| 释义 |
exclude, v.|ɛkˈskluːd|
Also 5–6 exclud, 5 pa. pple. exclud, 6 Sc. excluid.
[ad. L. exclūdĕ-re to shut out, f. ex- out + claudĕre to shut.]
I. To bar or keep out (what is already outside).
1. trans. To shut out (persons, living things), hinder from entering (a place, enclosure, society, etc.). Const. from, † out of, and † with double obj. by omission of from.
c1440York Myst. xv. 32 The force of the feende to felle in sighte, And all his pouer excluded shulde be. c1465Eng. Chron. (Camden) 10 Thi childryn shall be disheritid. and excludid fro the parlement..for evirmore. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 7 b, Therby all menkynde was vtterly lost and excluded out of paradyse. 1635E. Pagitt Christianogr. (1646) i. 132 Far be it from us to believe that all these Christians are excluded heaven. 1670R. Coke Disc. Trade 71 Plato..excluded every one his School who was ignorant in Geometry. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. ii. 512 Exclude th' incroaching Cattle from thy Ground. 1708J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. ii. i. ii. (1743) 329 The first occasion of building the Roman Wall was..to exclude the Scotish Highlanders. 1722Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I. ii. 144 Out of God's kingdom you are excluded. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 170 Nobody was excluded who laid down his penny at the bar. 1879Lubbock Sci. Lect. iii. 96 We..find in flowers various modes..of excluding ants.
b. To shut out, prevent the entrance of (noise, air, light, etc.).
1598Barret Theor. Warres iv. ii. 105 All rumour and lowd noises are to be excluded. 1664Evelyn Kal Hort. (1729) 190 When Branches are so thick..that they..exclude the sun and air. 1704Pope Windsor For. 18 Waving groves..part admit, and part exclude the day. 1885Law Times LXXIX. 366/2 Hoods will also be fitted over the tops of the doors so as to further exclude the draught.
2. With an immaterial thing as obj.: To shut out, give no place to; to prevent the existence, occurrence, or use of. Const. from, and with double obj.
1382Wyclif Rom. 1st Prol., Lest happili hate of the prelatis name, shulde exclude the profit of the lessoun. 1393Gower Conf. III. 366 None arte..Through which it mighte ben excluded, That he ne was fully concluded To love. 1450–1530Myrr. our Ladye 59 Iesu cryst wyllyng that all suche songe shulde be excluded from thys order. 1545Joye Exp. Dan. xii. 220 Wherfore our faithe stayed vpon god..excludeth al maner a doute. 1604Rowlands Looke to it 44 Eate, drinke, be merry..Exclude all Pittie, Conscience, and Remorce. 1729Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 50 It is impossible that this subject should be wholly excluded conversation. 1794Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho v, Sometimes the thick foliage excluded all view of the country. 1841–44Emerson Ess., Poet Wks. (Bohn) I. 160 The vocabulary of an omniscient man would embrace words and images excluded from polite conversation.
b. To shut out or reject from consideration, notice, or use.
1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. ii. v. (1611) 63 And so exclude the rest of the Scripture. 1612Brinsley Lud. Lit. Addr. to Rdr. 10 Not..excluding the better way when it is found. 1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 148 The world..excludes those things for which it can give no reason.
c. Not to admit of, to leave no room for, be incompatible with, the presence of (a material or immaterial object). Also † to exclude out.
1625Bp. R. Montagu App. Caesar. 104 The freedome of will doth not exclude out God's prerogative royall. 1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. iv, A solid substance..excludes all other solid substances. 1736Butler Anal. i. vi. Wks. 1874 I. 112 This Necessity does not exclude deliberation. 1771Junius Lett. lxi. 318 He is fond of introducing any law that contradicts or excludes the common law of England. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 407 The number three excludes the number four. 1884H. Spencer in 19th Cent. XV. 7 Absolute indifference excludes the conception of will.
3. To shut off, debar from; to preclude, prohibit. † Formerly const. of; also to with inf.
1495Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 40. Preamb, The same Erle is excluded to have or enjoye the seid Manoris. a1533Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1539) Prol. ad fin., Euery wyse man..wyll not saye that I am the principall auctour of this warke, nor yet..exclude me clene from it. 1538Starkey England i. ii. 34 He ys therby excludyd also from the vse and vtward exercyse almost of al vertue. 1574tr. Littleton's Tenures 52 a, Theye bee excluded duringe their lyves to defete the particion. a1626Bacon Max. & Uses Com. Law ii. 7 These were to exclude him utterly of his right. 1659B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 103 Francis of Vaudemont being next heir by the said [i.e. Salic] Law, which excludes Females. 1667Milton P.L. iii. 202 And none but such from mercy I exclude. 1737Whiston Josephus' Hist. iv. vii. §4 Placidus's concern was to exclude them..from getting into the village. 1759Robertson Hist. Scot. I. iii. 169 They laboured to exclude the English from the treaty of Chateau en Cambresis. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. ii. 29 Here, completely excluded from the knowledge of things without.
†b. with double obj. Obs.
1692Locke Toleration iii. Wks. 1727 II. 333 Excluding them the ordinary and probable Means of Conversion. a1718Penn Tracts Wks. 1726 I. 547 Professors of Christianity, that exclude both such Men, and such Knowledge the Kingdom of God.
4. To leave out, omit purposely, except (from a category, list, the scope of a proposition or enactment, etc.); ‘not to comprehend in any grant or privilege’ (J.). Const. from, † out of; also simply.
c1400Purif. Marie in Tundale's Vis (1843) 129 Thys meyde..Excluded was for condycion. 1689C. Hatton in Hatton Corr. (1878) II. 131 Y⊇ author..is threaten'd by Sr. Robt. to be excluded out of y⊇ Act of indemnity. 1707Curios. in Husb. & Gard. 118 Having excluded them from the Society of Men, he places them among..Beasts. 1724[see 5]. 1755in Johnson.
†b. To let off, relieve, exempt (a person) from (an obligation). Obs. rare.
1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eramena 83 Excluded and exempted from the debt which others owe by the common law of nature.
c. Of a word, term, proposition, etc.: To shut out of or not to include in its scope, application, or meaning.
1532More Confut. Tindale Wks. 384/1 If saint James sayd that god had begotten vs by his goodnes, do these wordes exclude al the meanes that hys goodnesse vsed toward it. 1659Pearson Creed (1839) 234 When we say the conception of our Saviour was wrought by the operation of the Spirit..observe, What is excluded by that attribution to the Spirit. 1862H. Spencer First Princ. i. iv. §26 (1875) 87 Excluding as they [these propositions] do an all-important fact. 1882J. Seeley Nat. Relig. i. iv. (1891) 85 Nature..excludes the whole domain of human feeling.
5. The pr. pple. used absol.
a. = ‘To the exclusion of’.
†b. = excepting.
1660R. Coke Power & Subj. 76 Whatsoever the son does acquire, it is his own, excluding his Father. 1724R. Falconer Voy., Adv. & Escapes (1769) 273 A Court Marshall..found them guilty of Cowardice, excluding Constable.
II. In pregnant sense; to expel and shut out.
6. To put out (of a room, a society, a possession, etc.), to banish, expel. Const. † out of, from; also with double object and simply.
1388Wyclif Num. xii. 15 So Marie was excludid [1382 putte] out of the tentis. a1400–50Alexander 2842 In pacience possede at he miȝt [þan] Be excludit [Dublin MS. exclud] out of his erd. 1531Elyot Gov. ii. xii. II. 154 They excluded him out of their counsayle. 1604in Eng. Gilds (1870) 435 If any man be lawfully seazed..of any tenement..he shall never be excluded..but by the kings writ. 1667Marvell Corr. lxxix. Wks. 1872–5 II. 224 They voted that he be excluded the House. 1777Robertson Hist. Amer. I. iii. 229 As Las Casas excepted against the members of the council of the Indies, all of them were excluded. 1850Prescott Peru II. 133 They then caused the women to be excluded from the church.
7. a. After L. excludere ova. To draw, put or thrust forth from (a receptacle); to hatch (chickens, etc.); also fig.; to give birth to (young), to lay (eggs). Also † of the midwife: To extract. Const. from, out of.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 117 If that ony þing of corrumpcioun abide þe place schal be opened wiþ an instrument, & so schal þe quyttur be excludid. 1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 53 To rid and exclude the winde and aire out of leather bagges or bladders. 1610J. Guillim Heraldry iii. xvii. (1660) 208 Spiders..are no sooner hatched and excluded out of their egs, but forthwith they practise to make webs. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. (ed. 2) 151 A Cock will..fertilitate the whole..cluster of egges, which are not excluded in many weeks after. 1684tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. i. 2 The next day she excluded the Fœtus that was four months old. 1713Derham Phys. Theol. vii. iv. 393 The Eggs of the Ostrich..are cherished only by the heat of the Sun till the Young be excluded. 1721Bradley Wks. Nat. 59 The..male [fish] covers it [the egg] with a prolifick Juice as soon as it is excluded from the Body of the Female. 1754–64Smellie Midwif. I. Introd. 8 He describes the method of excluding the Fœtus. 1851Darwin Cirripedia I. 10 In some cases..the larvæ, when first excluded from the egg, have not an eye.
†b. To discharge, void. Obs.
1677Plot Oxfordsh. 196 Who out of the corners of her eyes excluded a sort of congealed matter.
[I.] [5.] [b.] Delete † and add later examples.
1859Darwin Origin of Species viii. 278 In all other respects, excluding fertility, there is a close general resemblance between hybrids and mongrels. 1963‘J. le Carré’ Spy who came in from Cold xii. 118 Iron Curtain countries excluding the Soviet Union and China. 1987Today 6 Oct. 25/2 A 1{pcnt}, {pstlg}214m rise in consumer credit since July, excluding mortgages, left individuals owing {pstlg}21.5bn at end-August. |