| 释义 |
tourmaline Min.|ˈtʊəməlɪn, -iːn|
Also tour-, turmalin, -ine, (tormaline).
[= F. tourmaline (1771 in Lict. Trev.), Ger. turmalin (1707, Garmann), Du. toermalijn (1778), It., Sp. turmalina; all ultimately f. Sinhalese tòramalli, according to Clough ‘a general name for the cornelian’. The origin of the European final -n(e is obscure: cf. mandarin, talapoin, etc. The better (18th c.) English spelling was tour-, turmalin; the spelling -ine is in imitation of French, in which the e merely supports the n.]
a. A brittle pyro-electric mineral, occurring in crystals, also massive, compact, and columnar, originally obtained from Ceylon (Sri Lanka); a complex silicoborate with a vitreous lustre, usually black or blackish and opaque (schorl), but also blue (indicolite), red (rubellite), green, or colourless, and in various rich transparent or semi-transparent shades, known as precious tourmaline, and much used as a gem. Also formerly called, from its electrical properties, ash-drawer, Du. aschentrecker, Ger. aschenzieher, F. tire-cendre.
1759B. Wilson in Phil. Trans. LI. i. 308, I have the pleasure to communicate to you some experiments made upon the Tourmalin, or Ashstone. 1794Sullivan View Nat. I. 440 The tourmaline is a variety of the schoerl. 1798Edgeworth Pract. Educ. (1811) II. 294 A small electrical stone called tourmalin. 1799Kirwan Geol. Ess. 121 All..lose some part of their weight when exposed to a strong heat..; turmaline loses 15 per cent. 1812Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. 131 There is a stone..called tourmaline, which is sometimes crystallized as a nine-sided prism, terminated by a three-sided and a six-sided pyramid. 1825Heber Jrnl. xxvii. (ed. 2) 189 The topaz, ruby, tormaline, diamond, and various others. 1853Th. Ross Humboldt's Trav. III. xxxii. 382 The granite is traversed by..veins..abounding with rock-crystal, black tourmalin, and pyrites. 1866Ruskin Eth. Dust ix. 179 This black thing,..one of the prettiest of the very few pretty black things in the world, is called ‘Tourmaline’. 1888Rutley Rock-Forming Min. 38 A plate of tourmaline cut parallel to the principal axis.
b. With a and pl. A specimen or gem of this mineral; also a transparent plate of tourmaline cut parallel to the vertical crystal axis, used in polariscopes, etc.
1816P. Cleaveland Min. 261 When a Tourmaline is viewed perpendicularly to the sides of the prism, it is more or less transparent, but, if observed in the direction of the axis, it is opaque. 1843–54Pereira Pol. Light (ed. 2) 211 If the two tourmalines be crossed the rays are suppressed—if they coincide the rays are transmitted. 1890Academy 12 Apr. 252/1 It [a bracelet] consists of a broad and heavy band of Californian gold, set with two large tourmalines.
c. (See quot. 1957.)
1957J. H. F. Stevenson Mink in Britain (ed. 2) 101 Tourmaline, emba [sc. Mutation Mink Breeders of America] brand name for high quality natural pale beige mutation mink skins. 1959Vogue 1 Oct. 188/3 You'd see the all-important minks..from the very dark ranch mink through the lighter, lovely Emba mutations to the pales, which include a pearly blondness, ‘Tourmaline’. 1959Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 27 Oct. tm 127 Mutation Mink Breeders Association... Tourmaline. For Mink Fur Pelts. First use Dec. 11, 1956. 1965P. O'Donnell Modesty Blaise iii. 32 A Dior-designed mink coat in emba tourmaline.
d. attrib. and Comb., as tourmaline crystal, tourmaline granite, tourmaline mink, tourmaline pendant; tourmaline pincette, tongs, a simple polariscope, consisting of tongs having a plate of tourmaline mounted in each grasping jaw; tourmaline-rock, -schist: see quots. 1882.
1843–54Pereira Pol. Light (ed. 2) 213 The two sets of rays..successively pass through the tourmaline analyzing plate. 1879Rutley Stud. Rocks x. 138 The terminations of tourmaline crystals are frequently composed of a great number of faces. 1882Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (1885) 73 Tourmaline..with quartz forms tourmaline-rock. Ibid. 131 Tourmaline-schist.., a blackish, finely granular, quartzose rock with abundant granules and needles of black tourmaline. 1888Rutley Rock-Forming Min. 59 The tourmaline pincette, or tongs. 1959Vogue Dec. 25 (Advt.), Tourmaline mink coat. 1973‘R. Macdonald’ Sleeping Beauty x. 51 Elizabeth Somerville came to the front door in a tourmaline mink which almost matched her blonde head.
Hence tourmaˈlinic a., pertaining to, of the nature of, or consisting of tourmaline; ˈtourmaliˌnite Min., tourmaline.
1879Dana Man. Geol. (ed. 3) 70 Tourmalinic, containing tourmaline. 1896Chester Dict. Names Min., Tourmalinite, variant of tourmaline. |