| 释义 |
recognition|rɛkəgˈnɪʃən|
Also 6 -ni(s)cyon.
[ad. L. recognitiōn-em, n. of action f. recognit-, recognōscĕre to recognosce. Cf. F. récognition (15th c.).]
The act of recognizing.
†1. Sc. Law. The resumption of lands by a feudal superior for any reason, in later use spec. on account of unwarranted alienation by the vassal. Obs.
1473Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. (1877) I. 47 Lettres vndir the priue sele for the recognicione of the Bischop of Sanctandros temporalite. 1578Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. II. 693 All recognicionis, dispositionis of landis falling be forfaltour or last air. 1597Skene De Verb. Sign. s.v., Recognition of landes is commonly vsed in the law, and practicque of this realme. 1666–88Dallas Syst. Stiles (1697) 253 Whilks Lands..fell and became in Our Hands,..as Superior and Over-lord, by reason of Recognition. 1747Act 20 Geo. II, c. 50 §1 The Tenure of Lands in..Scotland, by Ward Holding, and the consequences of the same, being the Casualties of Ward Marriage and Recognition. a1765Erskine Inst. Law Scot. ii. v. §10 Recognition, though ranked by some writers among the casualties of superiority, was indeed a total forfeiture of the fee.
†2.
a. The action of reviewing or revising; revision, recension. Obs.
1568Abp. Parker Corr. (Parker Soc.) 338, I trust by comparison of divers translations..will appear..the circumspection of all such as have travailed in the recognition. [1862Quaritch's Catal. Dec., By Edmund Becke after Taverner's recognition, with prologues to the New Testament by William Tindale.]
b. Hist. The form of inquest by jury in use in England under the early Norman kings.
The chief source for the use of the term is Glanvil De Legibus Angliæ (ii. vii, etc.), from which the earliest quot. is ultimately derived.
1609Skene Reg. Maj. 58 It rests that we speik of divers recognitions. 3. Some recognition is called of mortancestrie. 1628Coke On Litt. 158 b, Recognition is a serious acknowledgment or opinion upon such matters of fact as the jurors shall have in charge. 1863H. Cox Instit. ii. iii. 346 The new method of inquiry, which was called a recognition of assize. 1876Freeman Norm. Conq. V. xxiv. 453 The greatest step made at any one time in the developement of the Jury system was when the practice of recognition was organised by the great Assize of Henry the Second.
†3. Knowledge or consciousness. Obs.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 167 b, Euer hauyng recognicyon or remembraunce of his owne vnworthynesse. 1547Boorde Brev. Health 73 b, Sensualitie, the whiche can neuer be subdued without the recognition and knowledge of a mannes selfe.
4. a. The action of acknowledging as true, valid, or entitled to consideration; formal acknowledgement as conveying approval or sanction of something; hence, notice or attention accorded to a thing or person.
1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. xx. §9 A fourth kind of publick reading, whereby the lives of such saints had, at the time of their yearly memorials, solemn recognition in the church of God. 1622Bacon Hen. VII 11 He did not presse to haue the Act penned by way of Declaration or Recognition of right. 1766Blackstone Comm. II. xxvi. 407 Much may be also collected from the several legislative recognitions of copyrights. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 99 Even this title was a recognition of the six preceding assemblies. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xxii. (1856) 170 He was told that his nephew's claim to the service had received a recognition. 1876Mozley Univ. Serm. v. 111 The Christian recognition of the right of war was contained in Christianity's original recognition of nations.
b. The formal acknowledgement by subjects of (the title of) a sovereign or other ruler († esp. of James I as King of England); spec. as the name of a part of the Coronation ceremony (see quot. 1902).
1558–9Act 1 Eliz. c. 3 (title) An Acte of Recognition of the Quenes Highnes Title to the Imperyall Crowne of this Realme. 1603Act 1 Jas. I, c. 1 (title) A moste joyfull and juste Recognition of the immediate lawfull and undoubted Succession Descent and Righte of the Crowne. 1655Cromwell in Stainer Speeches (1901) 177 From your entering into the House upon the Recognition to this very day. 1685Coronation Order of Jas. II in Wickham Legge Coronation Rec. (1901) 293 The Recognition... The People signify their Willingness, and Joy, by loud and repeated Acclamations; crying out, God save King James. 1702Lond. Gaz. No. 3804/1 The Archbishop of Canterbury..began with the Recognition. 1727–41Chambers Cycl., Recognition..is particularly used in our law-books for the title of the first chapter of the Stat. i. Jac. I. 1902Eeles Eng. Coronat. Service 31 First comes the Recognition: the Sovereign is presented to the people by the Archbishop, and is received as such by them.
c. In international law: (see quot. 1824).
1824Mackintosh Sp. S. Amer. Wks. 1846 III. 441 The true and legitimate sense of the word ‘recognition’, as a technical term of international law, is that in which it denotes the explicit acknowledgment of the independence of a country by a state which formerly exercised sovereignty over it. 1863F. W. Gibbs Recognition 5.
5. The acknowledgement or admission of a kindness, service, obligation, or merit, or the expression of this in some way. Now chiefly in phr. in recognition of.
1570Marg. Ascham Ded. Ascham's Scholem. (Arb.) 16 Besechyng you..to accept the thankefull recognition of me and my poore children. 1635F. White Sabbath (ed. 2) 86 All Christians are redeemed by Christ..and all observe the Lord's-day in recognition of this gracious benefit. 1658Jer. Taylor Let. in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 5, I find..nothing but recognitions and acknowledgment of your greatest tendernesse, wisdome and affections to her. 1675Traherne Chr. Ethics 417 The great part of our eternal happiness will consist in a grateful recognition..of benefits already received. 1880C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark 279, I made an urgent appeal for some small grant in recognition of Weir's excellent and faithful services.
†6. A formal declaration, admission, or confession (of some fact). Obs.
1523Fitzherb. Surv. 15 b, A recogniscyon of a tenaunt what he holdeth of the lorde. 1580Act 23 Eliz. c. 1 §7 [He] shall uppon his Recognicion of such Submission in open Assises or Sessions..be dischardged of all..the said Offences. 1631Star Chamber Cases (Camden) 57 Sr Arthur Savage was this day brought to the barre..to make his recognition of wrong donne to my Lord Falkland.
7. a. The action or fact of perceiving that some thing, person, etc., is the same as one previously known; the mental process of identifying what has been known before; the fact of being thus known or identified.
1798Wordsw. Tintern Abbey 59 With many recognitions dim and faint..The picture of the mind revives again. 1833H. Martineau Loom & Lugger ii. iii. 57 One of them turned..and an immediate recognition took place. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xxii. 157 The brown crags seemed to look at me with a kind of friendly recognition. 1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xiii. (1878) 267, I could not escape recognition. 1878Holbrook Hyg. Brain 25 Taking recognition of Sound.
b. The action or fact of apprehending a thing under a particular category, or as having a certain character.
1881Froude Short Stud. (1883) IV. ii. vi. 249 The recognition that certain things were not true was the first step. 1884tr. Lotze's Metaph. 164 They would thus only satisfy him who could content himself with the mere recognition of a state of things as unconditional matter of fact.
c. Psychol. In the study of thinking and memory, the mental process whereby things are identified as having been previously apprehended or as belonging to a particular known category, usu. distinguished from the process of recall.
1894Creighton & Titchener tr. Wundt's Hum. & Anim. Psychol. xx. 297 The simplest case of assimilation is the cognition of an object; the simplest case of successive association, its recognition. 1894Psychol. Rev. I. 608 There were some incidental illustrations of false recognition. 1923C. Spearman Nature of Intell. xix. 313 Recognition..is often traceable to nothing more than an awareness of similarity. 1951G. A. Miller Lang. & Communication vi. 121 It is a general rule of verbal learning that recognition is easier than recall. 1965E. E. Harris Foundation of Metaphys. in Sci. xix. 380 There are two kinds of problems..in attacking which the cybernetic approach has been used... The second are problems of transmission and of recognition. 1965K. M. Sayre (title) Recognition: a study in the philosophy of artificial intelligence. Ibid. i. 33 The task of achieving mechanical recognition of letter-patterns brings up problems of both sorts. 1973A. J. Pomerans tr. Piaget & Inhelder's Memory & Intelligence 1 It is difficult to decide whether his [sc. the subject's] recognition is based on the remembrance or conservation of perceptive schemata..or whether it reflects the organization of the sense data by these schemata.
d. out of (or beyond) recognition, to such a degree as to be unrecognizable.
1901G. B. Shaw Three Plays for Puritans 202 The world, instead of having been improved in 67 generations out of all recognition, presents, on the whole, a rather less dignified appearance. 1916― Androcles & Lion p. xli, Jesus is refined and softened almost out of recognition. 1964M. Drabble Garrick Year ii. 33 After she was born,..things improved out of all recognition. 1977Rolling Stone 5 May 30/5 Futuristic explorers..returning to their own world to find it changed beyond recognition.
8. attrib., as (sense 7 a) recognition-call, recognition scene; (sense 7 c) recognition habit, recognition learning, recognition memory, recognition schema, recognition test, recognition vocabulary, recognition word; recognition colour, mark(ing, a colour or marking on an animal or bird, supposed to serve as a means of recognition to others of the same species; also transf. in Mil. use; recognition grammar Linguistics, a grammar based on the analysis of given sentences in a corpus (opp. generative grammar); recognition mark(ing = recognition colour above; recognition picketing U.S., the picketing of an employer to obtain union recognition; recognition-service, a church service held for the purpose of introducing a new pastor to his congregation; recognition signal Mil. (see quot. 1963).
1911J. A. Thomson Biol. Seasons ii. 155 Love-calls and song probably had their roots in the simple *recognition-call or characteristic signal of the species.
1891A. R. Wallace Tropical Nat. 367 note, For numerous examples of *recognition-colours in birds, see Darwinism, pp. 217–226.
1944Return to Attack (Army Board, N.Z.) 32/2 Three tanks, displaying British recognition colours, climbed the hill.
1966A. F. R. Brown in Automatic Transl. of Lang. (NATO Summer School, Venice 1962) 49 A *recognition grammar will turn out to be a thousand times more complicated than a conventional descriptive grammar. 1968J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Ling. vi. 230 We have put the categorial system in the form of a ‘recognition’ grammar and the ‘rewrite’ system in the form of a ‘production’ grammar.
1920T. P. Nunn Educ. xiii. 169 Learning to read involves, in fact, building up *recognition-habits.
1970M. R. Amato Experim. Psychol. xii. 550 The simplest case of *recognition learning is verbal discrimination in which an arbitrarily selected ‘correct’ item is to be identified from an accompanying, but in⁓correct, item.
1896A. R. Wallace Studies (1900) I. xviii. 382 These ‘*recognition marks’, as I have termed them, are of great use even to existing well-defined species.
1906M. C. Dickerson Frog Bk. 26 These brilliant colours..may act as recognition marks for others of the same species. 1939A. S. Pearse Anim. Ecol. (ed. 2) iii. 31 He [sc. E. S. Poulton] cites the conspicuous white tails of the rabbit and antelope as examples of recognition marks. 1960M. Burton Wild Animals Brit. Isles 121 A patch of white around the short tail [of the red deer] furnishes a ‘recognition mark’, common to most of the deer family. 1977T. I. Storer et al. Elements Zool. (ed. 4) xiii. 220/2 Recognition marks and other signals are often important in intraspecific communication.
1889A. R. Wallace Darwinism viii. 220 An inspection of the figures of antelopes..in..illustrated works will give a better idea of the peculiarities of *recognition markings than any amount of description. 1940in Brit. Aviation Colours of World War Two (R.A.F. Museum Series) (1976) III. 9 (heading) Aircraft colouring and recognition markings. 1975Gander & Chamberlain German Tanks of World War 2 vi. 53/2 Perhaps the most universally applied markings used on German tanks was the tactical national recognition marking. This was usually a black cross outlined in white.
1955H. E. Garrett Gen. Psychol. x. 396 Students do not always distinguish between those facts which should be learned for recall and those for which *recognition memory is sufficient. 1973J. G. Greeno in B. B. Wolman Handbk. Gen. Psychol. viii. 150/2 The agreement between the data and the theory demonstrates that it is appropriate to analyze recognition memory in terms of a concept of trace strength.
1960U.S. Statutes at Large 1959 LXXIII. 542 (heading) Boycotts and *recognition picketing. 1962N. S. Falcone Labor Law xi. 345 Recognition picketing is generally defined as picketing an employer's establishment to force the employer to recognize and bargain with the union.
1932T. S. Eliot Selected Ess. 194 The *Recognition Scene, so important in Shakespeare's later plays.
1971Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. Jan. 166 *Recognition schema operating on coded features are entirely possible.
1897Westm. Gaz. 9 Nov. 9/3 The Baptist Church..where his *recognition service was held last night.
1958P. Scott Mark of Warrior ii. 149, I want you to set up your *recognition signals on the D[ropping]. Z[one]. itself. 1963Dict. U.S. Mil. Terms (U.S. Dept. Defense) 180 Recognition signal, any prearranged signal by which individuals or units may identify each other. 1978R. V. Jones Most Secret War v. 48 You have to shoot your opponent out of the ocean..if he does not make the right recognition signal.
1923P. B. Ballard New Examiner vii. 81 The third and last test was a *Recognition Test... The candidate..had to underline the one word or phrase which would make each statement true. 1966J. M. Brown et al. Applied Psychol. xii. 418 Recognition tests..were used to evaluate the memorability of advertising messages.
1966J. Derrick Teaching Eng. to Immigrants ii. 99 Most stories will contain far more material than the pupils are expected to reproduce themselves (i.e. relying on and helping to build up their ‘passive’ or *recognition vocabulary). 1977P. Strevens New Orientations Teaching Eng. v. 62 Recognition vocabulary..can lie outside the confines of controlled vocabulary, grammar, etc., as long as the learner understands it when he meets it.
1957Partridge Eng. gone Wrong ii. 44 Monolithic, especially perhaps in monolithic unity, is a *recognition-word, a keyword, a badge. |