| 释义 |
systematic, a. and n.|sɪstɪˈmætɪk, -tə-|
[ad. late L. systēmaticus, a. late Gr. συστηµατικός (both relating to systems of metres), f. σύστηµα system. Cf. F. systématique (1584).]
A. adj.
†1. = next, 1 b. Obs. rare.
a1680Glanvill Serm. Luke xiii. 24 Disc., etc. (1681) 7 All this I must confess,..because Experience constrains me; and I do not know why Systematick Notions should sway more than that.
2. = next, 1. (Passing into sense 3.)
1725Watts Logic ii. iii. §4 (1726) 219 Now we deal much in Essays, and most unreasonably despise systematic Learning. 1812Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. 10 The first Arabian Systematic Works on Chemistry are said to have been composed by Geber. a1821V. Knox Ess. Writing Wks. 1824 I. 5 Systematic books of morality. 1830Herschel Study Nat. Phil. 110 The necessity of saying something learned and systematic, without knowing what to say. 1836H. Rogers J. Howe ii. (1863) 21 Systematic theology..has..been of questionable benefit. 1847Emerson Repr. Men, Swedenborg Wks. (Bohn) I. 316 Swedenborg is systematic..in every sentence. 1865Tylor Early Hist. Man. i. 2 A systematic treatise on the subject.
3. a. gen. Arranged or conducted according to a system, plan, or organized method; involving or observing a system; (of a person) acting according to system, regular and methodical.
1789Loiterer 13 June 8 Armour was rarely used in battles where artillery alone could decide..the Day... There was seldom any opportunity of signalizing personal courage amidst the regularity of systematic murder. 1790Burke Rev. France 84 These gentlemen value themselves on being systematic. 1796― Regic. Peace ii. Wks. VIII. 244 The systematick proceedings of a Roman senate. 1833Alison Hist. Eur. (1849) III. xvii. §18. 500 A systematic and uniform line of conduct. 1863Lyell Antiq. Man i. 2 The facts brought to light..during the systematic investigation of the Brixham cave. 1867Dickens Lett. (1880) II. 273 He is very systematic with the luggage. 1910Encycl. Brit. II. 28/2 Though it will occasionally take a large fly, a worm or other ground-bait, its systematic capture is only essayed with small fish or artificial spinning-baits.
b. Qualifying nouns of action of unfavourable meaning: Carried out with a regularity such as to indicate intention or habitual action; regularly organized (for an evil purpose), or carried on as a regular (and reprehensible) practice. Also said of the agent.
1803Brougham Colon. Policy I. 123 The house of Brandenburg seized this opportunity of prosecuting the systematic views of unprincipled aggrandisement, which have presided over its councils since the name of Prussia was known in Europe. 1828D'Israeli Chas. I, I. vi. 163 The systematic intrigues of the Papal Court. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. I. iv. 195 After so many years of systematic devastation. 1874L. Stephen Hours in Libr. (1892) I. iii. 106 Pope..was a systematic appropriator..of other men's thoughts. 1874Green Short Hist. viii. §3. 489 They turned religion into a systematic attack on English liberty.
c. systematic ambiguity (Philos.) (see quot. 1933). Cf. systematically ambiguous adj. phr. s.v. systematically adv. 1 c.
1910B. Russell in Whitehead & Russell Principia Math. I. Introd. iii. 45 This is due to a systematic ambiguity in the meanings of ‘not’ and ‘or’, by which they adapt themselves to propositions of any order. 1933L. S. Stebbing Mod. Introd. Logic (ed. 2) ix. 161 When the same words are used in sentences which express different kinds of propositions, yet in each case the usage is significant, then these words are said to have ‘systematic ambiguity’... This ambiguity is systematic because it can be formulated according to a rule. 1952W. V. Quine Methods of Logic p. xi, Systematic ambiguities..are essential to the nature of language. 1979Proc. Amer. Cath. Philos. Soc. LIII. 78 In this paper, I want to argue that there is a systematic ambiguity in the concept of person which explains why it has often been used to favor sexist discrimination.
d. systematic error, an error with a non-zero mean, so that its effect is not reduced when observations are averaged.
1925R. A. Fisher Statistical Methods for Research Workers vi. 169 It is worth while to consider the effects of two classes of systematic errors, which, although of little or no importance when single values only are available, become of increasing importance as larger numbers of samples are averaged. 1981Astrophysical Jrnl. CCXLVIII. 34/2 Although there is a statistically significant deviation from a Planck spectrum, there are serious limitations to the statistical analysis where systematic errors are likely.
4. Nat. Hist., etc. Pertaining to, following, or arranged according to a system of classification; of or pertaining to classification, classificatory. Also of a writer: Composing or adhering to a system of classification.
1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. 23 The distinctive Characters, and systematic Arrangement, of Earths and Stones. 1800Shaw (title) General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. 1829T. Castle Introd. Bot. 12 Endeavouring to perfect systematic botany. 1835J. Duncan Beetles (Nat. Lib.) 86 Beetles..such as burrow in the earth,..(the Geodephagi of some modern systematic writers). 1839Yarrell Brit. Fishes I. Suppl. 11 Trigla lyra, the systematic name of our English Piper Gurnard. 1863Huxley Man's Place Nat. ii. 102/3 This is a very noteworthy circumstance..but it has little systematic value.
5. Consisting of systems of heavenly bodies. rare.
1829Chapters Phys. Sci. 415 Those numerous hosts of systematic universes.
6. = systemic 1 b. rare.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 3 The ‘systematic’ lesions [of myelitis].
7. Chem. Of the name of a chemical species: constructed in accordance with an agreed set of rules so as to represent the detailed chemical structure of the named species (e.g. N-methylpent-2-ylamine); so systematic nomenclature. Cf. trivial a.
1858Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1857 ii. 45 The classification on which the author proposes to base a systematic nomenclature for organic compounds, is a modification of that employed by Gerhardt. 1879Watts Dict. Chem. Suppl. I. 705 A systematic nomenclature for the hydrocarbons, which are the fundamental compounds of organic chemistry, is a great desideratum. 1892Nature 19 May 57/2 It is clearly an absolute necessity of the times that every compound should bear a systematic name of such a character that it can be at once translated into the corresponding formula. 1959R. S. Cahn Introd. Chem. Nomenclature iii. 39 There is a fundamental disinction between the use of trivial and systematic names: trivial names refer to compounds, systematic names to structures. 1978Nature 31 Aug. 929/2 Natural products with particular molecular features cannot normally be located by the keyword approach, as such compounds usually have trivial, rather than systematic, names. 1982J. E. Fernandez Org. Chem. iv. 59 An international, systematic nomenclature system now exists and is used by organic chemists throughout the world.
B. n.
1. Nat. Hist., etc. A systematist.
1771T. Percival Ess. (1777) I. 9 Salt, sulphur, acrimonies, caustics, volatiles, ferments,..have each..by different systematics, been received as the..principia morborum. 1788J. Brown tr. Elem. Med. I. 287 note, Nothing is more artificial and arbitrary than the arrangements either of Systematics or Nosologists.
2. pl. systematics [see -ic 2]= taxonomy.
[1840W. Whewell Philos. Induct. Sci. I. viii. ii. 468 A department of the philosophy of natural history which has been termed by some writers (as Decandolle,) Taxonomy..by some Germans..has been denominated Systematik; if we could now form a new substantive after the analogy of the words Logic, Rhetoric, and the like, we might call it Systematick.] 1888Nature 20 Dec. 177/2 Huxley's classification..in 1867, marked an epoch in the systematics of birds. 1909E. B. Poulton in Q. Rev. July 14 Many hundreds of naturalists..devote their lives to systematics—to the study of the differences between species. 1940J. S. Huxley New Systematics 1 To-day..systematics has become one of the focal points of biology. 1951G. H. M. Lawrence Taxon. Vascular Plants i. 3 In this text the taxonomy of vascular plants includes the systematics of the taxa known as pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. 1969E. Mayr Princ. Systematic Zool. p. vii, Systematics has had a remarkable renaissance during the last generation. |