| 释义 |
▪ I. etch, n.1|ɛtʃ|
[contracted form of eddish.]
1. a. = eddish 2 a; b. = eddish 2 b.
a.1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 85 Eat etch er ye plow, with hog, sheepe and cow. 1669[see eddish 2].
b.1727Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Corn, Let the Dung be laid upon the Etch, and sow it with Barley. 1795Scots Mag. LVII. 817/1 We observe wheat sowing after wheat, and likewise upon weak barley and oat etches. 1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. II. 209 Left foul after a crop of white grain..the stubble or etch is shallow ploughed.
2. attrib., as etch-crop (see quots.).
1707Mortimer Husb. (J.), When they sow their etch crops, they sprinkle a pound or two of clover on an acre. 1727Bradley Fam. Dict s.v. Corn, The next Crop, which they call the Etch-crop, [they sow it] with Oats, Beans, Pease, &c. 1806–7A. Young Agric. Essex (1813) I. 206 Every where you hear a condemnation of all etch or after crops, such as clover, pease, beans, tares, or oat.
▪ II. etch, n.2|ɛtʃ|
[f. etch v.2]
The action or process of etching. Freq. attrib. and Comb. (see etch v.2 4).
1896Amer. Bookmaker Mar. 81/1 After the first etch the plate should be perfectly cleaned. 1967E. Chambers Photolitho-Offset x. 142 After 30 sec. immersion in the etch-bleach bath, the room light (white light) is switched on permanently. 1967Times 23 Nov. 4/7 (heading) Improved etch for integrated circuits. Ibid., The new development is called an anisotropic etch, which ensures that the slot does not get wider as it gets deeper.
Add:2. Lithography. A liquid mixture, usu. containing gum arabic and nitric acid, applied to the surface of a lithographic stone to form a solid crust which confines ink to the uncoated areas of the stone.
1930B. Brown Lithogr. for Artists viii. 65 A thick brush drinks up too much of the etch. 1941G. Arnold Creative Lithogr. viii. 94 Put away the acid bottle and pipette, and then mix the etch with the damp acid brush. 1967Karch & Buber Offset Processes vii. 258 It is advisable for the pressman to be able to mix various fountain etches for emergency purposes, as well as to determine which solution will provide the best results. 1982J. Eisler tr. Krejca's Print-Making Techniques iii. 163 The mutual antagonism between grease and water must be strengthened, so..the stone is prepared with an etch, i.e. a mixture of nitric acid with a solution of gum Arabic.
▪ III. † etch, v.1 Obs. or dial.
[f. etch n.1]
intr. To sow an after-crop.
Hence ˈetching vbl. n.
1806–7A. Young Agric. of Essex (1813) I. 210 Crops and fallow is better than etching.
▪ IV. etch, v.2|ɛtʃ|
[a. Du. etsen, a. Ger. ätzen to etch:—MHG. etzen, atzen:—OHG. ezjan, azjan to cause to eat or to be eaten = Goth. *atjan (in fra-atjan to distribute for food):—OTeut. *atjan, causative of *etan to eat.]
1. a. trans. To engrave (metals, sometimes glass, stone) by ‘eating away’ the surface with acids or other corrosives; chiefly, to engrave by this process (a copper or other metal plate) for the purpose of printing from it. Hence, to produce (figures), copy or reproduce (pictures, drawings, etc.), represent or portray (subjects) by this method.
In etching plates to be printed from, the metal is covered with a protective varnish called the ground, and the lines of the design are drawn through this substance with an ‘etching-needle’; the acid is then poured over the ground, and acts on the plate only where its surface has been exposed by the needle. The vb. is also used of the production of designs on polished metal, esp. steel, by means of acids, the designs ‘etched’ appearing dead or clouded; also of the similar ornamentation of glass, the agent in this case being fluorine.
1634J. B[ate] Myst. Nat. 140 Thereupon must be pounced, drawne, or traced, the thing that you are to etch. 1662Evelyn Chalcogr. 72 The incomparable Landskips set forth by Paul Brill (some of which have been Etched in Aqua fortis by Nieulant). a1691Boyle Wks. (1772) III. 459, I have very seldom seen lovelier cuts..than I have seen made on plates etched, some by a French and others by an English artificer. 1781W. Gilpin in Mrs. Delany's Corr. Ser. ii. III. 38 A nephew of mine..thinks he has skill enough in his art to etch the drawings in aqua tinta. 1799G. Smith Laborat. I. 231 To etch 100 or more Knife-blades at once. 1854J. Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc. Chem. 370 The piece of glass to be etched. 1857A. Jameson Sacr. & Leg. Art (ed. 3) Pref., All the Illustrations, which were formerly etched on copper, have been newly etched on steel.
b. transf. and fig.
1768Sterne Sent. Journ., Captive, With a rusty nail he was etching [upon a stick] another day of misery. 1851Longfellow Gold. Leg. i. Crt.-yard of Castle, The swift and mantling river..Etched with the shadows of its sombre margent. 1863Hawthorne Old Home, Lond. Suburb (1879) 244 Hours of Sabbath quietude, with a calm variety of incident softly etched upon their tranquil lapse. 1870Lowell Study Wind. 54 The shadows..of the bare boughs etched with a touch beyond Rembrandt.
2. absol. and intr. To practise the art of etching.
1634J. B[ate] Myst. Nat. 134 It is impossible for one ever to Grave or Etch well except he can draw well with the pen. Ibid. 140 The Plate you are to etch upon..[must be]..ouerlaid..with a ground made for the purpose. 1662W. Faithorne (title), The Art of Graving and etching. 1768W. Gilpin Ess. on Prints 150 Swanevelt..etched in the manner of Waterlo. 1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 199 The property which this acid has of corroding glass, has induced several ingenious men to attempt, by means of it, to..etch upon glass. 1854J. Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc. Chem. 370 The operation of etching upon glass.
3. To corrode. to etch out: to eat out (by an acid, etc.).
1664Power Exp. Philos. ii. 90 The cylinder of Quicksilver will seem cragged and itch'd [in Errata etch'd], and never purely smooth and polished. 1875Sir J. W. Dawson Life's Dawn 101 By acting on the surface with a dilute acid we etch out the calcareous part.
4. Comb., etch figure [tr. G. aetzfigur (H. A. Baumhauer 1869, in Ann. d. Physik und Chem. CXXXVIII. 563)], a depression on the face of a crystal caused by the action of a solvent; also etch pit; etch-water, the acid used in etching.
1879Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXXVI. 439 ‘*Etch-figures’ on quartz crystals. Ibid. 440 Different ‘etch-figures’ are produced by acids upon the octohedral faces from those produced by the action of water upon those faces. 1922A. E. H. Tutton Crystallography (ed. 2) II. iii. liii. 1200 These etch-figures in every case are symmetrical to the single plane of symmetry. 1923Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics V. ii. 376/2 The etched facets on crystal surfaces..appear as more or less isolated markings on the crystal surface. In the latter case they exhibit the typical geometrical characteristics of the crystal, and are known as ‘etch figures’.
1950Sci. News XV. 67 The *etch pits are seen to go down in a series of terraces like Dante's Inferno. 1959Jrnl. Inst. Metals LXXXVII. 376/1 A knowledge of the factors that influence the formation and distribution of etch pits is of primary importance, since these factors govern the validity of the etch-figure technique as a method of determining the distribution of dislocations in a material.
1799G. Smith Laborat. I. 230 To prepare the *etch-water.
Hence etched |ɛtʃt|, ppl. a. etched figure = etch figure above.
1847(title), Sixty Etched Reminiscences of the Models in the University Galleries, Oxford, by Sir F. Chantrey. 1876Jrnl. Chem. Soc. II. 273 (heading) Etched figures on cubes of rock-salt. 1877Kate Thompson Handbk. Picture Gall., His etched works, which are so numerous and well-known. 1902H. A. Miers Min. i. v. 112 Etched figures are of the greatest possible value in indicating the true symmetry of a mineral. Ibid. 113 A closer study of the etched figures upon various minerals shows that they are of two sorts; some faces of the crystal become covered with minute depressions or pits, others with minute elevations.
▪ V. † etch, v.3
[? var. of edge v.1]
= edge v.1 6.
1691Ray Creation ii. (1701) 245 Without shifting of sides or at least etching this way and that way more or less.
▪ VI. etch, v.4
var. of eche v. Obs. to etch out, to eke out. See eke v. 3.
1682D'Urfey Butler's Ghost 73 And none like him had e're the skill To etch and lengthen out a Bill. c1698Locke Cond. Underst. (1813) §29 Terms..found in some learned writers, to which they had recourse to etch out their systems. |