| 释义 |
▪ I. ‖ toman1|təʊˈmɑːn, ˈtʊmən, ˈtʌmən|
Forms: 7– toman; also 6 tumen, thuman, 7 tomana, thoman, thoma(u)nd, tomin, tumain, tummon, 7–9 tomaun.
[a. Pers. tūmān, tumān, tuman, according to Devic, a Yuzbeg Tartar word (whence its unsettled form), lit. ‘ten thousand’.]
1. Formerly among the Mongols, Tartars, etc., and thence in Persia and Turkey: The sum of ten thousand; also, a military division consisting of 10,000 men. Now rare.
1599Hakluyt Voy. II. i. 61 The lord of the same citie hath in yeerely reuenues for salt onely, fiftie Thuman of Balis, and one balis is worth a floren and a halfe of our coyne: insomuch that one Thuman of balis amounteth vnto the value of fifteene thousand florens. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. lxv. VI. 333 The fruitful territory of Cash, of which his fathers were the hereditary chiefs, as well as of a toman of ten thousand horse. 1877J. M. Porteous Turkey 54 Numbering in Turkish custom was by tomans, ten thousands or myriads.
2. A Persian gold coin issued until 1927, nominally worth 10 silver krans or 10,000 dinars; formerly a money of account, which was constantly depreciated in value from {pstlg}3 13s. (or more) c 1600: its value c 1912 stood at 7s. 1d.: see quots.
1566A. Edwards in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 378, I haue receiued 6. tumens in readie money: 200. shaughes is a tumen, reckoning euery shaugh for 6. pence Russe. 1613Sherley Trav. Persia 72 Marganobeague..brought mee..a thousand Tomanas, which is sixteene thousand Duckets of our Money. 1623St. Papers, Col. 212 Sold the Primrose for 400 tomans, every toman 3l. 6s. 4d. 1629in Foster Eng. Factories India (1909) III. 354 Other men pay one keale or quart uppon every tummon. 1662J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 300 When they [the Persians] are to name great Sums, they accompt by Tumains. 1686W. Hedges Diary (Hakl. Soc.) I. 215 They were robbed of all their money, to the sum of 4 Tomauns. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 222 He pays the King yearly Twenty two thousand Thomands, every Thomand making Three pound and a Noble in our Accompt. 1753Hanway Trav. (1762) I. v. lxiv. 292 The toman, bistie, and denaer are imaginary... A toman is 10 hazardenaers..Value in denaers, 10000. Weight in muscals, 50. 1811Pinkerton Mod. Geog., Persia ii. (ed. 3) 459 The whole revenue was by some estimated at 700,000 tomans, or about thirty-two millions of French livres. 1815Elphinstone Acc. Caubul (1842) II. 269 The sum to be paid for a substitute..generally is from five to seven tomauns (from 10l. to 14l.). 1845Browning Flight of Duchess xiv, The band-roll strung with tomans Which proves the veil a Persian woman's. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Toman, a conventional money of Persia of a very variable character..; it may be valued at about 12s. 6d. 1882Floyer Unexpl. Baluchistan 505 Ali Abker engages to hire a saddle horse and three mules to Mr. Floyer..for fifteen days, for the sum of eight tomans ({pstlg}3 16s.),..at the rate of two tomans each.
Add:[2.] b. In Iran: a coin worth 10 rials; also, an (unofficial) monetary unit of this value.
1968Nagel's Encycl.-Guide Iran 347 The toman (the equivalent of 10 rials) is the unit that is always used though it is no longer official. 1973E. Hyams Final Agenda i. 15 A boy brought Victoria's suitcase... She gave him a toman—they had each been given some small change. 1975P. Somerville-Large Couch of Earth iv. 80 You owe four tomans for your food and place of sleep.
▪ II. ‖ toman2|ˈtomən|
(erron. tomhan.)
[Gaelic toman hillock, dim. of tom hill.]
A hillock; a mound of earth. Often applied to mounds representing ancient glacial moraines, found in the heads of valleys in the Highlands.
1811A. Grant Superstit. Highl. Scot. I. vii. 282 The children's nursery tales are full of wonders performed by the secret dwellers of these tomhans, or fairy hillocks. 1830J. Wilson Noct. Ambr. Nov., Wks. 1856 III. 86 The Queen of the Fairies among the tomans of her ancient woods. 1854H. Miller Sch. & Schm. v. (1858) 99 The western slopes of the valley are mottled by grassy tomhans—the moraines of some ancient glacier. 1876D. Gorrie Summ. & Wint. in Orkneys iii. 121 Those huge boulders and gravel-knolls or tomans continued a mystery till the glacial theory. |