| 释义 |
tropho-|ˈtrɒfəʊ, ˈtrəʊfəʊ|
also, before a vowel, troph-,
combining form repr. Gr. τροϕή nourishment, f. τρέϕειν to nourish: entering into various technical terms, chiefly of biology and allied sciences. troˈphectoderm Embryol. = trophoblast; hence trophectoˈdermal a.; trophoˈbiont Ent. [f. Gr. βιουντ-, βιῶν living], an insect which produces a secretion used as food by another; ˈtrophoblast [-blast], a layer of cells external to the embryo, having the function of supplying it with nourishment; also applied by some to the morbid growth in cancer, as held to be an abnormal development of the same tissue; hence trophoˈblastic a., relating to or consisting of trophoblast; trophoˈcalyx [calyx], a cup-shaped body from which the placenta is developed in certain mammals, as bats and moles; † trophoˈchromatin Cytology [f. chromatin: cf. G. trophochromatisch (W. Lubosch 1902, in Ergebnisse Anat. und Entwicklungsgeschichte XI. 783)], chromatin which was thought to be concerned only with the regulation of the metabolism and growth of the cell, and not with its reproduction (obs.); ˈtrophocyte |-saɪt| [-cyte], each of a set of cells forming one of the constituents of the fatty tissue in adult insects; ˈtrophodisc, -disk, a disk-shaped body from which the placenta is developed in certain mammals, as rabbits; ‖ tropholecithus |-ˈlɛsɪθəs| [mod.L., f. Gr. λέκιθος yolk], the nutritive yolk of an ovum; hence trophoˈlecithal a.; troˈphology [-logy], that department of physiology which deals with nutrition; trophoˈlytic a. [-lytic], (of part of a lake) characterized by the decomposition of organic matter; opp. trophogenic a. 2; ‖ trophoˈnema (pl. -ˈnemata) [mod.L., f. Gr. νῆµα thread], each of the glandular villi of the uterus in certain viviparous fishes, which supply nutriment to the embryos; ‖ ˌtrophoneuˈrosis |-ˈrəʊsɪs|, pl. -oses |-ˈrəʊsiːz| [neurosis], any one of a class of functional disorders due to derangement of the trophic action of the nerves; hence trophoneurotic |-ˈrɒtɪk| a., pertaining to or of the nature of trophoneurosis; trophoˈnucleus Zool., a large nucleus present in some flagellated protozoa, esp. trypanosomes, which regulates the metabolism and growth of the cell; troˈphopathy [Gr. -παθεια suffering], any derangement of nutrition, esp. of a tissue; ˈtrophophore |-fɔə(r)| [ad. Gr. τροϕοϕόρος bringing nourishment], any one of the wandering amœboid nutritive cells in a sponge which give rise to gemmules or embryos; trophophoric |-ˈfɒrɪk| a. [f. as prec. + -ic], having the function of supplying provisions; trophophorous |-ˈfɒfərəs| a. [f. as prec. + -ous], pertaining to or of the nature of a trophophore; ˈtrophoplasm |-plæz(ə)m|, Nägeli's term for that portion of the protoplasm of a germ or cell which is supposed to furnish nutriment to the idioplasm; hence trophoˈplasmic a., pertaining to or of the nature of trophoplasm; ˈtrophoplast, Meyer's term for a specialized granule of protoplasm in a vegetable cell: = plastid 2; ˌtrophoˈpollen [cf. trophosperm below], a proposed name for the partition of the loculus of an anther; ˈtrophosome |-səʊm| [Gr. σῶµα body], the aggregate of nutritive zooids of a hydrozoan (distinguished from gonosome); hence trophoˈsomal a.; ˈtrophosperm [ad. F. trophosperme (Richard, a 1819), f. Gr. σπέρµα seed], a proposed name for the placenta of a seed-vessel; ˈtrophosphere, a spherical body (consisting of the trophoblast and the trophospongia) from which the placenta is developed in certain mammals, as hedgehogs; ‖ trophospongia |-ˈspɒndʒɪə| [mod.L. (Hubrecht), f. Gr. σπογγιά sponge], a compact layer of cells between the trophoblast and the decidual tissue; hence trophoˈspongial, -ian adjs.; ‖ trophoˈtaxis [mod.L.: cf. taxis 6], = trophotropism; trophoˈthylax Ent. [f. Gr. θύλακ-ος pouch] (see quot. 1971); trophoˈtropic a., pertaining to or exhibiting trophotropism; troˈphotropism [Gr. -τροπος turning: after heliotropism, etc.], reaction of an organism or cell to the stimulus of a source or supply of food by movement towards or away from it (positive trophotropism or negative t.); trophozoite |-ˈzəʊaɪt| [Gr. ζῷον animal: cf. -ite1 3], a sporozoon (endoparasitic protozoon) in its growing stage, when it is absorbing nutriment from its host; trophozooid |-ˈzəʊɔɪd|, a nutritive zooid of any colonial organism, as a hydrozoan.
1932M. T. Harman Textbk. Embryol. vii. 134 Supposedly the *troph-ectoderm produces an enzyme which digests the maternal tissue until the embryo is entirely imbedded. 1980Nature 10 Apr. 550/2 It was recently found that the inner cell mass of the early blastocyst is also totipotent and can form trophectoderm when isolated by immunosurgery.
1978Ibid. 7 Sept. 10/3 The strange distribution of this determinant does not fit in with any preconceived notions of *trophectodermal formation or differentiation.
1913E. Wasmann in Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. 1912 464 We distinguish..*trophobionts or food-producing animals of the ant. 1978R. J. Elzinga Fund. Entomol. vii. 173 These trophobionts are protected by their hosts and are analogous to domestic cows, for they yield food sugar solutions..upon request.
1889Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. Dec. 299 This striking difference between somatic mesoblast and *trophoblast becomes still more accentuated in the next developmental phases. Ibid. 385 If we agree..to designate the outer layer alone as trophoblast, the outer layer plus a thin layer of somatic mesoblast without blood-vessels as diplotrophoblast [etc.]. 1907Contemp. Rev. Sept. 411 A cancer is ‘irresponsible trophoblast’.
1889Hubrecht (as above) 301 Mesoblastic warts, ridges, and outgrowths being soon surrounded on three sides by the *trophoblastic proliferation. 1907Contemp. Rev. Sept. 410 The trophoblastic theory of cancer.
1889Hubrecht (as above) 359 The *trophocalyx (as this specialized region may conveniently be called, both in the bat and the mole, per analogiam with the trophosphere of the hedgehog and the trophodisc of the rabbit).
1909Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. LIII. 282 Mesnil ('05) uses a terminology which also has a physiological foundation..; trophochromidia, for chromidial structures of a vegetative function; idiochromidia, for chromidia which enter into the formation of gametes. [Note] Cf. Lubosch's ('02) terms, ‘*trophochromatin’ and ‘idiochromatin’. 1947Ann. Rev. Microbiol. I. 2 In amœboid forms special interest attaches to the structure and division of the nucleus. A distinction may be made between the ‘trophochromatin’ which stains intensely with iron haematoxylin, but takes no part in the formation of the chromosomes, and the ‘idiochromatin’ out of which the chromosomes are formed.
1904Jrnl. Roy. Microsc. Soc. Oct. 527 Imaginal Adipose Tissue in Muscidæ.—Ch. Pérez has made a study of this tissue, which consists of two kinds of elements—*trophocytes and œnocytes.
1889Hubrecht (as above) 323 Corresponding regions of the rabbit might be indicated by the name of *trophodisc, that of the bat and mole of trophocalyx.
1891Cent. Dict., *Tropholecithal.
1879tr. Haeckel's Evol. Man I. viii. 216 The nutritive yolk (vitellus nutritivus, or *tropholecithus)..is a mere appendage of the true egg-cell, and contains hoarded food-substance,..so that it forms a sort of storehouse for the embryo in the course of its evolution.
1890Billings Med. Dict., *Trophology, science of nutrition.
1957*Tropholytic [see trophogenic a. 2]. 1975G. A. Cole Textbk. Limnol. ii. 10/1 Below the trophogenic layer is a darker tropholytic region..where respiration and decomposition predominate.
1891Proc. Roy. Soc. 19 Mar. 363 We propose to term the villiform structures of the uterine mucous membrane in Selachians, which essentially secrete nutriment, *trophonemata. Ibid. 365 Transverse sections of a trophonema shew [etc.].
1857Dunglison Med. Lex., *Trophoneuroses, morbid conditions of the process of nutrition, owing to modified nervous influence. 1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 292 Many forms of disease rarely occurring, but..highly characteristic and very evident to the senses, tropho-neuroses. 1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 179 Facial hemi-atrophy and scleroderma from their distribution would suggest a trophoneurosis.
1891Cent. Dict., *Trophoneurotic. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 47 The so-called ‘varieties’ or ‘forms’ of leprosy..(2) the smooth (also called ‘anæsthetic’, ‘non-tuberculated’, ‘tropho-neurotic’, etc.).
1906H. M. Woodcock in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. L. 182 This is revealed..in the sharp resolution of the nuclear material into trophic and kinetic constituents, which are practically separate and independent, at any rate, during the trypanosome phase... The fertilisation spindle or definitive nucleus is to be regarded as representing the trophic portion, and it will be convenient, therefore, to distinguish it as the *trophonucleus. 1964M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) xxviii. 436 Stained preparations [of Trypanosoma gambiense] show two nuclear structures; the one, larger and centrally placed, is known as the macronucleus or trophonucleus and the other, smaller, placed at the posterior end, is known as the micronucleus or kinetoplast.
1890Lancet 8 Mar. 535 The belief of the writers that *trophopathy..has more to do with the cause of the so-called incurable diseases than the profession gives credit to. 1890Billings Med. Dict., Trophopathies, disorders of nutrition.
1891Cent. Dict., *Trophophore, *Trophophorous.
1892Ld. Lytton King Poppy i. 67 note, Official ranks, civil, military, and *trophophoric.
1893tr. Weismann's Germ-Plasm i. i. 38, I shall..call the vital substance of the cell the ‘formative plasm’ or morphoplasm (Nägeli's ‘*trophoplasm’), in contrast to the idioplasm. [1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 718 [The axis cylinder] is a prolongation of the achromatic amorphous substance, called also trophoplasma. ]
1903Bot. Gaz. May 340 Everything seems to point to the ooplasm as *trophoplasmic in character.
1885G. L. Goodale Physiol. Bot. (1892) 287 General Term..*Trophoplast. Special Terms..anaplast, autoplast, chromoplast. 1889Science 22 Nov. 355/1 The nucleus and other granules (the trophoplasts) within the cell... Each protoplast possesses the organs necessary for continuous transmission; the nucleus for new nuclei, the trophoplasts for new granules of all kinds.
1832Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 126 That part of the anther..which is called..the *trophopollen by Turpin.
1870Nicholson Man. Zool. 26 The individual Campanularia consists of a series of nutritive zooids, collectively called the ‘*trophosome’. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 245 The Sea-fir..forms a fixed colony or hydrosoma... The hydrosome consists of a number of hydranths or nutritive zooids collectively forming the trophosome and connected to one another by a branching cœnosarc.
1819Lindley tr. Richard's Observ. Fruits & Seeds 6, I substitute the name of *Trophosperm for that of Placenta, which botanists have given to the internal part of the pericarp, on which the seeds are immediately attached.
1889Hubrecht (as above) 322 These two together [the trophoblast and the trophospongia], forming in Erinaceus a sphere which is shut off from the uterus lumen by the fusion of the lips of the decidua reflexa, should be indicated by the name of *trophosphere.
Ibid., It is to this cell-mass of which we have just traced the maternal origin, that I propose to give the name of *trophospongia.
Ibid. 326 The topography of the *trophospongian region.
1897C. B. Davenport Exper. Morphol. i. §3. 39 Chemotaxis is, therefore, in some cases, a response to the stimulus afforded by substances which can be employed by the organism as food; under which circumstances it can be called ‘*Trophotaxis’.
1920Wheeler & Bailey in Trans. Philos. Soc. XXII. 258 The sternal portion of the first abdominal segment is transversely elliptical..and furnished with a food-pouch, the *trophothylax. 1971E. O. Wilson Insect Societies iv. 55/1 The nurse worker first pushes the fragment deep within the trophothylax, the special food pouch located on the lower surface of the thorax just behind the head (and found only in pseudomyrmecine [ant] larvae).
1891Cent. Dict., *Trophotropic.
1887Garnsey & Balfour tr. De Bary's Fungi, etc. ix. 449 *Trophotropism.—Vegetating plasmodia spread out on surfaces which yield little or no nutriment move towards bodies which contain nutrient substances as soon as they are offered to them. 1906Lancet 27 Oct. 1161/2 The problem of digestion is intimately related to..‘trophotropism’, both positive and negative.
1900–13Dorland Med. Dict. (ed. 7), *Trophozoïte. 1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., Trophozoite.
1888W. A. Herdman in Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 615/2 Nutritive forms (*trophozooids) which remain permanently attached to the nurse, and serve to provide it with food. |