| 释义 |
template|ˈtɛmpleɪt|
Also 7– templet |ˈtɛmplɪt|.
[Of uncertain origin.
L. templum ‘temple’ had also the sense ‘rafter’; templet in sense 1 here (but hardly in sense 2) might possibly be a dim. from this. F. templet is given by Littré only as a synonym and presumably a derivative of temple fem., a weaver's stretcher, temple n.3 The spelling template, with its spelling-pronunciation, is evidently pseudo-etymological after plate.]
1. a. Building. A horizontal piece of timber in a wall, or spanning a window or doorway, to take and distribute the pressure of a girder, or of joists or rafters; a plate.
1677Moxon Mech. Exerc. (ed. 2) 26 When you lay any timber on brickwork, as lintels over windows, or templets under girders, lay them in loom. 1802Trans. Soc. Arts XX. 216 The templets or wall-plates on which the Girder rests. 1819P. Nicholson Archit. Dict., Templet. 1855Act 18 & 19 Vict. c. 122 §15 Every bressummer bearing upon any party wall must be borne by a templet, or corbel of stone or iron, tailed through at least half the thickness of such wall, and of the full breadth of the bressummer. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. iii. 195 The purpose of templates is similar to that of wall-plates. 1901J. Black's Carp. & Build., Scaffolding 53 The templets must..be bedded in good strong portland cement mortar before being wedged up tightly.
b. Shipbuilding. One of the wedges for a block under the keel.
1877in Knight Dict. Mech.
2. a. An instrument used as a gauge or guide in bringing any piece of work to the desired shape; usually a flat piece of wood or metal having one edge shaped to correspond to the outline of the finished work; also used as a tool in moulding, and as a guide in forming moulds for castings or pottery, in an automatic lathe, etc.
1819P. Nicholson Archit. Dict., Templet, a mould used in masonry and brickwork for the purpose of cutting or setting the work. 1823― Pract. Build. 359 It will be necessary to have one templet made convex, to try the faces of bricks to. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 586 Form a templet or cradle to the surface intended. 1844Civil Engin. & Arch. Jrnl. VII. 187/1 The propeller was of cast iron, and was moulded in loam without a model, by means of iron templates cut to the required curve. 1863Smiles Indust. Biog. 271 His [R. Roberts's] system of templets and gauges, by means of which every part of an engine or tender corresponded with that of every other engine or tender of the same class. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. i. 3/2. 1929 D. S. Stewart Pract. Design Simple Steel Struct. I. iii. 24 Templates may be either..the bars which are to be used in the structure or..made from some light and easily worked material. 1942Sun (Baltimore) 25 Nov. 6/4 A ship starts being a ship in the mold loft, where skilled hands make wooden patterns, called templates, from the designer's blueprints. 1967E. Short Embroidery & Fabric Collage iii. 71 The main lines of the design can be chalked in or tacked on to the top fabric, details being put in freely or drawn round a template. 1977Early Music July 443/3 (Advt.), Set of three, fully-explanatory A2 drawings, two templates, [etc.].
b. A flat plate or strip perforated with holes used as a guide in marking out holes for riveting or drilling. Also attrib.
Also, a wooden frame corresponding to the base of any piece of machinery that requires to be fixed by bolts, having holes by means of which the permanent holding-down bolts can be previously fixed in concrete in the exact position to pass through the bolt-holes in the base in question.
1874Thearle Naval Archit. 98 Templates are used for taking account of the rivet holes in the inside strakes corresponding to those in the frames, when the plates are too heavy to be held in place, and there marked. 1877Knight Dict. Mech. 2529/2 Perforated templets are used by boiler-makers and others to lay out the holes for punching. 1895A. J. Evans in Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. XIV. 320 The symbol might have been a simple kind of stencilling plate known as a ‘template’, such as is still in use among decorators. Ibid. 323 The template symbol.
c. Oil Industry. A frame anchored to the sea-floor to which an offshore platform may be attached.
1975Petroleum Rev. XXIX. 142/1 The system is mounted on a tubular steel frame called a template, which is 124 ft wide and 42 ft high. 1976Offshore Platforms & Pipelining 19/1 The riser..is anchored to a template on the sea floor.
3. Chiefly Biol. A molecule or molecular pattern that determines the sequence in which other molecules are assembled into a macromolecule; spec. a molecule of nucleic acid that acts thus in the synthesis of nucleic acids or proteins.
[1904Proc. R. Soc. LXXIII. 542 The protoplasmic complex may be regarded as built up of a series of associated templates which serve as patterns to determine change in the various directions necessary for the maintenance of vital processes and of growth.] 1949Q. Rev. Biol. XXIV. 98/1 If we accept the view that the normal cellular proteins are formed as negative replicas of a positive cellular template, we are confronted with a serious dilemma. 1953Watson & Crick in Nature 30 May 966/1 Previous discussions of self-duplication have usually involved the concept of a template, or mould... Our model for deoxyribonucleic acid is, in effect, a pair of templates. 1961Ann. Reg. 1960 402 This theory differed from the older ‘instructive’ theory in which any cell was able to produce antibody to any pattern using the antigen itself as a template. 1964Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LI. 801 (heading) A complex of enzymatically synthesised rna and template dna. 1970Nature 5 Sept. 1012/2 RNA tumour viruses can act as templates for the synthesis of DNA. 1977N.Y. Rev. Bks. 27 Oct. 17/1 Segments of DNA, selected because they are templates for valuable products such as hormones, antigens or antibodies, might be produced in bulk by multiplying them in culture of E. coli. 1980N. K. Mathur et al. Polymers as Aids in Org. Chem. iii. 161 The polymer was prepared with functional groups juxtaposed in an exact, predetermined steric relationship by polymerizing monomers around an optically active template—either d-glyceric acid or [etc.].
4. transf. and fig.
1965Science & Psychoanalysis VIII. 64 What is established is rather a probabilistic system of implicit or ‘unconscious’ schemas..which serve as some kind of abstract templates for comparison. 1973Computers & Humanities VII. 159 Each English text to be translated goes through a fragmentation and reordering that allows it to match a template form... The translation into French is then made from the template and the original text. 1976Nichols & Armstrong Workers Divided ii. 143 Their usual point of reference is the old/Northern/real working class. This forms the template against which they judge the modern/militant..generation. 1983Microcomputer Printout Sept. 57/1 Some companies market ready-written models, sometimes called templates on a disk, for standard functions such as a Profit and Loss statement. |