| 释义 |
foundation|faʊnˈdeɪʃən|
Forms: 4–6 f(o)undacio(u)n, -yon, 5–6 f(o)undatio(u)n, -yo(u)n, (6 foundasyon), 7 fund-, fondation, 5– foundation.
[ad. L. fundātiōn-em, n. of action f. fundāre: see found v.2 Cf. OF. fondacion (1322).]
1. The action of founding or building upon a firm substructure; the state or fact of being founded.
c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 739 Thisbe, This wal..Was cloven a-two, right fro the toppe adoun, Of old tyme of his fundacioun. c1400Mandeville (1839) xxi. 223 The foundacion of the Tour of Babylon. 1535Coverdale Ezra iii. 12 Many of the olde prestes..which had sene the house afore in his foundacion. 1611Bible John xvii. 24 Thou louedst mee before the foundation of the world. 1719Tickell Death Addison 44 Ne'er to these chambers where the mighty rest, Since their foundation, came a nobler guest.
2. fig. The action of establishing, instituting, or constituting on a permanent basis.
c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xi. 44 Þat was þe fundacion of þe Templeres and of þaire ordre. 1548Hall Chron., Edw. IV (an. 9) 206 b, For the more sure foundacion of the newe amitie, Edward Prince of Wales, wedded Anne. 1619J. Sempill Sacrilege Handled 84 Heere then was but a Nuncupation, a Fundation of Priesthood. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 73 Extending to the foundation of the Empire of Baghdad. 1874Green Short Hist. viii. §5. 506 The foundation of the linen manufacture which was to bring wealth to Ulster.
3. a. esp. The establishing of an institution, together with an endowment or provision for its perpetual maintenance.
1389in Eng. Gilds (1870) 67 Theyse arne the ordinaunces of the Gylde of Seynt Katerine..ordeynyd..in the fyrste fundacion. c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. xix. (1885) 185 To establysh and..amortyse þe same lyuelod to is crowne..wych than wold be as a newe ffundacion of is crowne. 1513Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 2449 What landes he gaue towarde the fundacyon Of the sayd monastery. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1349/2 In ech vniuersities by the foundation of the ordinarie and publike lessons. 1859C. Barker Assoc. Princ. i. 7 The piety..evidenced by bequests of broad acres, the foundation of religious houses.
†b. The charter of establishment or incorporation of a society, institution, etc., with rules and ordinances for its government. Obs.
1389in Eng. Gilds (1870) 110 [heading] Certificacio fundacionis et regiminis gilde..[ending with] Other fundacioun es ther non. 1530–1Act 22 Hen. VIII, c. 12 Euery person..bounden by reason of any foundacion or ordynaunce to gyue or distribute any money in almes. 1546Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 20 As in the First Chauntrie at large is declared as apperyth by Foundacion dated [etc.].
4. a. That which is founded or established by endowment; an institution (e.g. a monastery, college, or hospital) established with an endowment and regulations for its maintenance.
1513More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 808 He begun to founde a College of a hundred priestes, which foundation with the founder shortly tooke an ende. 1669Woodhead St. Teresa ii. xxviii. 175 It was our Lord's pleasure, that no Foundation should be erected without great troubles to me. 1843Coleridge in Stanley Arnold's Life & Corr. (1844) I. i. 9 Corpus is a very small establishment,—twenty fellows and twenty scholars, with four exhibitioners, form the foundation. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iv. 190 He was with difficulty hindered from becoming a monk in his own foundation of Jumièges.
b. on (or † of) the foundation: said of the members of an endowed college or similar society.
1491Act 7 Hen. VII, c. 19 William Priour of Cristchurche of Caunterbury of your noble fundacion. 1588Ld. Burghley in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 26 No Scholer nor Fellowes of the foundation of any Howse of Learninge. 1761Gray Lett. Wks. 1884 III. 86 If the boy was to be on the foundation [at Eton]. 1839De Quincey Recoll. Lakes Wks. 1862 II. 71 He..was removed to..London, and placed on the great foundation of Christ's Hospital. 1881Oxford Univ. Calend. 163 There are now fourteen Fellowships and fifteen Scholarships on the old Foundation at this College.
c. The fund or revenues appropriated to endow such an institution. Also U.S. (see quot. 1851).
c1430Lydg. Min. Poems 136 To sette of tithes a fundacioun. 1593Nashe Christ's T. 83 b, They peruert foundations, and will not bestow the Bequeathers free almes. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. vi. iii. 312 None [of the Convents] was left standing in the whole Diocesse of Bangor, where no Foundation was valued at full seventy pounds per annum. 1851B. H. Hall College Words 134 Foundation..In America applied to a donation or legacy appropriated especially to maintain poor and deserving..students at a college.
5. a. The solid ground or base (natural or built up) on which an edifice or other structure is erected; also, the lowest part of a building, usually constructed below the ground-level.
1494Fabyan Chron. v. cxxxiv. 119 Albeit yt many [buildings] stande vpon theyr first foundacion, as this yet doth. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. viii. 8 b, Where as yet are seene the foundations of the auncient citie. 1697Dryden æneid iii. 27, I lay the deep Foundations of a Wall. 1802C. James Milit. Dict. s.v., If the earth to be built upon is..such that the natural foundation cannot be trusted. 1850A. Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. (1863) 22 In digging the foundations of the monastery of Monte Cassino.
transf. and fig.1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. lvii. (1495) 172 The bones ben the foundacion of al the body and the byldynge of all the body is sette thervpon. 1535Coverdale Ps. cii. 25 Thou Lorde in the begynnynge has layed y⊇ foundacion of the earth. 1597Daniel Civ. Wars vi. 54 Which engines of protests, and proffers kind..So shook the whole foundation of his mind, As they did all his resolution move. 1648Herrick Hesper., Hock-cart 29 The large and cheefe Foundation of your Feast, Fat Beefe. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 455 The Rocks are from their old Foundations rent. 1705S. Sewall Diary 19 Jan. (1879) II. 122 The Horses went away with the foundation and left the Superstructure of the Slay and the Riders behind.
†b. The ‘seat’ of the body, the ‘fundament’.
1681S. Colvil Whigs Supplic. (1751) 131 Who quarrels pick with neighbour nations Get halberts thrust thro' their fundations.
6. fig.
a. A basis or groundwork on which something (immaterial) is raised or by which it is supported or confirmed; an underlying ground or principle; the basis on which a story, fiction, or the like is founded.
c1400Hist. & Art. Masonry 28 Hit was cause and fundacion of all craftys and sciens. 1529More Dyaloge i. Wks. 161/1 This one poynt is the very fond foundacion and ground of all his great heresyes. 1611Bible Transl. Pref. 4 The Edition of the Seuentie was vsed by the Greeke fathers for the ground and foundation of their Commentaries. 1628T. Spencer Logick 182 The principles, and foundation of a demonstration, are necessary axiomes. 1674Playford Skill Mus. iii. 1 The Bass, which is the lowest part and foundation of the whole Song. 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth iii. ii. (1723) 179 There being no reasonable Foundation to believe that the Deluge did come to pass this Way. 1711Steele Spect. No. 91 ⁋1 The Subject I am now going upon would be much more properly the Foundation of a Comedy. 1716Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Lady Rich 1 Dec., The report..I can assure you..has no real foundation. 1765Blackstone Comm. i. 47 The only true and natural foundations of society are the wants and the fears of individuals. 1843Mill Logic i. iii. §9, I shall term the sensation of white the foundation of the quality whiteness. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 313 Thus far Socrates has proceeded in placing religion on a moral foundation.
†b. A ground or reason upon which men act; an understanding, basis of agreement. Obs.
1642R. Carpenter Experience iv. ii. 132 He may kill his adversary, upon this foundation, because he must either kill or be killed. 1727A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. II. xli. 107 That the English might again repair to their respective Houses, and trade on the old Foundation. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §30 Upon this foundation Captain Lovet engaged Mr. John Rudyerd to be his engineer.
c. pl. [tr. G. grundlagen, etc.] The underlying principles or logical basis (of a subject), esp. as a separate matter for study.
1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. x. 194, I retired to a cottage in Somersetshire..and devoted my thoughts and studies to the foundations of religions and morals. 1897B. Russell (title) An essay on the foundations of geometry. 1931F. P. Ramsey (title) The foundations of mathematics. 1941Courant & Robbins What is Math.? ii. 87 Paradoxes like this have led Russell and others to a systematic study of the foundations of mathematics and logic. 1944H. Reichenbach (title) Philosophic foundations of quantum mechanics. 1965A. S. & E. H. Luchins Logical Found. Math. xviii. 377 Despite the popularity of the term foundations, there are wide differences of opinion as to the importance of foundations for psychology.
7. transf.
a. That upon which any structure is built up; a body or ground upon which other parts are overlaid; in various technical uses: e.g. in Dressmaking, an underskirt over which the outer skirt is hung or draped; also, a material used for stiffening a garment, etc.; in crochet-work and knitting, the first set of stitches, to which the rest are secured.
b. attrib.
c. = foundation garment.
1845[see body n. 7 b]. 1865M. Eyre Lady's Walks xvii. 195 The materials to be used are..neatly tacked on the silk—any foundation could..be used; merino, cloth, or whatever material was thought best suited for curtains. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 909 Foundation..the body of a hat, of wool or inferior fur, upon which the napping of superior fur is laid and united at the battery. 1882Caulfeild & Saward Dict. Needlework, Foundation net, a coarse quality of Net..employed for stiff foundations in Millinery and Dressmaking. 1893G. Hill Hist. Eng. Dress II. 270 Six skirts of tulle over a foundation of satin. 1907Westm. Gaz. 9 Mar. 13/2 Such a coat is..mounted on a foundation silk. 1939P. J. Marquand Wickford Point 370 She said that she had heard that I worked in a department store and she wanted to know about foundations. 1960[see backless a. b].
d. A base for cosmetics. Used esp. attrib., as foundation cream, foundation lotion, foundation make-up.
[1911G. S. Porter Harvester xiii. 279 She found a box of cream and rubbed it on for a foundation. Then she opened some pink powder, and carefully dusted her cheeks.] 1929D. L. Moore Pandora's Let. Box x. 179 A thick layer of powder..may be spread on a foundation cream having almost the consistency of paste. 1935‘E. Ann’ Beauty Adorned x. 86 A greaseless foundation-cream as a base. 1939–40Army & Navy Stores Catal. 434/3 Foundation Cream—3/6. Foundation Lotion—4/6. 1942D. Powell Time to be Born (1943) x. 227 Miss Finkelstein..checked on her Chinese yellow foundation make-up. 1952C. W. Cunnington Eng. Women's Clothing viii. 265 Starting with foundation lotion over cherry-coloured cream rouge..this is followed by cameo powder and cherry lipstick. 1959News Chron. 12 Aug. 5/5, I don't use foundation now. It dries my skin. 1965[see cleansing ppl. a.]. 1966Guardian 25 Apr. 6/2 Lipsticks (and foundations) in rich as well as pale colours for the darker woman.
8. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attrib. (= belonging to or serving as a foundation, fundamental).
1665Glanvill Scepsis Sci. xi. (1680) 98 If any ask, how the Soul came by those foundation-Propositions. 1670Devout Commun. (1688) 160 Christ, that foundation-mercy, that hath all mercies folded up in him. 1726Vanbrugh Journ. to Lond. i. i, It is a settled foundation-point that every child that is born shall be a beggar, except one; and that he—shall be a fool. 1875E. White Life in Christ iii. xx. (1878) 262 He builds everywhere on the foundation-thought that a Christian is [etc.].
b. = belonging to a foundation (sense 4), as foundation-charter, foundation child, † foundation master, foundation scholar, † foundation undergraduate. Also applied to persons, etc. belonging to or associated with the founding of a society or institution, as foundation member. Cf. founder n.2 5.
1900Westm. Gaz. 28 June 1/1 The Royal herd and flock at Sandringham were established in 1863, when the *foundation animals were selected from some of the best stocks in England.
c1670Wood Life (1848) 129 A copie of the *foundation-charter of Canterbury college in Oxon.
1845Stocqueler Handbk. Brit. India (1854) 156 The *foundation children, fifty in number, are elected from the Christian population of Calcutta.
1706Hearne Collect. 17 Feb., He was a *Foundation Master (as they call them).
1928Daily Mail 31 July 8/5 The subscription will be 5s. a year for *foundation members. 1965Doughty & Wahl in Rossetti Lett. I. 41 James Collinson,..a foundation member of the P.R.B. 1970Morning Star 26 Aug. 5 A foundation member of the Communist Party, Tommy Strudwick,..has died in New Zealand.
1883Cassell's Fam. Mag. Aug. 525/1 The number of free or *Foundation scholars has been increased.
1687W. Sherwin in Magd. Coll. & Jas. II (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) 216 Any *foundation-undergraduate.
c. Special comb.: foundation-chain, the first stitches in a piece of crochet-work; foundation deposit, an object placed in the foundation of a building; foundation garment, a woman's corset, or corset-substitute; foundation-muslin, -net, gummed fabrics used for stiffening dresses and bonnets; foundation-school, an endowed school; foundation-stone, one of the stones forming the foundation of a building; spec. a stone laid with public ceremony to celebrate the founding of the edifice; also fig.; foundation-stop, in an organ (see quot. 1881); foundation-trench (see quot. 1954).
1882Caulfeild & Saward Dict. Needlework, *Foundation Chain.
1955L. Woolley Alalakh ii. 84 It is tempting to regard these concealed ‘cupboards’ as intended to receive *foundation-deposits. 1962D. Harden Phoenicians 225 As a foundation-deposit under one wall there was a late geometric amphora with twisted handles.
1927Daily Express 12 Sept. 5/5 These are best described as cami⁓bockers, plus a skirt, and are quite the most sensible *foundation garment. 1952M. McCarthy Groves of Academe (1953) iv. 54 Courses tailored to the individual need, like their own foundation-garments. 1957Times 25 Nov. 11/1 It is wise first of all to give thought to the question of the right foundation garments. Unconditioned muscles tire less with the support of a well-fitted brassière and pantie-belt.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Foundation-muslin.
1882Caulfeild & Saward Dict. Needlework, *Foundation net.
1833Marryat P. Simple (1863) 92, I had been..educated at a *foundation school.
1651Hobbes Leviath. iii. xlii. 302 The *Foundation-Stone of the Church. 1856J. A. Symonds Let. 28 June (1967) I. 74 The laying of the Foundation Stone of the New Aisle. 1874Morley Compromise (1886) 250 The first foundation-stone for the doctrine of liberty is to be sought in the conception of society as a growing and developing organism. 1887Spectator 9 July 924/1 The foundation-stone of the Imperial Institute was laid by the Queen.
1846Rimbault in North Mem. Musicke 121 Smith seems to have excelled in the diapason or *foundation stops. 1881C. A. Edwards Organs 148 Foundation stops are those that give a note corresponding to the key pressed.
1942Oxoniensia VII. 28 The purpose of this enclosure is obscure. The rectangular sides suggest a *foundation-trench for a masonry building, but no trace of masonry or even rubble was found in the section. 1954M. Wheeler Archaeol. fr. Earth (1955) vi. 72 A trench, known as the ‘foundation-trench’, is cut along the line of the proposed wall in order that the foundations of the latter may rest upon the solid sub-soil rather than upon the relatively unstable soil that is commonly found on the surface.
Hence † founˈdation v., to ground.
1627–77Feltham Resolves ii. xxvii. 215 He that foundations not himself with the Arts, will hardly be fit to go out Doctor, either to himself or others.
Sense 7 d in Dict. becomes 7 e. Add: [4.] d. [Spec. use of 4 a above; see also sense 4 c quot. 1851.] An organization with an endowment whose earnings are devoted to financing research, the arts, and other charitable causes. orig. U.S.
1905N.Y. Times 28 Apr. 1/7 The corporation which is being formed will be styled ‘The Carnegie Foundation’. 1930F. Keppel Foundation 95 The foundation should be alert to seek out and to enter new fields where help is needed, provided its resources are sufficient. 1952A. Flexner Funds & Foundations i. 1 This volume deals with the great philanthropic and educational foundations. 1974Encycl. Brit. Micropædia IV. 783/2 In 1925 the sixth son of Meyer Guggenheim, Simon Guggenheim.., established in memory of his son the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to award fellowships to aid artists and scholars studying abroad. 1987Washington Post 10 Oct. b8/6 The Rockefeller Foundation, the main sponsor of the show, provided about $400,000.
[7.] d. Bee-keeping. A base of beeswax sheeting moulded into the shape of a honeycomb and placed in the frame of a hive to stimulate comb-building upon it. Also as comb-foundation.
1867Amer. Bee Jrnl. May 209/1 Several years ago we devised and patented an apparatus for making artificial honey-comb foundations having rudimental cells. 1881T. Cowan Brit. Bee-Keeper's Guide Bk. xi. 57 If..the underside of the top bar of the frame is provided with a strip of wax, or comb-foundation, they at once accept this as a guide to work out their combs. 1910Encycl. Brit. III. 633/2 Mehring (1857) is justly claimed as the originator of comb-foundation. 1939–40Army & Navy Stores Catal. 991/1 Hive of Taylors' ‘Commercial’ pattern..complete with all frames and sections fitted with full sheets of wax foundation. 1974Ecologist IV. viii. 297/2 In the event of the need for new wax this can be bought in sheets of pure beeswax, called foundation. 1986Los Angeles Times (San Diego County ed.) 11 Dec. 5a6/2 With this wax foundation as a base, the bees ‘pull out’ each thin-walled cell, extending and deepening it for larva or honey. |