| 释义 |
systemic, a. (and n.)|sɪˈstɛmɪk|
[irreg. f. system + -ic; used for differentiation of meaning instead of the regular systematic.]
1. a. Physiol. and Path. Belonging to, supplying, or affecting the system or body as a whole; orig. and esp. in reference to the general circulation as distinguished from that supplying the respiratory organs (pulmonary or bronchial).
1803Barclay New Anat. Nomencl. 122 Let the vessels which convey it [sc. blood] from the lungs to the system be called the Systemic, and those which convey it from the system to the lungs be named the Pulmonic. 1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 794/1 The cessation of these actions, and the consequent solution of connection between the various parts of the body, is systemic death. 1841R. E. Grant Comp. Anat. 498 The great systemic artery issuing from the left ventricle. 1858Blackw. Mag. LXXXIII. 326 The..systemic sensation of Hunger. 1889Bartholow Mat. Med. (ed. 7) 489 Systemic effects may be produced by such an application. 1896Newton Dict. Birds 1008 The Systemic Circulation..divisible into Arterial and Venous.
b. Belonging to or affecting a particular system of bodily organs, esp. the nervous system or special parts of it: see quot. 1890.
1887W. F. Revell Ethical Forecasts 81 Certain molecular movements of nerve-substance marshal themselves, or are marshalled, into such order as..gives rise to orderly sequences of thought... Does there not seem to be..a systemic intelligence, or a systemic grouping of forces which secures the results that intelligence might be expected to secure? 1890Billings Nat. Med. Dict. s.v., S[ystemic] lesion, a lesion limited to one set of homologous parts, such as the posterior columns or the anterior cornua of the spinal cord. 1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 181 Systemic sclerosis of a small but defined tract of the spinal cord.
c. Of a herbicide, insecticide, or fungicide: entering the system of a plant or animal and freely transported within its tissues. Also as n., a systemic agent.
1949Ann. Appl. Biol. XXXVI. 160 The term ‘systemic insecticides’ refers only to chemical substances which are absorbed by the plant and translocated to all parts of it, rendering it insecticidal. 1961New Scientist 5 Jan. 50/2 The animal systemics ronnel..and CoRal have been in commercial use for some time. 1964Which? Apr. 114/1 Dimethoate and menazon are unlike the other insecticides in being systemics, i.e. they are absorbed into the plant instead of just being deposited on it. 1971Exper. Agric. VII. 2 Four different systemics were used. 1979Radio Times 5–11 May 13/4 The best control is to spray young foliage thoroughly with Benlate systemic fungicide.
2. gen. Of or pertaining to a system.
1850in Ogilvie; hence in later Dicts. 1946C. Morris Signs, Lang. & Behavior 104 In the systemic use of signs the aim is simply to organize sign-produced behavior. 1952A. Cohen Phonemes of English 54 It is not as loans, but as residual structural irregularities, which might rather be called ‘systemic fragments’ than ‘coexistent systems’. 1966S. Beer Decision & Control xvii. 439 They will demand that systemic qualities be measured which no-one as yet knows how to measure. 1975Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Oct. 1233/5 A tradition of American political and social thought..that demands social justice without labelling injustice a systemic product. 1977Dædalus Summer 55 Many scholars, especially those whose level of analysis is systemic, implicitly write as if they were addressing themselves to a world government.
3. systemic grammar, a method of linguistic analysis developed by M. A. K. Halliday in 1961 in Word XVII, based on the ideas of J. R. Firth and others. Similarly systemic linguistics. Cf. system 4 e.
1968Computers & Humanities II. 147 The linguistic description I adopted for my study was systemic grammar. 1971D. Crystal Linguistics iv. 215 More recently, Halliday has developed out of this a concept of systemic grammar. 1975M. Berry (title) Introduction to systemic linguistics. 1978Language LIV. 351 The grammar that assigns to sentences structures like the one in Fig. 1 is generative fusion of elements of American-style immediate-constituent analysis (cf. Nida 1960), European-style dependency theory (cf. Tesnière 1959), and British-style systemic grammar (cf. Halliday 1961).
So † syˈstemical a. (obs. rare), systematic; hence syˈstemically adv., (a) systematically; (b) in relation to the bodily system.
1724A. Collins Gr. Chr. Relig. Concl. 273 The commentaries on Scripture, and systemical books of all modern theologues. 1888Centen. Confer. Missions (U.S.) II. 265 What general would dare systemically to fight without reserves? 1889Lancet 4 May 882/1 It seems likely that it [sc. corrosive sublimate] acts as much systemically as locally. |