| 释义 |
realm|rɛlm|
Forms: α. 3–5 reaume, 4 reeaum, reawme. β. 4 reome, 4–5 reem(e, regm(e, 4–6 rem(e, reame, 5 reyme, reiem, reamme, Sc. reime, 6 ream. γ. 4–5 reum(e, 4–6 rewm(e. δ. 4–8 realme, 4– realm.
[a. OF. reaume, realme, reialme = Prov. re-, reyalme, OSp. rea(l)me, It. reame:—pop.L. *rēgālimen, f. L. rēgālis regal, royal: see also rialm and royalme.
The earliest form adopted in Eng. was reaume, which subsequently appears also in the reduced forms reame or reme and reume. The more etymological spelling realm appears somewhat later, and did not finally become the standard form till about 1600.]
1. A kingdom. Now chiefly rhet., and in such phrases as ‘Statutes of the Realm’.
αc1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 114/276 Þare nas Man In engelond þat hadde so gret power Of þe reaume ase seint thomas. c1350Will. Palerne 135 Þat he ne schuld wiȝtli in þis world neuer weld reaume. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 87 Þe kyng committed þe destourbance of þe reawme to þe bisshop of Durham. 1470–85Malory Arthur i. viii, It was a grete shame..to see suche a boye to haue a rule of soo noble a reaume.
βc1330Arth. & Merl. 1642 (Kölbing) Þou hast made flem Þe riȝt aires out of þe rem. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. ix. 99 To beo kyng..And rule þe reame. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 4 Sovereign lord and noble Kyng, ȝe be welcome oute of ȝoure reame of Fraunce, into this blissed reme of Englond. 1483Caxton G. de la Tour G iv, God..sent to hym and to his reame many euyles. 1575Laneham Let. (1871) 3 Born both indeed within the Ream heer, but yet of the race of Saxons. 1590Spenser F.Q. iii. v. 53 And to your willes both royalties and reames Subdew.
γ1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 4033 Rewme ogayne rewme..sal ryse. 1382Wyclif Matt. iv. 8 The deuel..shewide to hym alle the rewmys of the world. 1417K. Henry V in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. iii. I. 62 How the said Duc Johan governeth him towardes us and oure Rewme of Englande. c1475Partenay 5552 That roiall rewine which in hand [ye] hold, And þat ye gouerne now. 1562A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) i. 147 So lairdis vpliftis mennis leifing ouir thy rewme.
δ1362Langl. P. Pl. A. i. 93 Kynges and knihtes scholde..Rihtfuliche Raymen þe Realmes a-bouten. 1390Gower Conf. III. 86 Hou that a worthi king schal reule His Realme bothe in werre and pes. 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 11 His disciplis..convertit realmes and regionis. 1535Coverdale Amos ix. 8 The eyes of the Lorde are vpon the realme that synneth. 1591Spenser M. Hubberd 1185 Nobilitie,..The Realmes chiefe strength and girlond of the crowne. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 234 Wandring many a famous Realme And Country. 1705Hearne Collect. 22 Nov. (O.H.S.) I. 92 The Duke of Argyle is to be created a Peer of this Realme. 1765–9Blackstone Comm. (1793) 599 To the common law, and to their own by-laws, not contrary to the laws of the realm. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 247 Persons who are out of the realm at the time when a fine is levied. 1871Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xvii. 99 His work in his island realm, instead of being ended, was hardly begun.
transf.1733Pope Ess. Man iii. 184 The ants Republic, and the Realm of bees.
2. transf. and fig.
a. The kingdom of heaven, or of God.
a1340Hampole Psalter xliv. 3 Þe reum of þe whilke is nane endynge. 1380Lay Folks Catech. (Lamb. MS.) 94 The Reme of þis fadyr ys callyd Holy chyrche. c1450tr. De Imitatione ii. i. 39 Þe reume of god is pes & ioy in þe holi goste. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 7 In the whiche there be..many pleasures in many realmes, that we here shall neuer knowe. 1813Shelley Q. Mab vi. 106 The avenging God! Who..sits High in heaven's realm.
b. Any sphere or region. (Sometimes with suggestion of a ruling power.)
c1374Chaucer Boeth. ii. pr. ii. 24 (Camb. MS.) Thou þat art put in the comune Realme of alle, ne desire nat to lyuen by thin oonly propre ryht. 1596Spenser F.Q. iv. viii. 45 His soule descended downe into the Stygian reame. 1757Gray Bard 72 Proudly riding o'er the azure realm In gallant trim. 1784Cowper Task vi. 579 He that hunts Or harms them there..Disturbs the economy of Nature's realm. 1816J. Wilson City of Plague i. ii. 309 The realms of Hell are gleaming fiery bright. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Personal Wks. (Bohn) II. 132 New means were employed, and new realms added to the empire of the muse. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 626 Loss of sensory and motor power in the realm of the nerve affected. 1924W. B. Selbie Psychol. Relig. 80 Though the term unconscious is used very loosely by Freudians it generally means a ‘realm’ where various emotions which have from time to time been repressed, lie hidden.
c. The sphere, domain, or province of some quality, state, or other abstract conception.
1667Milton P.L. ii. 133 Thir Legions..Scout farr and wide into the Realm of night. 1682Dryden Mac-Fl. 6 In prose and verse..Through all the realms of Nonsense absolute. 1725Young Love Fame vii. 62 A realm of death! and on this side the grave! 1781Cowper Hope 651 The realms of Sin, where Riot reels. 1812J. Wilson Isle of Palms i. 148 Lift thy queen-like diadem O'er these thy realms of rest. 1830Tennyson Arab. Nts. 101 Thro' the garden I was drawn—A realm of pleasance. 1873Hamerton Intell. Life x. ix. 385 The fairest realms of fancy.
d. A primary zoogeographical division of the earth's surface.
1876Wallace Distrib. Anim. I. 61 In an elaborate paper..(Bulletin of Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, vol. 2), Mr. J. A. Allen proposes a division of the earth..as follows: 1. Arctic realm..8. Australian realm. Ibid. 68 The following terms are proposed: realm, region, province, district..; the first being the highest, the last the lowest and smallest subdivision. 1895Beddard Zoogeogr. 78 The fewness of the peculiar genera and their alliance with Australian forms seems to render it necessary to place the entire Polynesian realm within the Australian.
3. attrib. and Comb., as † realm raiker, † realm rape; realm-bounding, realm-destroying, realm-o'ershadowing, realm-sucking, realm-unpeopling adjs.
1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 472 The wide-extended ocean, the *realm-bounding mountains.
1643Prynne Sov. Power Parl. Ded. A iij, Their..*Realm-destroying, Church-subverting selfe-seeking.
1810Montgomery West Indies ii. 60 The dun gloom of *realm-o'ershadowing trees.
1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. v. 307 All *Realme raikaris to put furth of the land.
1559Mirr. Mag., Dk. Clarence xlix, For *realme rape spareth neither kin nor frend.
1633Costlie Whore v. i. in Bullen O. Pl. IV, These *realme-sucking slaves, That build their pallace upon poor mens graves.
1777Potter æschylus 495 He in *realm-unpeopling war Wasted not his subjects' blood.
Hence ˈrealmic a., of or belonging to a realm; ˈrealmist, a supporter of the realm (in quot. attrib.); ˈrealmlet, a little realm.
1865Intell. Observ. No. 38. 149 Individual, realmic, and epicosmic. 1883Swinburne Les Casquettes xi, As flowers on the sea are her small green realmlets. 1895Westm. Gaz. 4 Mar. 3/2 When petty party politics shall have been forgotten in the rise of a great Realmist League. |