释义 |
▪ I. friction, n.|ˈfrɪkʃən| [a. F. friction, ad. L. frictiōn-em, n. of action from fricāre to rub.] 1. a. The action of chafing or rubbing (the body or limbs). (Formerly much used in medical treatment.) Cf. frication.
1581Mulcaster Positions xxxiv. (1887) 122 Gouerning the body after exercise, and his frictions to rubbe it and chafe it. 1629Massinger Picture iv. ii, If he but hear a coach..The friction with fumigation, cannot save him From the chine-evil. 1704F. Fuller Med. Gymn. (1711) 35 The Solids..must be treated..by Frictions, Exercise of the Body..and the like. 1800Med. Jrnl. IV. 369 Observations on the Effects of Acetic Ether applied by Friction in Rheumatic Complaints. 1843Carlyle Past & Pr. i. vi, Hoping to have got off by..a little blistery friction on the back! 1875Hamerton Intell. Life x. v. 388 A cold bath, with friction and a little exercise. b. Hairdressing. A massage of the scalp.
1931G. A. Foan Art & Craft Hairdressing ii. 114/2 Frictions are very popular in the gentleman's saloon, and may be considered as invigorating and beneficial in that they tone up the debilitated scalp. 1948Hairdressing & Beauty Culture i. 10 A friction is a service which is greatly beneficial to the scalp and hair, particularly after an oil or a wet shampoo. 1966J. S. Cox Illustr. Dict. Hairdressing 61/2 Friction, a massage movement in which the fingers press and rub the scalp surface, imparting their effect in depth. 2. The rubbing of one body against another; attrition.
1704Newton Optics iii. i. (1721) 314 Whether that agitation be made by Heat, or by Friction, or Percussion, or Putrefaction, or by any vital Motion. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 481 The rocks below..are worn many feet deep by the constant friction of the water. a1800Cowper Mischievous Bull iii, The sheep here smooths the knotted thorn With frictions of her fleece. 1845Darwin Voy. Nat. xviii. (1852) 409 A light was procured by rubbing a blunt-pointed stick in a groove made in another..until by friction the dust was ignited. 3. Physics and Mech. The resistance which any body meets with in moving over another body. angle of friction, the maximum slope at which one body will rest upon another without sliding down. centre of friction: see centre 16. coefficient of friction, the ratio between the force necessary to move one surface horizontally over another and the pressure between the two surfaces; cf. coefficient n. 2 b. friction at rest, the amount of friction between two touching bodies that are relatively at rest. friction of motion, ‘the power required to keep a moving body in motion’ (Lockwood). friction of repose, ‘the power necessary to set a body moving from a state of quiescence’ (Lockwood).
1722Cheselden Anat. vii. (ed. 2) 39 This Contrivance is always found necessary by Mechanics, where the Friction of the Joynts of any of their Machines is great. 1755Johnson, Friction, the resistance in machines caused by the motion of one body upon another. 1822J. Imison Sc. & Art I. 57 Polished substances..have less friction than rough ones. 1859Rankine Steam Engine §13 That excess, however, of the friction of rest over the friction of motion, is instantly destroyed by a slight vibration. 1868E. J. Routh Rigid Dynamics 110 When one part of a body rests on another a force is called into play tending to prevent slipping. This force is called friction. 1875Nystrom Elem. Mech. 88 Rolling-friction is the resistance of uneven surfaces rolling on one another, like that of a wheel rolling on a road. 4. fig.; esp. of the jarring or conflict of unlike opinions, temperaments, etc.
1761Sterne Tr. Shandy III. iii, Souls..by long friction and incumbition, have the happiness..to get all be-virtu'd. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) II. 531 When memory began to lay in her stores, their frictions among one another struck out the first sparkles of judgment and forecast. 1792F. Burney Let. to A. Young 18 June, You find by a little approximation and friction of tempers and things that they are mortal. 1834H. Miller Scenes & Leg. xvi. (1857) 239 The fears of the people, exposed to so continual a friction, began to wear out. 1875H. James R. Hudson (1879) I. 25 He felt the friction of existence more than was suspected. 1884J. Hall Chr. Home 151 In this case friction between parent and child is out of the question. 5. Comb., chiefly Mech., as friction-brush; friction-ball, one of the balls used to lessen the friction of bearings, etc.; friction-block, a block which is pressed against a revolving body to arrest its motion by friction; friction-brake, see quots.: also, a brake operating by means of friction; friction-breccia Geol. = fault-rock (see fault 11); friction-clutch, -cone, -coupling, -disc, contrivances for transmitting motion by frictional contact; friction-drive, a transmission of power by means of friction-gearing; friction drum (see quot. 1960); friction-fire, fire obtained by means of a fire-drill; friction-fremitus Path. = friction-sound; friction-fuse = friction-tube; friction-gear, -gearing, gear or gearing for transmitting motion by frictional contact; friction-glazing, the process of producing a high polish on paper by passing it through calender rollers that are revolving at unequal speeds; also attrib.; hence friction-glazed a., -glazer; friction head [head n. 17 b], the head that goes to overcome the frictional resistance of a liquid flowing in a pipe; friction-machine (see quot. 1884); friction-match, a match that ignites by friction; friction-powder (see quot.); friction-primer, the name used in the U.S. for friction-tube; friction-roller, (a) a roller placed so as to lessen the friction of anything passing over it; (b) see quot. 1888; friction-sound Path. (see quot.); friction-tight a., fitting so tightly that the desired amount of friction is obtained; friction-tube (see quots.); friction welding, a welding technique in which the necessary heat is produced by first rotating one component mechanically while pressing it against the other, which is held stationary; hence, any bonding of surfaces as a result of frictional heating; friction-wheel, (a) see friction-roller; (b) see quot. 1888.
1813Niles' Weekly Reg. IV. 111/2 The wheels of both boats and carriages are provided with double ratchets reversed, or *friction cups and balls. 1842Francis Dict. Arts, Friction balls.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 915/2 *Friction-brake, a form of dynamometer invented by Prony, in which a pair of *friction-blocks are screwed to a journal rotating at a given speed. 1879Thomson & Tait Nat. Phil. I. i. §436 White's friction brake measures the amount of work actually performed in any time by an engine or other ‘prime mover’, by allowing it during the time of trial to waste all its work on friction. 1884Knight Dict. Mech. IV. 357/1 Friction Brake..2 A measurer of the lubricity of oils.
1895Montgomery Ward Catal. 103/2 Superior *friction brushes made from select bristles. 1939–40Army & Navy Stores Catal. 104/3 Body friction brush... Healthy exercise for the skin.
1842Francis Dict. Arts, *Friction-clutch.
Ibid., *Friction-cones.
1888Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin., *Friction Disc.
1907Motor Boat 19 Sept. 190/2 The cargo winch should have a *friction drive and a good brake for lowering. 1927T. Woodhouse Artificial Silk 54 By these means, and a suitable combined belt, wheel, and friction drive, the trough can be tilted, when desired. 1957Times 18 Nov. 11/1 An electric friction-drive car for which no key is required for 16s. 11d.
1909Westm. Gaz. 4 Feb. 4/1 What..had Islam to do with bull-roarers and *friction-drums? 1960C. Winick Dict. Anthropol. 177/2 Friction drum, a drum with a string or stick attached to the center of the membrane. The fingers are rosined or moistened and drawn along the string or stick and the resulting vibrations are transmitted to the membrane. Friction drums are often used ceremonially.
1865Tylor Early Hist. Man. ix. 257 The flint and steel has superseded the ancient *friction-fire.
1877Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) II. 7 The presence of any cardiac thrill or pericardial *friction-fremitus. 1879Khory Princ. Med. 47 Friction fremitus may be felt while the patient is taking deep breath.
1860Illustr. Lond. News 25 Feb. 191/2 The old plan of a touch⁓hole on the top is disused, and the *friction-fuse substituted.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 916/2 *Friction-gear. 1888Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin., Friction Gearing..gearing, whose driving force is produced by the friction only of the peripheries of the wheels.
1907Cross & Bevan Text-bk. Paper-Making (ed. 3) x. 271 The ‘*friction-glazed’ or burnished surface..is used chiefly for certain kinds of strong wrapping papers, and for certain coated papers. 1962F. T. Day Introd. to Paper vi. 65 These body papers may vary considerably from plain writings and printings, to coated friction-glazed papers, such as enamels, chromos and metallics. 1963R. R. A. Higham Handbk. Papermaking viii. 213 *Friction glazers are used to produce a very high finish on single-sided coated papers which contain wax in the coating.
1878Paper Makers' Handbk. 10 *Friction-glazing calenders, a machine consisting of several rolls of unequal diameter working on one another and kept in position by very strong upright frames. 1888Cross & Bevan Text-bk. Paper-Making xi. 169 Another method, known as ‘friction-glazing’, employed for giving a very high finish to paper, generally on one side only, is to pass it between a very large paper roll and a smaller iron one, the latter revolving at a much greater speed than the former. 1962F. T. Day Introd. to Paper v. 52 The finishing is then carried out by..friction glazing in the case of flint and enamel papers.
1889M. Merriman Treat. Hydraulics vii. 201 Y is the *friction-head consumed in the large main. 1963A. C. Twort Textbk. Water Supply x. 274 (caption) Friction head loss through various fittings, etc.
1802Med. Jrnl. VIII. 478 An isolated electric pile, or a *friction machine of Nairn, positive and negative, and also isolated. 1884Knight Dict. Mech. IV. 357/2 Friction Machine, an electric machine, generating electricity by contact with amalgamated silk.
1847Emerson Repr. Men, Montaigne Wks. (Bohn) I. 337 Thus, the men of the senses..believe that mustard bites the tongue, that..*friction-matches are incendiary.
1864Webster, *Friction powder, a composition of chlorate of potash and antimony, which readily ignites by friction.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 916/2 *Friction-primer, a small brass tube filled with gunpowder, and having a smaller tube containing friction composition inserted at right angles near the top.
1793Wollaston in Phil. Trans. LXXXIII. 150 *Friction-rollers were applied to take off some of the weight. 1875R. F. Martin tr. Havrez' Winding Mach. 91 The movement of this valve is produced by a cam with bosses, by means of a lever and a friction-roller. 1888Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin., Friction Rollers, or Friction Wheels, small rollers which revolve in bearings, and sustain an axle in the depression formed by the contiguity of the upper portion of their peripheries.
1860Fowler Med. Voc., *Friction sound, the auscultatory sound heard when the pleuræ or pericardium are roughened by inflammation and effused lymph.
1864Webster, *Friction tube, (Mil.), a tube used for firing cannon by means of friction. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Friction-tube..ignition is caused by the friction on sudden withdrawal of a small horizontal metal bar from the detonating priming in the head of the tube.
1946Trans. Inst. Welding IX. 52/3 *Friction welding in its simplest form was one of the first methods used by the Germans for the welding of thermo⁓plastic pipes. 1964Ann. Reg. 1963 388 Another new way of treating metals, friction-welding, was announced as a commercial process in 1963. 1967M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World vi. 173 (caption) Silicon powder (A) is isostatically pressed, causing weak friction-welding at junctions (B).
1772Phil. Trans. LXXII. 476 Their axes..rested on *friction wheels of four inches diameter. 1826J. Adamson Railroads 23 A large fixed pulley or friction-wheel. 1888Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin., Friction Wheel, any wheel which drives or is driven by friction. ▪ II. friction, v.|ˈfrɪkʃən| [f. prec. n.] a. intr. To move about with friction; to friction away, to go on rubbing. b. trans. To chafe or rub (the body or limbs). c. intr. To sustain friction (see quot. 1855).
1842Mech. Mag. XXXVI. 61 Did not the earth perform its motions as regularly before the creation of man, as now it does with 800,000,000 of human beings on its surface incessantly frictioning about. 1855Tait's Mag. XXII. 186 If it [an oil-painting] will ‘friction’ as the term is—that is, if he can raise the varnish by rubbing with finger or thumb, he accounts himself happy; and, laying it flat on his dining-table, he frictions away till his hands are tender and blistered. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxvii. 361, I reached the ice-floe, and was frictioned by Hans with frightful zeal.
Add:2. trans. Textiles. To impregnate (canvas or any similar fabric) with rubber, using a calender; to force or squeeze (rubber) into the interstices of a fabric by calendering.
1881Encycl. Brit. XII. 842/1 Belting intended for driving machinery is built up of canvas which has been thoroughly frictioned with the soft mixed rubber. 1953Juve & Partridge in Kirk & Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. XI. 936 Usually the fabric is frictioned prior to coating. 1956H. Willshaw Calenders for Rubber Processing vi. 43 When a fairly close woven canvas is frictioned on each side, the second coat only applies approximately one-third of the total rubber weight. 1959B. S. Garvey in M. Morton Introd. Rubber Terms i. 19 In a calender, the rolls are usually placed above each other, and the stock sheeted out to controlled thickness. It may be sheeted by itself, coated on fabric, or frictioned into fabric. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XV. 1182/1 The speed of the centre roller can be varied in relation to the bottom: when it is even with the bottom roller, it coats the fabric; when it is higher, it frictions, or forces the rubber into the interstices of the fabric. So ˈfrictioned ppl. a., impregnated with rubber; ˈfrictioning vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1856‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports 194/1 On all occasions after the day's work, the frictioning must be had recourse to, and the feeding as usual. 1881Encycl. Brit. XII. 842/1 Packing for the stuffing boxes of steam engines is similarly prepared from strips of rubber and frictioned canvas. 1911P. Schidrowitz Rubber xii. 196 The friction calender..is employed for frictioning or spreading very thin layers of rubber on textiles for waterproofing or other purposes. 1957Encycl. Brit. XIX. 610/1 Frictioning calenders for rubberizing fabrics are run so as to squeeze the rubber into the meshes of the fabric... The frictioning process may be repeated on the opposite face of the fabric. 1963Frear & Baber in Kirk & Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) II. 288 Gasket material most suitable for anhydrous ammonia service is hard-finished, rubber-frictioned asbestos sheet. |