| 释义 |
externality|ɛkstəˈnælɪtɪ|
[f. as prec. + -ity.]
The quality of being external.
1. a. The quality of displaying itself in external forms. b. The quality of being ‘all on the outside’; superficiality, hollowness. c. The condition or fact of being outside another object, or of being an outsider. d. The quality of operating or striving to operate from without.
a.1673H. More App. Antid. 23 Worship, in the natural externality thereof. 1836Hare Guesses (1859) 72 [In France] the externality of the classical spirit has worn away into mere superficiality.
b.1684H. More Answ. Remarks Exp. Apocal. 243 If that Externality or Superficiality were aimed at. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits vi. 115 There is a prose in certain Englishmen..a knell in the..externality of their voice.
c.1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. viii. 473 In relation to the body of the animal, all ligaments are external, and their internality or externality is in respect of the hinge line..along which the edges of the valves meet. 1881Echo 1 July 1/6 The pleas of ignorance or of externality..cannot possibly be urged against one who has been the very foremost and most trusted champion of the system.
d.1857M. Pattison Ess. (1889) II. 255 Its [the New Lutheran Orthodoxy's] whole principle is that of the externality of the Christian Institute.
2. Metaph. The quality or fact of being external to a perceiving subject; the fact of belonging to the external world, or having an existence in space.
a1790Adam Smith Ess. Philos. Subjects (1795) 198 Pressure or resistance necessarily supposes externality in the thing which presses or resists. 1846Mill Logic ii. vii. §3 While looking at a solid object they cannot help having the conception, and..the momentary belief of its externality. 1871Fraser Life Berkeley iii. 62 The scientific world was preparing for that reconstruction of its conception of what sensible things and externality mean.
3. a. An external object; an outward feature or characteristic. b. collect. Outward things in general; an outward environment or observance.
1839J. Rogers Antipopopr. xviii. §3. 346 A huge bulk of trifling ceremonial and idle externality. a1853Robertson Serm. Ser. iv. xxvi. (1876) 288 The externalities of it may seem to be joy and brightness, but in the deep beneath there is a stern aspect. 1867J. H. Stirling in Fortn. Rev. Oct. 385 So uneasy an externality, of which he is himself the powerless and apprehensive centre. 1871Miss Mulock Fair France 13 All these are sensuous externalities. 1874Carpenter Ment. Phys. i. i. §10 (1879) 11 Force being that externality of which we have the most direct..cognizance.
4. Absorption in externals.
1833Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Product Mod. Art, Deeply corporealized, and enchained hopelessly in the grovelling fetters of externality, must be the mind, to which [etc.]. 1860Emerson Cond. Life, Worship Wks. (Bohn) II. 397 What proof of infidelity like..the externality of churches that once sucked the roots of right and wrong?
Add:5. Econ. A side-effect or consequence (of an industrial or commercial activity) which affects other parties without this being reflected in the cost of the goods or services involved; a social cost or benefit. Cf. spillover n.
1957Amer. Econ. Rev. XLVII. 42 The stock example of such a ‘technological external economy’ (or diseconomy) is the beekeeper whose honey output will increase..if the neighboring apple producer expands his output... [note] The other type of externality treated in the neoclassical literature..consists in sensitivity of input prices to industry output. 1962Economica XXIX. 17 The purpose of this paper is to bring into question..the implication that externalities are either reduced or eliminated by the shift of an activity from market to political organisation. 1973Nature 20 Apr. 488/1 The most economical way of controlling both pollution and congestion in cities must depend on what the economists call an internalization of the externalities—making the motorist bear not merely the costs of operating his vehicle but the costs of what he does to other people. 1989D. A. Hay Economics Today iv. 157 Provisions to deal with externalities such as pollution are enacted. |