| 释义 |
▪ I. transform, v.|trɑːnsˈfɔːm, træns-, -nz-|
[ad. L. transformāre, f. trans- + formāre to form, f. forma form. Cf. F. transformer (14th c. in Godef. Compl.), also OF. tresformer.]
1. trans. To change the form of; to change into another shape or form; to metamorphose.
c1340Hampole Prose Tr. 15 In transfourmynge of þe saule in þe Godhede. 1382Wyclif 2 Cor. iii. 18 Alle we..ben transformyd into the same ymage. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) iv. 11 Of Ypocras daughter transformed from a womman to a dragoun. 1483Caxton Cato b vij b, This catte..is myn owne daughter the whiche by the plesure and wylle of god hath ben transfourmed in to a catte. 1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark i. 5 b, That thynges of muche contrarietie maye easely be transformed, and tourned one into an other. 1590Shakes. Com. Err. iii. ii. 151 And I thinke, if my brest had not beene made of faith, and my heart of steele, she had transform'd me to a Curtull dog, & made me turne i' th wheele. 1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 268 When Magicians shall have power to transform a humane body. 1813Scott Rokeby i. xxxi, The victor sees his fairy gold, Transform'd, when won, to drossy mold. 1827Faraday Chem. Manip. xxiv. (1842) 618 Transform several small crystals of sulphate of nickel into a large one. 1853J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. ii. 65 To Samarcand..we owe the art of transforming linen into paper.
b. transf. To change in character or condition; to alter in function or nature.
1556J. Heywood Spider & F. ii. 5 My whole estate..Is here transformde from myrth to miserie. 1675Traherne Chr. Ethics 270 Love..transformes the most virulent affections into smooth, healing, perfective pleasures. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 306 He transformed an undisciplined body of peasantry into a regular army of soldiers. 1852H. Rogers Ecl. Faith (1853) 16 A volume, which has transformed them from savages into men, and from idolaters into Christians.
c. Math. To alter (a figure, expression, etc.) to another differing in form, but equal in quantity or value. More widely, to subject (any mathematical entity) to a transformation (transformation 2 c). Also absol.
1743Emerson Fluxions 22 To transform the Fluxion.., assume [etc.]. 1884tr. Lotze's Logic 332 These equations we transform in all sorts of ways by adding on new quantities, by subtracting others, by multiplication and division of the whole. 1885Watson & Burbury Math. Th. Electr. & Magn. I. 155 We now proceed to transform this problem. 1972M. Kline Math. Thought xix. 427 Finding it difficult to evaluate in rectangular coordinates, he transformed to spherical coordinates. 1982D. M. Schneider et al. Linear Algebra v. 181 The function f defined by the equation f(x) = x2. This function transforms a real number into a real number, namely its square.
d. Physics. To change (one form of energy) into another, as mechanical energy into electricity, or electric energy into light or heat.
1871Maxwell Theory of Heat (1875) 92 The total energy of any body or system of bodies is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any mutual action of those bodies, though it may be transformed into any of the forms of which energy is susceptible. 1878W. Garnett in Encycl. Brit. VIII. 208/2 All other forms of energy with which we are acquainted can be transformed into an equivalent amount of heat. 1902J. Larmor ibid. XXVIII. 164/2 There is a certain measurable quantity associated with each type of physical action..numerically identical with a corresponding quantity belonging to the new type into which it is transformed.
e. Electr. To change a current in potential, as from high voltage to low voltage, or in type, as from alternating to continuous. transform up, to raise the voltage while decreasing the current. transform down, to lower the voltage while increasing the current.
1883tr. Hospitalier Mod. Applications of Electr. (ed. 2) I. 142 All these apparatus have a common character; they receive electricity and give out electricity, which they transform according to their individual properties. 1888S. P. Thompson Dynamo-electr. Mach. 486 At the generating station the alternating currents of low potential were to be transformed by means of an induction-coil to currents of high potential. 1897Sloane Stand. Electr. Dict. (1902) 547 Such dynamo could transform currents up or down. 1902S. P. Thompson Electr. & Magnet. 502 To transform continuous currents from one voltage to another it is necessary to employ a rotating apparatus, which is virtually a combination of a motor and a generator.
f. Molecular Biol. To change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct kind by the introduction into it of DNA from another cell of the same or a closely related species.
1928Jrnl. Hygiene XXVII. 150 An R strain is most readily transformed into the S variety when the killed culture used is of the same serological type as that from which the R strain was derived. 1947Jrnl. Exper. Med. LXXXVI. 449 Repeated attempts both in vitro and in vivo to transform D39/Int53 to pneumococcus Type III were unsuccessful. 1981L. L. Mays Genetics vi. 274 Pieces of DNA of molecular weight less than 1·5 × 107 daltons cannot transform Haemophilus influenzae.
g. Cytology. To cause (a eukaryotic cell) to undergo transformation (transformation 3 i).
1959Jrnl. Nat. Cancer Inst. XXIII. 1035 (heading) Clonal analysis of variant cell lines transformed to malignant cells in tissue culture. 1982Sci. Amer. Mar. 72/1 Analysis of the DNA of the Rous sarcoma virus has revealed a single gene capable of transforming cells.
2. intr. To undergo a change of form or nature; to change.
1597Beard Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 68 Then did this iolly feast, to fast transforme. 1667E. King in Phil. Trans. II. 427 The Film does onely cover the Maggot, while she is transforming into an Ant. 1717Addison tr. Ovid, Transf. Cycnus 11 His hair transforms to down, his fingers meet In skinny films, and shape his oary feet. 1747Gould Eng. Ants 52 The Female Aurelia's are generally the first which transform, and are those that make their Appearance in the Shape of large Flies. 1827Hood Mids. Fairies lxxxiii, Meanwhile I bade my pitying mates transform Like grasshoppers. 1893Harkness & Morley Treat. Theory of Functions i. 14 If w = u + iv be a one-valued monogenic function of x + iy, the systems of orthogonal straight lines x = a, y = b transform into systems of orthogonal curves in the w- plane. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxii. 9/2 The function of antigen at the surface of the lymphocyte is to induce it to transform and proliferate into active antibody-producing cells. 1971Nature 26 Nov. 187/1 The larva then transforms to a pupa. 1982Suppl. to O.E.D. III, Pseudoscalar sb., a quantity that transforms as a scalar under rotation but changes sign under reflection.
▪ II. transform, n.|ˈtrɑːnsfɔːm, ˈtræns-, -nz-|
[f. prec. vb.]
1. Math. An expression derived from another by transformation.
1853Sylvester in Phil. Trans. CXLIII. i. 544 Covariant, a function which stands in the same relation to the primitive function from which it is derived as any of its linear transforms do to a similarly derived transform of its primitive.
2. Transformational Gram. A syntactic structure derived by the application of a transformation.
1955N. Chomsky Transformational Analysis (Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Pennsylvania) v. 26 It seems most natural to characterize these sentences in terms of some notation of grammatical transformation, regarding these sentences as transforms of certain sentences which are derived on the level P and which do have P markers. 1957― Syntactic Structures (1962) viii. 88 This sentence [sc. I found the boy studying in the library] was a transform..of ‘I—found studying in the library—the boy’. 1964R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics vi. 243 The collocational compatibilities..between the particular words of any sentence and its transform are likely to be substantially the same. 1972R. D. Eagleson in G. W. Turner Good Austral. Eng. v. 98 We can see them [sc. two versions of a sentence]..as related to the same underlying structures and as different transforms of it. 1976Word 1971 XXVII. 253 There is an embedded sentence corresponding to sentence 7 b, a transform derived from sentence 8 b by a movement of the Aux haben (‘have’).
3. Geol. = transform fault, sense 4 below.
[1965J. T. Wilson in Nature 24 July 343/1 A junction where one feature [marking a mobile belt] changes into another is here called a transform. ]1971Geol. Mag. CVIII. 27 It appears that there is a mechanical advantage in overcoming overall transtension by stepped transforms. 1978Nature 16 Feb. 617/1 (caption) The three transforms are shown by dashed lines and their possible extensions by dotted lines.
4. Comb.: transform fault Geol., a transcurrent fault terminating abruptly at both ends, esp. one that connects two segments of an oceanic ridge; also, any transcurrent fault associated with two lithospheric plates sliding past one another; hence transform faulting.
1965J. T. Wilson in Nature 24 July 343/2 It is proposed that a separate class of horizontal shear faults exists which terminate abruptly at both ends, but which nevertheless may show great displacements... The name transform fault is proposed for the class. 1973Ibid. 10 Aug. 341/2 The boundaries between the rigid plates which make up the Earth's crust are..of three distinct kinds: ridges..; trenches..; transform faults, along which plates may slip relative to each other. 1976Ibid. 4 Mar. 14/1 There are several transcurrent faults in solid continental rocks which, because they happen to terminate at structural features which ‘absorb’ their motion, must also be termed ‘transform faults’ according to Wilson's strict definition. 1980Guardian 20 Nov. 13/4 There are fault boundaries, known as transform faults, along which the plates merely slide past each other.
1971Geol. Mag. CVIII. 27 The sinuous zone of fission as it extends the length of the north and south Atlantic Ocean is necessarily in many places oblique to the direction of spreading. This situation is generally..accommodated by transform faulting. |