflectional categories.
1909in Webster. 1933L. Bloomfield Language xxi. 388 Homonymy and syncretism, the merging of inflectional categories, are normal results of sound-change. 1949C. E. Bazell in E. P. Hamp et al. Readings in Linguistics II (1966) 225 It may not always be possible to draw a fast line between syncretism proper and the neutralisation of a morphemic opposition. 1957,1963[see defectivation]. 1968W. J. Samarin in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. 664 Planned languages reveal many of the features of pidgin languages, namely, lexical syncretism and reduction of redundancy. 1979[see syntagma 4].
3. Psychol. The process of fusing diverse ideas or sensations into a general (inexact) impression; an instance of this.
1926M. Warden tr. Piaget's Lang. & Thought of Child iv. 130 We can discern in this activity of understanding and invention on the part of the child several of those schemas of analogy, of those leaps to conclusions which are the outstanding characteristics of verbal syncretism. 1963T. R. & E. Miles tr. Michotte's Perception of Causality xvii. 276 It is probable that an extreme ‘syncretism’ (i.e. an undifferentiated blending) holds sway at this time. 1967A. L. Baldwin Theories Child Devel. xvii. 501 An example of syncretism in normal adult functioning can be seen in the close relationship between taste and smell. |