| 释义 |
▪ I. fen, n.1|fɛn|
Forms: α. 1 fen(n, 3–7 fenn(e, (4 feen, 6 finne, fene), 2– fen. β. 2 ven, 2–4 venn(e.
[OE. fęn, fęnn neut., masc. = OFris. fenne, fene masc. (MDu., MLG. venne, Du. ven fem., Du. veen neut.) water-meadow, bog, OHG. fenna fem., fenni neut. (Ger. fenne neut., fehn fem.) marsh, ON. fen neut., quagmire, Goth. fani neut., mud:—OTeut. *fanjo(m (-jo-z, -jâ).]
1. a. Low land covered wholly or partially with shallow water, or subject to frequent inundations; a tract of such land, a marsh.
Beowulf 104 (Gr.) Se þe moras heold fen and fæsten. c888K. ælfred Boeth. xviii. §2, & eall þæt his fennas & moras ᵹenumen habbað. c1205Lay. 18113 He..drof Irisce men ȝeond wateres and ȝeond fenes. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 146 Grantebrigge & hontendone mest plente of dep ven. c1325King of Almaigne in Pol. Songs (Camden) 70 He hath robbed Engelond, the mores ant th[e] fenne. c1440York Myst. vii. 126 They will slee me, be ffenne or ffrith. 1523Skelton Garl. Laurel 1321 In Lerna, the Grekis fen. 1600Hakluyt Voy. (1810) III. 584 Mexico, which is seated in a great fen. 1727–46Thomson Summer 1028 The joyless sun..draws the copious steam from swampy fens. 1808J. Barlow Columb. iv. 593 Win from the waters every stagnant fen. 1883Stevenson Treas. Isl. iii. xiv. (1886) 111 The margin of the broad, reedy fen.
fig.1676Marvell Mr. Smirke 36 He did..cut Poe-dike to let in a Flood of all Heresies, upon the Fenns of Christianity. 1802Wordsw. ‘Milton! thou should'st be living’, England hath need of thee; she is a fen Of stagnant waters. 1866Alger Solit. Nat. & Man iii. 129 The hot fen of emulation and vice.
b. esp. † the fen (obs.), the fens: certain low-lying districts in Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, and some adjoining counties.
905O.E. Chron. an. 905 Eall oð ða fennas norð. c1540Pilgr. Tale 1 in Thynne's Animadv. (1875) App. i. 77 In lincolneshyr, fast by the fene, ther stant a hows. 1631Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 59 Divers lands and wast grounds called the Fennes. 1770Gray in Corr. N. Nicholls (1843) 115 Two hundred thousand acres are drowned in the Fens here. 1809Med. Jrnl. XXI. 92 A short visit to the Fens of Cambridgeshire. 1890Murray's Handbk. Lincolnshire 4 Large flocks of geese are still kept in the Fens about Spalding.
†2. Mud, clay, dirt, mire, filth. Also, excrement.
c897K. ælfred Gregory's Past. xvi. 104 He underfehð ðæt fenn ðara ðweandra. c1000ælfric Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 147 Limus, lutum, fenn. c1175Lamb. Hom. 47 Ieremie..stod..in þe uenne up to his muðe. c1250Gen. & Ex. 490 Or or flum noe spredde his fen. 1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 655 Of þe comes mykel foul thyng, Als fen, and uryn and spyttyng. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 62 To..baþe hem in lustis as swyn in feen. 1460Lybeaus Disc. 1500 Bothe maydenes, and garssoun, Fowyll fen schull on the throwe. 1513Douglas æneis iii. iv. 17 The vile belleis of thai cursit schrewis Aboundis of fen maist abhominable. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 440 The loving in ane mannis mouth, Maid of him self, stinkis lyke ony fen Into the eiris of all vther men.
fig.1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 17 Virgile souȝt gold of wit and wisdom in the fen of Ennii þe poete.
3. slang. (see quots.) ? Obs.
a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Fag the Fen, drub the Whore. 1725New Cant. Dict., Fen, a Strumpet, or Bawd, a common Prostitute.
4. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attributive, as fen bank, fen-boat, fen-boot, fen-country, fen-duck, fen-dyke, fen-earth, fen-fowl, fen-frog, fen-grass, fen-land (whence fen-lander), fen-river, fen-rush, fen-skate, fen-skater, fen-skating, fen-soil.
b. objective, as fen-affecter, fen-dweller, fen-farmer, fen-farming, fen-paring.
c. originative, as fen-born, fen-bred, fen-sucked adjs.
1616Chapman Batrachom. 17 The farre-fam'de *Fen-affecter.
1691Ray Creation ii. (1692) 73 The *Fenbanks in the Isle of Ely. 1890Daily News 12 June 6/2 A fen-bank about six miles from Peterborough.
1766Pennant Zool. (1769) III. 272 One of the little *fen boats.
1805Edin. Rev. V. 401 The hard seam of his *fen-boot.
1641Milton Ch. Govt. ii. 63 That *fenborn serpent. 1871Swinburne Songs bef. Sunrise, Eve of Revolution 296 These fen-born fires.
1597Drayton Mortimeriados 116 The *fen-bred vapours.
1830T. Allen Hist. Lincolnsh. I. iii. 65 Other rivers of the *Fen Country. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. vi. 441 The great religious houses of the fen country.
1620Venner Via Recta iii. 65 The *Fenducke, or Moore-hen.
1610*Fen-dweller [see fen-man]. 1647Fuller Good Th. in Worse T. (1841) 84 Strange that those fen-dwellers should approach the fiery region. 1878Miller & Skertchley Fenland xiii. 416 The spleen of fen-dwellers is often enlarged.
c1710C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 127 Ye *ffendiks..are deep ditches wth draines.
a1728Woodward Fossils (1729) I. 205 The surface is of Black *Fen Earth.
1891A. J. Foster The Ouse 196 The *fen-farmers still gather in its market⁓place on Thursdays.
1852Clarke Fen Sketches 262 The unexampled improvements which have taken place in *Fen-farming.
1865Kingsley Herew. xxi, Listen ye *fen-frogs all.
1844Hardy in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club II. 108 A covering of *fen-grasses.
a1000Guthlac (1848) 50 He þurh þa *fenland reow. 1070O.E. Chron. an. 1070 Þet Englisce folc of eall þa feon landes comen to heom. 1855Longfellow Hiaw. Introd. 30 In the moorlands and the fen-lands.
a1661Fuller Worthies (1811) II. 21 Apud Girvios; that is, amongst the *Fenlanders.
1797A. Young Agric. of Suffolk 161 A very complete and effective tool, called a *fen-paring plough, the furrow of which is burnt.
1546Langley Pol. Verg. De Invent. ii. vii. 45 a, A kind of *fen-rishes yt grew in the marish groundes of Egipt.
1892Badminton Libr., Skating vii. 268 A standard type of *Fen skates.
1882N. & A. Goodman (title), Handbook of *Fen skating.
1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 375 Light *fen soils.
1605Shakes. Lear ii. iv. 169 You *Fen-suck'd Fogges.
d. In various plant-names, etc.: as, fen-berry, the cranberry (Vaccinium Oxycoccus); fen-cress = watercress (Nasturtium officinale); † fen-down = cotton-grass; fen grapes = fenberry; fen lentil, water lentils (Lemna minor); fen-rue (see quot.); † fen whort = fen-berry.
1578Lyte Dodoens vi. xi. 671 Those which the Germaynes doo call Veenbesien, that is to say Marsh or *Fen-berries. 1678Littleton Lat. Dict. s.v., Fen-berries. 1863Prior Plant-n. (1879) 77 Fen-berry, from its growing in fens, the cranberry.
c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 18 Wiþ heafod wærce, ᵹenim..*fencersan. 1818Todd, Fen-cress.
1495Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 19 With no scalded fethers nor *fen downe nor none other unlawful and corrupt stuffes. 1720Strype Stow's Surv. (1754) II. 317/2 They..bought Fen Down..for an Half penny a Pound, and sold the same among Feathers for 6d. a Pound.
1597Gerarde Herbal iii. clxvi. 1367 Moszbeeren, Veenbesien; that is to saie *Fen grapes or Fen berries. 1878–86Britten & Holland Plant-n., Fen Grapes, Vaccinium Oxycoccus L.
1601Holland Pliny I. 378 After the manner of *Fen-lentils or Duckes meat.
1863Prior Plant-n. (1879) 77 *Fen-Rue, from its divided rue-like leaves and place of growth. Thalictrum flavum L.
1578Lyte Dodoens vi. xi. 671 Marrishe or *Fen Whortes grow..in low, moyst places.
5. Special comb. † fen-canopy (see quot.); fen-cock (see quot.); fen-cricket, the mole cricket (Gryllotalpa vulgaris); fen-fever, a malarious fever; fen-fire = ignis fatuus, a will of the wisp; fen-goose, usually the Grey-Lag Goose (Anser cinereus); fen-nightingale (see quot.); fen-oak (see quot.); fen-pole, a jumping pole for crossing ditches, etc.; fen-reeve, an officer having charge of fen lands; fen-runners, a kind of skates suitable for fen-skating; fen-shake, the ague; fen-slodger, a name given to the Fen-men; fen-thrush (see quot.); fen wainscot (moth), a moth, Arenostola phragmitidis, found in marshy places. Also fen-hood, fen-man.
1658Rowland Moufet's Theat. Ins. 957 Our Countreymen that live about the Fens have invented a..*Fen-canopy..made of..Cowes dung..with the smell and juice whereof the Gnats being very much taken..let them sleep quietly in their beds.
1880W. Cornwall Gloss., *Fencock, the water⁓rail.
1678Littleton Lat. Dict., A *Fen-cricket, gryllotalpa. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Fen-cricket, a name given by some people to the gryllotalpa.
1772J. Lind (title), A Treatise on the Putrid and Remitting *Fen Fever.
1814–5Shelley ‘The cold earth’ iii, As a *fenfire's beam on a sluggish stream, Gleams dimly. 18..Swinburne Athens, Mocked as whom the fen-fire leads.
1606Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. ii. Magnif. 426 The wilde *Fen-goose. 1766Pennant Zool. (1776. 4o) II. 482 Grey Lag, the Fen-Goose of Lister. 1885Swainson Prov. Names Birds 147 Fen, or Marsh, goose.
a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, *Fen-nightingale, a frog. 1868W. H. Wheeler Fens S. Lincolnsh. 69 Nor must the mention of the fen nightingales or frogs be omitted.
1886S.W. Linc. Gloss, *Fen-oaks, willows.
1844Camp of Refuge I. 10 It was a *fen-pole, such..as our fenners yet use.
1865W. White E. Eng. II. 172 The common lands are under the charge of ‘*fen-reeves’.
1873Kingsley Plays & Puritans 76 How merrily their long *fen-runners whistled along the ice-lane.
1794G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. I. ix. 350 What they [imported Irish reapers] call the *fen-shake.
1856P. Thompson Hist. Boston 644 The Fenmen..were a century later known as Slodgers or *Fen-Slodgers. 1893Baring Gould Cheap Jack Zita I. 57 Sons or grandsons of half-wild fen-slodgers.
1654in East Anglian (1871) IV. 14 They have chosen John Kent to be *ffenn Reeve for the parish of Gillingham All Sts. 1910H. M. Doughty Chron. Theberton xv. 209 Fen reeves had been elected every year by ‘town meeting’.
1854Baker Gloss. Northampton I. 226 *Fen-thrush, the missel-thrush, Turdus viscivorus. 1885Swainson Prov. Names Birds 2 Missel Thrush (Turdus viscivorus)..Fen Thrush (Northants).
1860H. N. Humphreys Genera Brit. Moths I. 67 The *Fen Wainscot..has the anterior wings rather bluntly lanceolate. 1951Colyer & Hammond Flies Brit. Isles xx. 251 One [sc. a larva of Cnemopogon apicalis] has been recorded from a caterpillar of the Fen Wainscot Moth.
▪ II. fen, n.2 dial.|fɛn|
[OE. fyne mildew; the mod. form (with e for OE. y) is Kentish; cf. fenny a.2, vinewed.]
A mould or parasitical fungus that attacks the hop-plant.
1731S. Hales Stat. Ess. I. 33 Hops were all infected with mold or fen. 1805R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. (1807) II. 249 The mould or fen mostly occurs at a somewhat later period. 1842Johnson Farmer's Encycl., Fen, the name of a distemper to which hops are subject. It consists of a quick-growing mould or moss.
▪ III. ‖ fen, n.3
[fen, in L. version of Avicenna, ad. Arab. fann species, class.]
A section in Avicenna's Canon.
c1386Chaucer Pard. T. 562, I suppose that Avycen Wrot never in canoun, ne in non fen Mo wonder sorwes. 1541R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. Q iij, Sayth Auycen in his fyrste fen of the fyrste boke of his Canon.
▪ IV. ‖ fen, n.4|fən|
Also 9 fan, 9– fun. Pl. unchanged.
[Chinese fēn one hundredth part.]
A Chinese monetary unit equivalent to one hundredth of a yuan or one tenth of a jiao; formerly, a candareen. Also, a coin of this value.
1852C. B. Hillier in Trans. China Branch R. Asiatic Soc. II. 5, 10 Le,..one Fun. 10 Fun,..one Tsien. 1883J. S. Dye Dye's Coin Encycl. 585 The Chinese Tael of the present day is divided into 10 Mace, or Li; 100 Candareens, or Fan; and 1000 Cash, or Tsien. 1921H. T. Easton Tate's Mod. Cambrist (ed. 26) 184, 10 Candareens or Fun or Fen = 1 Mace. 1947A. R. Frey Dict. Numismatic Names 83/1 Pieces of five Fen issued for Kashgar have a square hole in the centre and Chinese characters. 1949Whitaker's Almanack 905/2 By Presidential Decree of August 19, 1948, the Chinese National Dollar currency..was replaced by a new currency named the Gold Yuan... The subsidiary coinage consists of fen (cents) and Chiao (tenths of a yuan). 1962E. Snow Other Side of River (1963) lxx. 538 They charged a standard fare of forty fen (about sixteen cents) an hour. 1989Dragon Nov. 23/2 Cash strings..must be obtained... Fen are obtained first, followed by yuan, tael, and ch'ien.
▪ V. † fen, v.1 Obs. rare.
[? f. OF. fien dung (see fients); but cf. fen n.1 2.
The word occurs several times on the page, always in the form fenon (inf. and 3 pers. pl.).]
intr. Of certain animals: To void dung.
1486Bk. St. Albans F ij a, All bestis that bere talow and stonde vpright Femayen when thay do so say as I the kenne And all oder fenon that rowken downe thenne.
▪ VI. fen, v.2|fɛn|
Also fain.
[Usually taken to be a corruption of fend v.]
trans. To forbid. Only in ‘Fen (larks, etc.)!’, a prohibitory exclamation, used chiefly by boys at marbles, etc., in order to balk, bar, or prevent some action on the part of another.
1823Moor Suffolk Words 125 Fen slips over again. 1852Dickens Bleak Ho. xvi, ‘I'm fly’, says Jo. ‘But fen larks, you know! Stow hooking it’. 1864Bartlett Dict. Amer., ‘Fen play’, I forbid you to play. 1888Berksh. Gloss. s.v. Ven, If one player says ‘ven knuckledown’ this means that his opponent must shoot his marble without resting his hand on the ground. |