| 释义 |
topo-
before a vowel top-, a. Gr. τοπο-, combining form of τόπος place, as in τοπο-γράϕος topographer; a formative element in various words.
topoˈcentric Astronautics, (of a parameter of a spacecraft or an orbit) measured relative to a point on the earth's surface (rather than its centre); ˈtopocline [cline n.], a cline associated with variations in the locality of the species concerned; toˈpogenous a., formed as the result of a combination of geographical features; ˌtopoinhiˈbition Biol., the inhibition of cell multiplication by contact with other cells; topoiˈsomerase Biochem., any enzyme that alters the supercoiled form of a DNA molecule; toˈpolatry [-latry], excessive reverence for a place; ˈtopomorph [Gr. µορϕή form]: see quot.; toponarˈcosis, local narcosis; topoˈneural a., having separate marginal sense-organs; as in the Toponeura, a proposed division of Hydrozoa; topoˈphobia, a morbid dread of certain places; topoˈpolitan a. [Gr. πολίτ-ης citizen: cf. cosmopolitan], that inhabits a definite or restricted locality; ˈtopotype, a specimen from the locality where the original type-specimen was obtained; hence topoˈtypic, -ical adjs., of or pertaining to a topotype.
1965P. R. Escobal Methods Orbit Determination vii. 241 The *topocentric right ascension-declination of the unknown orbit at the three times..can be obtained as follows. 1976Sci. Amer. June 70/2 Since the tracking stations are on the earth's surface, the direct measurements they provide of the spacecraft's radial parameters (range, velocity and acceleration) are topocentric rather than geocentric.
1939J. W. Gregor in New Phytologist XXXVIII. 317 Prefixes can be used to denote clines of different types, for example *topocline. 1953J. Heslop-Harrison New Concepts Flowering-Plant Taxon. v. 68 Independent topoclines exist for different morphological features. 1970Watsonia VIII. 140 The two subspecies may be regarded as the relatively extreme end-points of a topocline.
1939A. G. Tansley Brit. Islands & their Vegetation xxxv. 719 Valley bog-*topogenous, formed in valleys and depressions where water..stagnates, and bog plants establish themselves. 1975J. G. Evans Environment Early Man Brit. Isles iv. 76 Essentially there are two types of peat, topogenous and ombrogenous. Topogenous peat forms in places of impeded drainage.
1970Nature 22 Aug. 806/1 *Topoinhibition is probably an important mechanism regulating cell multiplication in organisms in normal conditions. 1975Ibid. 29 May 371/3 The loss of topoinhibition at wound edges in culture is apparently not due to loss of junctional communication.
1978Devel. Biol. LXIV. 273/2 The enzyme has been referred to as ω-protein.., swivelase.., untwisting enzyme.., relaxing activity.., relaxing protein.., nicking-closing activity.., and DNA *topoisomerase. 1979Wang & Liu in J. H. Taylor Molecular Genetics III. ii. 66 We propose that they be called DNA topoisomerases. 1980Sci. Amer. July 109/2 These nicking-closing enzymes, which are also called topoisomerases, generally require no energy source to function.
18..Macm. Mag. (Ogilvie), This little land [Palestine] became the object of a special adoration, a kind of *topolatry, when the Church mounted with Constantine the throne of the Cæsars.
1897Sclater in Geog. Jrnl. June 673 Various areas [of the earth] are characterized by the presence of certain forms of animal life which do not occur elsewhere. These forms it is proposed to call ‘*Topomorphs’. Thus the giraffe is a ‘Topomorph’ of the æthiopian region.
1860Mayne Expos. Lex., *Toponarcosis. 1890Billings Med. Dict., Toponarcosis, local anæsthesia.
1899Syd. Soc. Lex., *Topophobia.
1897Sclater in Geog. Jrnl. June 673 The sloths and anteaters are confined to tropical America, and the polar bear to the North Polar lands. Such animals may be called ‘*topo-politan’..in contradistinction to those that are universally distributed, or ‘cosmo-politan’.
1893O. Thomas in Proc. Zool. Soc. 14 Mar. 242 The word *topo-type (or place-type)..should..be restricted to specimens collected within, say, a few miles of the original typical locality.
1900Ibid. 3 Apr. 405 The Mice of Hilleröd, in Zealand (an almost *topotypical locality for the former name), belong to the latter form.
Add: topoˈisomer chiefly Biochem., a topologically distinct isomer.
[1972Chem. Abstr. LXXVI. 3466 m (heading) Topological isomers.] 1979Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LXXVI. 200 If a nicked circular DNA is converted to the covalently closed form by ligase, the resulting topological isomers (*topoisomers) differing only in their linking numbers (topological winding numbers) can be resolved by gel electrophoresis. 1982Jrnl. Molecular Biol. CLV. 177 This value has been obtained by titrating the number of pyrimidine dimers necessary to reduce the number of superhelical turns by one in each topoisomer obtained by treatment of a supercoiled DNA with DNA topoisomerase I. |