| 释义 |
▪ I. travail, n.1|ˈtrævəl, -eɪl|
Forms: (v before 1600 usually written u, in Sc. often w). α. 3–7 trauail, -ayl, 4–6 -ayll, -aille, -ale, 4–7 -aill, -aile, -ayle, 5–6 -aylle; 4 travail, 4–7 -aill, -aile, -ayle, 5 -all(e, 5–6 -ayll, -ale; Sc. 4–5 trawaill, -wailȝe, -aile, -ayle, (5 trewaill), 4–6 trawayll. β. traueylle, 4–7 -ell, -el, 5 -eyle, 6 -eill, -ille, -yll; 5 travelle, 5–7 travell, 5–8 travel, (7 travil); 5–6 Sc. trawel, -ell.
[a. OF. travail suffering or painful effort, trouble (12th c. in Godef. Compl.) = Prov. trebalh, Sp. trabajo, Pg. trabalho, It. travaglio; vbl. n. from travailler, etc.: see travail v. OF. and Pr. had also fem. forms travaille, trebalha, labour, fatigue.
(As to the diverse sense-development in Fr. and in Eng. see travail v.)]
I.
1. Bodily or mental labour or toil, especially of a painful or oppressive nature; exertion; trouble; hardship; suffering. arch.
αc1250O. Kent. Serm. in O.E. Misc. 33 Clepe þo werkmen and yeld hem here trauail. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 61/247 [H]is trauail nis no þe lasse. a1300Cursor M. 9703 (Cott.) Qua wil for pes his trauaill [v.r. trauayl] spend. Ibid. 20942 Was nan sua mikel trauael mad. 13..Ibid. 12765 (Gött.) Ferli þaim toght hu he might last, Wid sua grete trauale [other MSS. trauaile] and fast. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints ii. (Paulus) 911 He tholit trawal ful gret. c1386Chaucer Frankl. T. 889, I wol nat taken a peny of thee For al my craft ne noght for my trauaille [v.rr. -ayle, -aile]. 1390Gower Conf. III. 231 And lusti youthe his thonk deserveth Upon the travail which he doth. 1422tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 152 His modyr that..with grete trauaill hym norishid. Ibid. 158 Ne be not al tymys in traualle and in thoghtis. c1470Henry Wallace vi. 672 We may thaim wyne, and mak bot lycht trawaill. 1549Crowley Last Trumpet 268 Then holde thy selfe therwyth contente, As wyth the wage of thy travayle. 1570Satir. Poems Reform. xvii. 13 Betuix gude and euill markand our trauaill [rimes saill, fraill]. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. i. (S.T.S.) I. 78 The diligens,..Industrie, and trauale of this Thanaus. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lii. §1 With care and trauaile to preserue this Article from..sinister construction. 1621H. Elsing Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) App. 146 For which my paines and travaill they gave me two pesses a manne. 1660Jer. Taylor Worthy Commun. Introd. 1 Faint and sick with travaile and fear. 1826E. Irving Babylon I. ii. 64 The common everyday travail of men in trade and handicrafts. 1867F. Francis Angling xiv. (1880) 489 Ah, what travail have I not endured in the pursuit of May fly hooks.
β13..Cursor M. 89 (Cott.) Quat bote is to sette traueil [v.rr. -ail, -ayle, -aile] On thyng þat may not auail. [1375Barbour Bruce (MS. 1487) vii. 45 We haf tynt þis trauell [rime avale]. ]1382Wyclif Gen. xxxi. 42 Myn affliccioun and the traueil of myn hondis the Lord bihelde. c1400Rule St. Benet 1855 For vnto trauel wor we born, And al our elders vs be-forn. c1450Merlin ii. 26 He that ought doth for a gode man, lesith not his traueyle. 1530Palsgr. 282/2 Traveyle, labour, trauayl. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. (Rolls) II. 191 This Conranus..Greit travell dalie did vpoun him tak. 1570Ane Tragedie 32 in Satir. Poems Reform. x. 83 He to serue vs na traueil did spair. 1577J. Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 56 As Iob sayeth, a man is borne to trauel as the sparkes flee vpward. 1642Rogers Naaman To Rdr. §1 A great peece of my travell in these Lectures. a1770Jortin Serm. (1771) I. iv. 67 He wrought with labor and travel night and day. 1774Pennant Tour Scot. in 1772 225 After some travel [we] found the inside.
†2. With a and pl. A piece of bodily or mental labour; a work, a task; in pl. labours.
c1350Will. Palerne 4712 Þi tenful trauayles þow hast for me suffred. 1390Gower Conf. III. 133 Thei hadde a gret travail on honde. 1494Fabyan Chron. vi. cxlix. 135 His manyfolde trauayllys, susteynyd for the weale of the realme. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 10 One that much desyred to eschew the trauayles of Martiall affayres. c1620Fletcher & Massinger Trag. Barnavelt v. i, Heaven direct And prosper theis your charitable traviles. 1690Penn Rise & Progr. Quakers vi. (1834) 80 O it is a travail, a spiritual travail! 1724A. Collins Gr. Chr. Relig. Pref. 21 He that seeketh her early shall have no great travels.
†3. The outcome, product, or result of toil or labour; a (finished) ‘work’; esp. a literary work.
1563Shute Archit. F ij b, I submyt my trauel, vnto allother..of like well wylling affection, wherwith I do offer this my poore atemptes and smal trauailes. 1597Morley Introd. Mus. 183 The publication..of those neuer enough praised trauailes of master Waterhouse. 1624Wotton Archit. i. ad fin., I will conclude the first Part of my present Travel. The second remaineth concerning Ornaments.
4. The labour and pain of child-birth. Phr. in travail (Fr. en travail). Now chiefly fig.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 237 Vor in travail of his beringe is moder was verst ded. c1300St. Margarete 283 Eni womman..in trauail of childe. 1512Helyas in Thoms Prose Rom. (1828) III. 27 In great paine and travaille of bodye she childed .vi. sonnes and a faire doughter. 1535Coverdale Ps. xlvii[i]. 6 Feare came there vpon them, & sorowe as vpon a woman in hir trauayle. 1599B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. v. x, Doe you not see how his legs are in trauaile with a measure? 1611Bible John xvi. 21 A woman, when shee is in trauaile, hath sorrow, because her houre is come. 1650Bulwer Anthropomet. 180 His wife dying after travel of a daughter. 1754–64Smellie Midwif. II. 70 She felt all the Praeludia of an imminent travail. 1825J. Neal Bro. Jonathan III. 448 In the time of her travail. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. III. vi. vii, What a distracted City;..the Hour clearly in travail,—child not to be named till born! 1897T. Hardy Well-Beloved ii. xiii, Between the travail of the sea without, and the travail of the woman within.
†5. transf. The eclipse of a heavenly body. Cf. labour n. 7. Obs. rare.
1601Holland Pliny ii. xii. I. 9 Seeing these things, and the paineful ordinarie travels (since that this tearme is now taken up) of the starres. [1627Hakewill Apol. x. (1630) 82 Eclipses of the Sun and Moone, in which they are commonly thought to suffer, and to be as it were in travell during that time.] 1640Bp. Reynolds Passions i. 2 No eye gazeth on the Moone, but in her Travell.
†6. transf. The straining movement of a vessel in rough seas. (Cf. labour v. 17.) Obs. rare—1.
1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. ii. 10 If the Vessel made but the least Travel, they thought themselves lost.
II.
7. Journeying, a journey.
For this and the senses derived from it, see travel n., the spelling under which these senses are now differentiated from the preceding.
III. 8. attrib. and Comb., as travail-pain, -pang, pain or pang of child-birth (also fig.).
1814Scott Ld. of Isles iv. xxvii, Thou heard'st a wretched female plain In agony of travail-pain. 1827Keble Chr. Y., 4th Sund. Trinity, The travail pangs of earth must last Till her appointed hour. 1860Pusey Min. Proph. 86 The travail-pangs are violent, sudden, irresistible.
▪ II. † travail, -aile, n.2 Obs.
[= F. travail, pl. travails (1467–8, traval in Godef. Compl., in same sense). Cf. Cotgr., ‘Travail:..also the frame whereinto Farriers put vnrulie horses, when they shooe or dresse them.’ Derivation disputed: by some referred to L. trepālium (see travail v.), by others to L. *trabāculum, or other deriv. of trabs, trabem beam, thing made of beams or timbers.]
A kind of quadrangular frame in which restive horses are secured in order to be shod. Cf. trave n. 2.
1594Nashe Unfort. Trav. Wks. (Grosart) V. 141 The trauaile wherein smithes put wilde horses when they shoo them. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Travail, in the manege. See the article Travice... This in some of the remoter parts of England goes by the name of a break; and is called in French Travail. 1771Misc. in Ann. Reg. 177/2 Trabale is derived from trabs, from whence, as I conjecture, proceeds the word travail (travise), which..denotes that machine in which Farriers confine mettlesome and vicious horses in order to shoe them.
▪ III. ‖ travail, -aille, n.3|travɑj|
[App. the same as F. travail, which in Canada (pronounced travày) is applied to the space between the two shafts of a vehicle in which the horse runs (cf. trave n. 1 b); this may well be originally the same word as prec., and ult. from L. trabs, trabem beam. Travaux is a false plural, found in books, for travails.]
See quotations, and cf. travois.
1801A. Henry Jrnl. 13 Oct. in E. Coues New Light on Greater Northwest (1897) I. iv. 190 Chamanau arrived from the hills, bringing his deceased wife on a travaille to be buried here. 1865Milton & Cheadle N.W. Passage by Land 171 A travaille is an Indian contrivance, consisting of two poles fastened together at an acute angle, with crossbars between. The point of the angle rests upon the back of the dog or horse, the diverging ends of the poles drag along the ground, and the baggage is put on to the crossbars. The Indians use these contrivances instead of carts. 1889Century Mag. Jan. 339/2 In a month ‘Richard's himself again’, ready to fly over the grassy sward with his savage master or to drag the travaux and pack the buxom squaw. 1891Cent. Dict., Travail, A means of transportation, commonly used by North American Indians... Also called travois, travee.
▪ IV. travail, v.|ˈtrævəl, -eɪl|
Forms: α. 3–5 trauaille, 3–7 -aile, (4– -alle), 4–6 -aill, -ayle, -ayll(e, -ale, -all, 4–7 -ail, 6 -al. 4–5 travaylle, 4–6 -aille, 4–7 -ayle, -aile, 5 -ale, 5–6 -aill, 5– travail; 4–5 Sc. trawayll, -ale, 5 -aill. β. 4–5 traueil(e, -eyll(e, 4–6 -eyle, -ele, 5–7 -elle, -el, 6–7 -ell; 4–7 travele, 5 -eylle, 5–6 -eille, -eyl(e, 5–7 -ell, 5–9 travel.
[ME. travaill-en, -vaylle, -vaile, -veyle, -veile, etc. (usually with u, or Sc. w, for v), a. OF. travaillier, -vailler, -veillier, -veiller, mod.F. travailler = Prov. trebalhar (also Pg. trabalhar, Sp. trabajar, It. travagliare); held by Romanic scholars generally to represent a late pop.L. or Com. Rom. *trepāliāre, deriv. of trepālium (582 a.d. in Du Cange), an instrument or engine of torture (prob. f. L. trēs, tria three + pālus stake, being so named from its structure). The etymological sense was thus ‘to put to torture, torment’, passing at an early stage into those of ‘afflict, vex, trouble, harass, weary’. Through the refl. sense ‘to trouble, afflict, or weary oneself’, came the intrans. ‘to toil, work hard, labour’. Thence also (as is generally thought) the verbal ns. OF. travail m. and travaille f., ME. travail, -aile: see travail n.1
The sense-development has not followed the same course in French and in English. Thus English has not developed the simple sense ‘work’, for which the OE. word has lived on. On the other hand, French has not evolved the sense ‘journey’ = F. voyager, which appeared early in Anglo-Fr., and has become the main sense in English, and is differentiated by the spelling travel, while the more original senses, so far as they continue in use, retain the earlier spelling travail.]
I.
1. trans. To torment, distress, harass, afflict, vex, trouble; to weary, tire. Obs. or arch.
1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 6035 Þe fende yn-to hym was lope, And traueyled hym þre dayys with pyne. 1382Wyclif Deut. viii. 16 After that he trauelde thee and strengthide [1388 turmentid thee, and preuede], at the eende he hadde mercy of thee. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 473 Preostes schulde be worshipped to fore oþer men, and nouȝt i-travalled and i-greeved. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 192 b/1 They were wery and sore traueyled by the waye which was longe. c1489― Sonnes of Aymon iii. 70 For their strengthe, they trayueylle us moche. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 252 He came thether in such haste, that hys horse and men were sore traueyled. 1627Lisander & Cal. iii. 39 Apt words to expresse the griefes, wherwith..we begin to be travelled. 1695Ld. Preston Boeth. Pref. 11 We are travelled with Uneasiness and Inquietude amidst our largest Enjoyments. 1816Scott Old Mort. iv, I jalouse he wad hae liked to hae ridden by, but his horse..was ower sair travailed. 1832[see travailed 1].
†b. refl. To put oneself to trouble, to weary or exert onself, to labour or work hard: = Fr. se travailler, passing into the intr. sense 2. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 22775 (Edin.) Þai..trauaild [v.rr. -ailled, -alid, -ailed] þaim on al wis To paien him in his seruis. c1374Chaucer Boeth. iii. pr. xi. 76 (Camb. MS.) Euery beest trauaylith hym to deffende and kepe the sauacion of hys lyf. 1556Aurelio & Isab. (1608) I v, Whoo lovethe not, traveillethe not him selfe. 1581G. Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. ii. (1586) 99 To exercise and trauaile himselfe in gouerning his subiects with iustice.
†c. trans. To put to work, cause to work; to exert, employ, bring into action. Obs.
1390Gower Conf. II. 16 And if he wolde have holde him stille And nothing spoke, he scholde have failed: Bot for he hath his word travailed And dorste speke, his love he spedde. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iii. (1586) 118 b, To trauell them [mares] moderately, will doe them rather good then harme. 1596Danett tr. Comines (1614) 328 The poore man that trauelleth and toileth his body to get foode. 1610Fletcher Faithf. Sheph. v. i, Let the floud..give remedy To greedy thirst, and travel not the tree That hangs with wanton clusters. 1630Earl of Cork in Lismore Papers (1888) Ser. ii. III. 163, I haue with all affectionate zeale traveled my thoughts and stirred vp my best observacions [etc.].
†d. To shake, stir, ‘work’ (a thing) about.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. xi. 403 Seuen curnels of a pynappul do In oon sester of wyn that is impure And trauayle hit a tyme to and fro And aftir suffre hit to reste go. c1440Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 455 Alway travaile hit wel over the fyre.
†e. trans. To labour at, to perform (some work, duty, or service). Obs. rare—1.
1569Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 673 The Precheouris and utheris travelling the charge of ministerie within the kirk.
2. intr. (for refl.; cf. 1 b). To exert oneself, labour, toil, work hard. arch.
c1250O. Kent. Serm. in O.E. Misc. 34 Þos laste on ure habbeþ i-trauailed. 1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 10408 Y prey þe..To trauayle so moche for me. 13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 549 Þenne þe fyrst bygonne to pleny & sayden þat þay hade travayled sore. 1423Jas. I Kingis Q. lxx, As Tantalus I trauaile ay but-les. 1484Caxton Fables of æsop vi. xvii, Who trauaylleth wel, he hath euer brede ynough for to ete. 1577Googe Heresbach's Husb. 13 b, That he be not..vnable to trauayle for age. 1615W. Lawson Orch. & Gard. (1623) 2 Such a Gardner as will conscionably, quietly and patiently, trauell in your Orchard. 1878B. Taylor Deukalion i. ii. 22, I travail for my children.
fig.1883Stevenson Silverado Sq. v. (1886) 76 Even in its gentlest moods the salt sea travails, moaning among the weeds or lisping on the sand.
b. Const. about, for, in (some matter), to do something. arch.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 82/29 Ȝwat neode is it for to trauailli ferrore me to lede? Ibid. 350/161 Þou trauailest, he seide, a-boute nouȝt. a1325Prose Psalter xlviii[i]. 8 For þe pris of his raunsoun he shal trauail wyþ-outen ende. 1375Barbour Bruce ix. 165 Thai had no-thing for to et, Bot gif thai traualit it to get. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) ix. 33 Þis folk..trauailez noȝt aboute tillyng of land. c1489Caxton Blanchardyn vi. 26 In vayne he traueylled for to require her from him. 1559Bp. Scot in Strype Ann. Ref. (1709) I. App. vii. 18, I shall nede to travell in provinge of the same. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 240 He wyll sende Ambassadours, whiche shall trauell for peace. 1612T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 7 (1619) 158 Trauell not too much to be rich. 1678Wanley Wond. Lit. World v. i. §93. 467/2 He travelled exceedingly for establishing the Peace of Christendom. 1704Swift T. Tub Introd., I have been prevailed on..to travel in a compleat and laborious dissertation. 1897W. Beatty Secretar xxv. 213 Gif the meenisters uprightly travelled to punish vice.
†c. To work as a student, to study (in a subject or author). Obs.
1551–1742 [see travailed 2]. 1570T. Wilson Demosthenes Ded. 2 Maister Cheeke, hauing traueyled in Demosthenes as much as any one of them all.
3. Of a woman: To suffer the pains of childbirth; to be in labour. Also fig.
a1300[see travailing vbl. n.]. 1388Wyclif Rom. viii. 22 And we witen, that ech creature sorewith, and trauelith with peyne [1382 childith] til ȝit. 1470–85Malory Arthur viii. i. 273 She byganne to trauaille fast of her child. 1565Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 396 The Countes of Buchane, quha than wes travelland with chyld. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 14 Flowres which only Dame Nature trauels with. 1658T. Wall God's Revenge agst. Enemies Ch. 56 Travelling with the pangs of a false zeal, they fall in labour of a monstrous Reformation. 1730T. Boston Mem. App. 28, I have long travailed in pain about it. 1827Scott Surg. Dau. viii, Her son, for whom she had travailed and sorrowed. 1860Pusey Min. Proph. 455 God's word..contains its own fulfilment in itself, and travaileth until it come to pass.
†4. Of a ship: To ‘labour’, to roll or pitch heavily and right itself with difficulty. Obs. rare.
a1340Hampole Psalter ix. 34 Þi haly kirke..trauailand as a ship in gret stormes. 1390Gower Conf. III. 296 The yonge king makth mochel wo So forto se the Schip travaile.
II.
†5. To journey, etc.: see travel v., under which spelling these senses are now differentiated from the preceding. |