| 释义 |
▪ I. franchise, n.|ˈfrɑːntʃɪz, ˈfræn-, -tʃaɪz|
Forms: 3–6 fraunchis(e, -yse, 4–6 franchis, -yse, -es, 5–6 fraunches, -schis(se, (6 franchese, fraunces, -chest, -chiese, -cis), 3– franchise.
[a. OF. franchise freedom, frankness, f. franc free, frank a.2
For the history of the pronunciation see enfranchise.]
I. Freedom, immunity, privilege.
†1.
a. Freedom as opposed to servitude or subjection. Obs.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 142/1271 And to bi-nime þe kynge is fraunchise. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 1091 We wulleþ vor oure franchise fiȝte & vor oure lond. c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋378 Þe goodes of body ben hele of body, as strengthe..beautee, gentrye, fraunchise. 1475Bk. Noblesse 71 Aruns.. assemblid a gret oost ayenst the Romains to have..put hem in servage out of her fraunchise. 1525Ld. Berners Froiss. (1812) II. xliii. 140 Ye sholde take all that we haue..to maynteyne vs and our fraunches. 1648D. Jenkins Wks. 110 The House of Commons by themselves..have no power to imprison men, or put them out of Franchise.
†b. Moral freedom. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 1637 Al his for-geten nou al þat franches þat I gaue man in paradis. 1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 27 The mooste difficulte in a man..To knowe hym self, To kepe his fraunchyse or liberte. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 28/2 For where the holy ghoost, is, there is fraunchyse and lyberte.
2. a. A legal immunity or exemption from a particular burden or exaction, or from the jurisdiction of a particular tribunal, granted to an individual, a corporation, an order of persons, etc. In early use also collect. or in generalized sense: The immunities, freedom of government, etc., belonging to a municipality, etc.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 130, I þe forbede to chalange any clerke In lay courte..of holy kirke has merke, Ne þe franchise fordo, þat it ouh to halde. 1473J. Warkworth Chron. 2 He ratyfied..all the ffraunsches yeve to citeis..and graunted to many cyteis..new fraunschesses. 1480Caxton Chron. cxlvii. Ij, & that holy chyrch shold haue all fraunchises as ferforth as they had in seint Edwards tyme the confessour. 1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 336 This yere the Kynge seasyd the fraunchyse of the cytie of London. 1538Leland Itin. II. 68 King Eadgar.. bare a gret Zeale to the Towne, and gave very great Frauncheses and Privilges vnto it. 1559in Strype Ann. Ref. I. App. viii. 22 All franchises and liberties of the bisshoppericks..deryvid from the crowne. 1601Holland Pliny I. 92 A most famous towne..endowed by Claudius..with the franchises and right of a Colonie. 1641Termes de la Ley 167 Franchise..signifies in our Law an Immunity or exemption from ordinary Jurisdiction, as for a Corporation to hold pleas within themselves to such a value, and the like. 1757Burke Abridgm. Eng. Hist. iii. viii. Wks. 1812 V. 684 They had strength enough to oblige him [John] to a solemn promise of restoring those liberties and franchises, which they had always claimed. 1838Prescott Ferd. & Is. (1846) III. xxiii. 334 The city, having first obtained assurance of respect for all its franchises and immunities, surrendered.
b. In wider sense: A privilege or exceptional right granted by the sovereign power to any person or body of persons. In England now chiefly Hist. and as a technical term of law; in the U.S. applied esp. to the powers conferred on a company formed for some purpose of public utility.
1386Rolls of Parlt. III. 225/1 Noughtwithstondyng the same fredam or fraunchise, Nichol Brembre..was chosen Mair. 1479Bury Wills (Camden) 53, I beqwethe to Robert myn son, my tenmentes called Calfes and Northes..wt the fraunchyse of faldes of ijcc shepe to eche of the seyd tenmentes bylongyng. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccclxxxi. 640 In diuerse countreys..the noble men hath great fraunches ouer the commons, and kepeth them in seruage. 1557N. T. (Genev.) Luke xxiii. 17 note, The Romains had gyuen such franches and liberties to the Iewes [to ‘let one lowse vnto them at the feast’]. 1596Spenser F.Q. iv. ix. 37 Ye..the love of ladies foule defame; To whom the world this franchise ever yeelded, That of their loves choise they might freedom clame. 1598J. Manwood Lawes Forest i. §5 (1615) 24/2 A Forest..is the most highest franchise of noble, and princely pleasure, that can be insident unto the Crowne and Royall dignitie of a Prince. 1628Coke On Litt. 121 A mannor whereunto the franchise of waife and stray and such like are appendant. 16..Act Chas. I, c. 15 (Manley) 20 And the Lords and owners of Fairs, Markets and other Franchises. 1711Steele Spect. No. 258 ⁋2, I do humbly propose..that another Theatre of Ease may be erected..and that the Direction thereof may be made a Franchise in Fee to me, and my Heirs for ever. 1767Blackstone Comm. II. 37 Franchise and liberty are used as synonymous terms: and their definition is, a royal privilege, or branch of the king's prerogative, subsisting in the hands of a subject. 1824J. Marshall Const. Opin. (1839) 324 The bill is brought for the purpose of protecting the bank in the exercise of a franchise granted by a law of the United States. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. ii. 33 The right of having a watermill was a franchise. 1876Digby Real Prop. i. App. §i. 268 The rights to have ‘waifs, wrecks, estrays, treasure-trove, royal fish, forfeitures, and deodands’ are franchises, which must rest on royal grant, or prescription which presupposes a grant. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. II. iii. lxvi. 500 After the sale by the Board of Aldermen of the Broadway franchise (the right of laying down a tram⁓way in Broadway), the Aldermanic office was much sought after. Ibid. lxvii. 521 The form which corruption usually takes in the populous cities is the sale of ‘franchises’ (especially monopolies in the use of public thoroughfares). 1892Pall Mall G. 30 Apr. 4/3 The Weights and Measures Bill..empower[s] municipal and County Councils to purchase ‘franchises’ of weights and measures.
c. Marine Insurance. A percentage below which the underwriter incurs no responsibility.
The term was borrowed from French practice, but the English application differs from the French; cf.1857M. Hopkins Handbk. Average 140 In some foreign policies the warranty has a rather different signification. It not only requires that the damage should amount to a certain proportion of the value of the goods insured, but it gives to the assured, in case of Average, only that portion of the loss which exceeds the agreed limit, which is there called the franchise, or affranchisement.
1895W. Gow Marine Insur. 192 It has been arranged that all claims falling short of a certain amount or percentage should not attach to the policy covering the goods. This amount or percentage is termed the franchise. Ibid. 195 Nowadays in England when the franchise is once reached, the whole amount of average including the franchise is paid by the underwriter. 1929V. Dover Marine Insur. (ed. 3) 240 Once the franchise is reached the policy pays in full. Ibid. 330 Unless a franchise of 5 per cent. is attained. 1962R. H. Brown Dict. Marine Insur. Terms 103 Franchise, an amount or percentage specified in the policy which must be reached before a claim is payable... In some foreign insurances the term may be used to denote a deductible franchise.
d. The authorization granted to an individual or group by a company to sell its products or services in a particular area. Hence franchisee, franchiser, franchisor.
1959Listener 2 Apr. 600/3 Paul had obtained the barber shop franchise in a local hotel. 1966Economist 9 July 148/1 Franchisers, to be successful, must to some degree tell their franchisees what to sell and at what price. 1967Times Rev. Industry Aug. 77/2 In the United States..some 1,500 franchisors..handle about 35 per cent of total retail sales. Ibid., The car distributor with the exclusive local franchise. Ibid. 77/3 The management, marketing, product and service know-how of the franchise organization. 1970Guardian 31 July 9/7 The endless seekers of franchises on the [pop festival] site. Drinks, hot dogs, records..are a ready source of cover.
†3. Freedom from arrest, secured to fugitives in certain privileged places; right of asylum or sanctuary; privileged character, inviolability, of a place of refuge. Hence concr. an asylum, sanctuary.
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 323 Here men wondren moche whi alle manquelleris shullen have þis fraunchise of þe sche [? read seintuarie]. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 4994 In cuthbert mynster he come forþi, þe fraunchyse to breke of it. 1513Douglas æneis viii. vi. 69 The haly schaw, Quilk strang Romulus did reduce and draw In maner of franches or of sanctuary. 1601Holland Pliny I. 121 They forbeare those..that flie vnto them as to a place of franchise and priuiledge.
attrib.1525Ld. Berners Froiss. II. clx. 177 a, Trecte, a fraunches towne for all maner of people.
4. The freedom of or full membership of a body corporate or politic; citizenship.
1579Fulke Refut. Rastell 742 Our franches, freedom, or conuersation is in heauen. 1606Holland Sueton. Annot. 2 Unlesse they might be donati civitate. i. enioy the Franchises and Freedome of Rome. 1838Thirlwall Greece II. 36 Solon..published an amnesty..which restored those citizens who had been deprived of their franchise for lighter offences. 1876Freeman Norm. Conq. V. xxiii. 305 The men of London..ranked with the barons of the realm, and many barons of the realm had been admitted to the franchise of their commonalty.
†5. The district over which the privilege of a corporation or an individual extends; a territory, domain. Cf. liberty. to go or ride the franchises: to beat the bounds. Obs.
1486Surtees Misc. (1888) 53 Tadcastre brige, being thextremitie of ys fraunches. 1526R. Whitford Martiloge (1893) 64 In the fraunchest of pontyne. Ibid. 174 In the fraunchest of lyngon. 1572in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 341 The francheses of this Cytie shalbe ryd according to auncient custom. 1621Bolton Stat. Ireland 36 Hen. VI, 27 This Statute shall be observed and take place as well within Franchises and liberties as without. 1680Wood Life (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) II. 493 That day he went the franchises with the mayor and citizens. 1774E. Jacob Faversham 27 The river which separates the franchise of the church of Canterbury down to a place towards the South. 1876Digby Real Prop. i. i. §2. 15 The owner of a franchise or liberty or district exempt from the jurisdiction of the hundred.
attrib.1577Nottingham Rec. IV. 168 Payd for carydg of the olde fraunces crose to the towne. 1587Ibid. 215 Another hole in Wilforth Pasture..to want frauncis stones.
6. a. The right or privilege of voting at public elections, esp. for members of the legislative body.
(Originally a mere contextual application of 2 b; more fully, elective franchise; now the prevailing sense.)
1790Burke Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 318 It would be too much to tell a man jealous of his equality, that the elector has the same franchise who votes for three members as he who votes for ten. 1819Mackintosh Parl. Suffrage Wks. 1846 III. 215 The reasons which make it important to liberty, that the elective franchise should be exercised by large bodies of the lower classes. 1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) III. xiii. 36 New boroughs..acquired the franchise of election. 1845McCulloch Taxation i. ii. (1852) 66 The occupiers of 10l. houses have been intrusted with the elective franchise. 1869Rawlinson Anc. Hist. 128 Citizens in a certain sense, but without franchise.
b. In recent use: One of the various principles of qualification by which the bestowal of the elective franchise may be regulated. fancy franchise: see fancy C.
1884Gladstone in Daily News 29 Feb. 2/4 We propose to establish a new franchise, which I should call—till a better phrase be discovered—the service franchise.
II. As an attribute of character or action.
†7. Nobility of mind; liberality, generosity, magnanimity. Obs.
13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 750 Ȝif I for-loyne as a fol þy fraunchyse may serue. c1386Chaucer Frankl. T. 796 A gayns franchise and alle gentillesse. ― Merch. T. 743 Heer may ye see, how excellent fraunchise In womman is whan thay narow hem avyse. c1450Merlin 280 And ther⁓fore remembre vs of pitee and of youre grete fraunchise. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xi. 283 Telle Reynawde..that he take no hede to my trespase & evyll dede, but to his fraunchyse. 1658J. Coles Cleopatra 161 It might be remedied by an action of generosity and franchise.
†8. Freedom or licence of speech or manners.
1567Drant Horace's Epist. ii. i. G v, And lo by such like wayes Came firste the fraunchyse Fessentine.
Sense 2 d in Dict. becomes 2 f. Add: [I.] [2.] d. An authorization or licence granted to a sports club, formally establishing its existence and ownership. N. Amer. (orig. U.S.).
1905Ann. Rep. National Commission p. viii, The circuit of either Major League may be changed by transferring either of the above mentioned Franchises to some other city on consent of the majority of the clubs of each Major League. 1922Collier's 25 Mar. 29/2 To begin with, the two wealthy owners of that club paid for the Franchise and players under contract $850,000. 1979Arizona Daily Star 22 July C1/1 In the past six years, the city of Phoenix has lost seven professional sports franchises. Five were forced to suspend operations and the other two never quite made it to the Valley of the Sun.
e. transf. An outstanding player in a team, capable of winning games and attracting revenue to a club; a star performer. Freq. attrib., esp. as franchise player. U.S. Sports colloq.
1957San Francisco Examiner 29 Sept. ii. 16/5 Hubbell showed once every four days. Willie you can see every day. That's why he's the franchise and not merely a meal ticket. 1977Washington Post 30 Nov. d1/5 He is not what is known in the trade as ‘a franchise’, a player who by himself generates unbeaten seasons. 1983U.S.A. Today 16 Mar. 3c/1 In short, he is what baseball men covet beyond all else, a franchise player. The pilings on which pennant-winners rest, a neophyte Mike Schmidt or Johnny Bench.
▪ II. ˈfranchise, v. Obs. exc. as vbl. n.
Forms: 4 fraunchise, 5 fraunch(a)yse, fraunches, 6– franchise.
[a. OF. franchiss-, lengthened stem of franchir, f. franc free: see frank a.2]
trans. To make or set free; to invest with a franchise or privilege; = enfranchise v. Const. from, of.
1390Gower Conf. I. 269 Thus stonden all men fraunchised. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. iv. 114 Hit ys noȝt semly..Þat vsurers..Be fraunchised for a free man. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (1840) 3 From other dayes that day whas so devyded, And fraunchesid from mystes and from reyne. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 325 b/2 The kyng..fraunchysed al England of the trybute. 1494Fabyan Chron. vi. clxxi. 165 He..fraunchaysed that towne with many great lyberties. 1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Acts xxii. 28 Before I could be franchisid & made a citizen. 1562Leigh Armorie (1597) 74 b, Though all the towne were franchised, yet horses are not toll-free to this day. 1605Shakes. Macb. ii. i. 28, I..still keepe my Bosome franchis'd. 1633J. Done Hist. Septuagint 24 The summe then of those were franchis'd, mounted unto 400 Talents. 1773J. Ross Fratricide ii. 931 (MS.) Every Soul, when franchis'd from its dust, May quit this life with certain hope in thee. 1793W. Roberts Looker-on (1794) II. 432 Franchised by nature..he [Dryden] felt that he could adventure in poetry beyond any other writer of his age.
Hence ˈfranchising vbl. n. (for mod. use cf. franchise n. 2 d).
1574tr. Littleton's Tenures 43 a, If the Lorde make to him [his villaine] a lease of landes..thys is no fraunchisinge. 1644Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 82 Claudius' speech..concerning the franchising of the town. 1966Economist 9 July 147/3 Congress is listening to arguments that any curbs on franchising would hurt small businessmen. 1967Times Rev. Industry Aug. 77/3 Franchising, as the Wimpy bar idea in Britain illustrates, has become a method of very quickly establishing a distributive network for a product or service. |