| 释义 |
tulip|ˈtjuːlɪp|
[Formerly tulipa, tulippa, also tulipant, -pan = F. tulipan, tulipe, It. tulipano, Sp. tulipan, Pg. tulipa, -ippa, mod.L. tulīpa; early mod.Du. and Ger. tulpe, Du. tulp, Da. tulipan, Sw. tulpan; all from tul(i)band, vulgar Turkish pronunciation of Persian dulband ‘turban’, which the expanded flower of the tulip is thought to resemble: cf. turban.]
1. a. A bulbous plant of the genus Tulipa (NO. Liliaceæ), esp. the species T. Gesneriana, introduced from Turkey into Western Europe in the 16th c., and since extensively cultivated in very numerous varieties, blooming in spring, with broad bell-shaped or cup-shaped, usually erect, showy flowers, of various colours and markings; also, the flower itself.
The first mention of it by a Western European is by Busbek (c 1554), the Emperor's ambassador, on the way from Adrianople to Constantinople, where ‘ingens ubique florum copia offerebatur, narcissorum, hyacinthorum, et eorum quos Turcae tulipan vocant’. It was grown by the Fuggers at Augsburg, where it was seen and described by Gesner in 1561. It was introduced successively in Vienna, Mechlin, France, and England; it is mentioned by Lyte in his transl. of Dodoneus.
α1578Lyte Dodoens ii. lii. 212 Of Tulpia, or Tulipa... The great Tulpia, or rather Tulipa. Ibid. 213 The greater Tulpia is brought from Grece, and the Countrie about Constantinople... The greater is called both Tulpia, and Tulpian, and of some Tulipa, which is a Turkie name or worde, we may call it Lillynarcissus. 1582in Hakluyt Voy. (1599) II. 165 Now within these foure yeeres there haue bene brought into England from Vienna..diuers kinds of flowers called Tulipas. 1597Gerarde Herbal i. lxxvii. 116 Tulipa, or the Dalmatian cap, is a strang and forraine flower. [Ibid. 117 After [the Tulipa of Bolonia] hath beene some fewe daies floured, the points and brims of the flower turne backward, like a Dalmatian or Turkes cap, called Tulipan, Tolepan, Turban, and Turfan, whereof it tooke his name. ]1621Burton Anat. Mel. iii. ii. iv. i, As a tulipant to the sun (which our herbalists call Narcissus) when it shines is..a glorious flower exposing itself. 1629Parkinson Paradisus ii. viii. 46 The early Tulipa (and so all other Tulipas) springeth out of the ground with his leaues folded one within another. Ibid. 66 We call it in English the Turkes Cap, but most vsually Tulipa.
β1615G. Sandys Trav. i. 57 You cannot stirre abroad but you shall be presented by the Deruises and Ianizaries, with tulips and trifles. 1633Johnson Gerarde's Herbal i. lxxxvii. 139 The bloud-red Tulip with a yellow bottome. Ibid. 140 Tulipa purpurea. The purple Tulip. Tulipa rubra amethistina. The bright red Tulip. 1758Johnson Idler No. 30 ⁋5 Another searches the world for tulips. 1842Tennyson Gardener's Dau. 189 A Dutch love For tulips. 1872Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 228 Tulips were introduced from Constantinople, and first bloomed in the beautiful grounds of Heinrich Herwart, in 1559.
b. Applied, usually with defining word, to species of this, and various plants more or less resembling it, or their flowers; also to the flowers of the tulip-tree; in S. Africa, to a poisonous herb also called tulip-grass (see 5).
African tulip, the genus Hæmanthus (N.O. Amaryllidaceæ). butterfly tulip, the genus Calochortus of California, also called mariposa lily. Cape tulip, name for several S. African plants: (a) various species of Homeria (= tulip-grass: see 5); (b) Melanthium uniflorum (Bæometra columellaris); (c) Red Cape tulip, Hæmanthus coccineus. chequered tulip, drooping tulip = wild tulip, (b). native tulip, of Australia (see quot. 1898, and tulip-tree 2 a). parrot tulip (see parrot n. 4). wild tulip, (a) Tulipa sylvestris, a rare and doubtful native of Britain, with fragrant yellow flowers; (b) a name for the wild fritillary, Fritillaria Meleagris; (c) in California, = butterfly tulip.
1759Miller Gard. Dict. (ed. 7) s.v. Tulip-tree, The Flowers..[have] six Petals,..which form a Sort of Bellshaped Flower, from whence the Inhabitants of North America gave it the Title of Tulip. 1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 330 African Tulip, Hæmanthus... Chequer'd Tulip, Fritillaria. 1850Pappe Floræ Capensis Med. Prodr. 26 Moræa collina, Thbg. (known to almost every child in the colony as the Cape Tulip), not for its therapeutical use, but for its obnoxiousness. 1861Miss Pratt Flower. Pl. V. 276 Wild Tulip..has a much smaller blossom than the cultivated species,..its colour within is bright yellow, and externally yellowish-green. [1863W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting vi. 144 Donker, my best ox is dead, having got at a poisonous kind of grass, called by the Dutch tulp.] 1884Miller Plant-n., Cape Tulip, Melanthium uniflorum (Tulipa Breyiana). Ibid., Red Cape, Hæmanthus coccineus... Drooping T., Fritillaria Meleagris. Ibid., Calochortus, Butterfly-Tulip,..Mariposa Lily,..Wild Tulip, of California. 1885Rider Haggard K. Solomon's Mines iv, The other three [oxen] died from eating the poisonous herb called ‘tulip’. 1898Morris Austral Eng., Telopea,..the genus containing..the Waratah... The name has been corrupted popularly into Tulip, and the flower is often called the Native Tulip. 1908Westm. Gaz. 14 May 12/1 A field..covered with the purple blossoms of the ‘tulip’, as the villagers call it [the fritillary].
2. fig.
a. A showy person or thing, or one greatly admired.
1647Cowley Mistress, Beauty iii, Beauty, thou active passive Ill!..Thou Tulip, who thy Stock in Paint dost waste. 1672Mede's Wks. Life p. xlii, Such Fellow-commoners who came to the University only to see it and to be seen..he call'd The University-Tulips, that made a Gaudy shew for a while. 1701Cibber Love makes Man v. ii, My little Blossom! my Gilliflower! my Rose! my Pink! my Tulip! 1837Thackeray Ravenswing i, Morgiana was a tulip among women, and the tulip fanciers all came flocking round her.
b. slang. my tulip, ‘my fine fellow’.
1847Punch 16 Oct. 148/1 This, my tulip, is a salle de danse. 1895‘G. Mortimer’ Tales from Western Moors iii. 67 'Cos for this, my tulip,..work and me fell out a long time back.
3. a. A bell-shaped outward swell in the muzzle of a gun, now generally disused.
1884[implied in tulip choke]. 1889Engineer Oct. 314 Breech-loading guns,..gradually tapering from a diameter of 4 ft. 7 in. at the breech to 17 in. near the muzzle, which possesses what artillerists call a tulip or ‘swell’.
b. An explosive charge used to destroy a length of railway track. Now Hist.
1918T. E. Lawrence in Lett. (1938) 250 A gang of four men can lay twenty ‘tulips’ in an hour on easy ballast, and for each two slabs (and single fuse) you ruin a sleeper, a yard of bank and two rails. 1920Blackw. Mag. May 599/2 J. and I tried our prentice hands at the new game of ‘planting tulips’. 1956Railway Mag. Mar. 167/1 ‘Tulips’, so called because of the appearance of the track after they had ‘flowered’, were the most effective means of derailing a train.
4. slang. A bishop's mitre, or a figure of one.
1879A. R. Ashwell Bp. Wilberforce I. iii. 66 note, I heard one of the fellows..say ‘No, It's not a Tulip’, meaning that there was no mitre on the panel [of the carriage].
5. attrib. and Comb., as tulip-bed, tulip-bulb, tulip-fancier, tulip-field, tulip-glass, tulip-grower, tulip-leaf, tulip-mania, tulip-time; tulip-fancying, tulip-like, tulip-shaped, tulip-tinted adjs.; tulip-apple, a variety of apple with bright-coloured fruit; tulip break(ing), the variegated colouring of certain tulip flowers, caused by a virus infection; tulip choke (cf. sense 3 and choke n.1 4); tulip ear, of a dog: see quot. 1877; so tulip-eared a.; tulip fire, a fungus disease of tulips, caused by Botrytis tulipæ and producing speckled, discoloured leaves and flowers; tulip-grass, a name for several S. African poisonous herbs of the genus Homeria (N.O. Iridaceæ); tulip-laurel, ? a species of Magnolia; tulip poplar = tulip-tree 1 (see poplar 2); tulip-poppy, a Mexican papaveraceous plant, Hunnemannia fumariæfolia, with flowers like those of Eschscholtzia; tulip-root, (a) the ‘root’ or bulb of a tulip; (b) a disease of oats, characterized by a swelling at the base of the stem, caused by a minute nematoid worm; tulip-shell, (a) a bivalve of the genus Tellina; (b) any gastropod of the family Fasciolariadæ, as Fasciolaria tulipa. Also tulip-tree, -wood.
1842Loudon Suburban Hort. 529 The tree is still more beautiful when covered with fruit, especially with such as are highly-coloured, such as the red Astrachan, the *tulipapple, &c.
1822T. G. Wainewright in London Mag. June 552/2 A delicate Schiavone, various as a *tulip bed with rich broken tints. 1939Joyce Finnegans Wake 526 Or tulipbeds of Rush below.
1958Manch. Guardian 28 May 6/3 These changes of colour are symptoms of the virus disease known as *tulip break.
1929U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbk. 1928 596 (heading) Tulip ‘*breaking’ is proved to be caused by mosaic infection.
1664Evelyn Kal. Hort. June (1729) 208 Take up your *Tulip Bulbs.
1884Burgess Sporting Fire Arms 4 The sketches show the ordinary choke and the *tulip choke.
1877G. Stables Pract. Kennel Guide iii. (ed. 3) 36 *Tulip-ear.—Partly pricked, and drooping at the tip. Ibid. vii. §3 81 [Ears of Skye Terrier] may be pricked, or tulip. 1837*Tulip fanciers [see 2].
1826Scott Woodst. xxxiii, A *tulip-fancying fellow,..intended for a Dutch gardener.
1969G. Lyall Venus with Pistol vii. 38 Amsterdam was cold... Carlos told me..not [to] stop off to look at any *tulip fields.
1931Pamphl. Seale-Hayne Agric. Coll. XXXVI. 27 Several suggestions have been made as possible methods for the control of *Tulip Fire. 1976Homes & Gardens June 131/2 Tulips are particularly susceptible to tulip fire; this produces malformed leaves and shoots, which wither and stop growing.
1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 330 *Tulip-flower, Bignonia.
1755Gentl. Mag. Sept. 416/1 Several lacrymatories have also been dug up, some are of glass,..and some are of burnt earth, like our *tulip-glasses. 1952M. Allingham Tiger in Smoke ii. 49 He was carrying two large tulip glasses which he had overfilled. 1976D. Francis In Frame v. 83 When Jik opened the champagne he poured it into shining tulip glasses.
1900Blackw. Mag. Apr. 574/1 He has eaten *tulip-grass.
1882Pall Mall G. 18 Oct. 4 A Dutch *tulip-grower.
1766W. Stork Acc. East Florida 47 The magnolia, *tulip-laurel, tupelow-tree, are all beautiful.
a1718Prior Alma i. 381 But *Tulip-leaves, and Limon-peel Help only to adorn the meal.
c1711Petiver Gazophyl. ix. Tab. 85 Red *Tulip-like Flowers.
1839Penny Cycl. XIV. 314/1 The extravagances of those visited by the *tulip mania.
1683Lond. Gaz. No. 1810/4 Lost.., a Gold Pendulum Watch,..with..a Steel Chain, and *Tulip Pillars.
1868Rep. U.S. Comm. Agric. (1869) 99 Endecatomus rugosus..has been also taken under the bark of *tulip poplars.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., Hunnemannia..contains a single Mexican species, H. fumariæfolia, now somewhat cultivated under the name *tulip-poppy.
1728–46Thomson Spring 538 Then comes the *tulip race, where Beauty plays Her idle freaks.
1711Addison Spect. No. 108 ⁋3 He carries a *Tulip-root in his Pocket. 1875Encycl. Brit. I. 360/2 The oat frequently suffers much from a disease called ‘segging’ or ‘tulip root’.
1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §190 Ornamental *tulip-shaped chimney-pots.
1835Kirby Hab. & Inst. Anim. I. viii. 265 The *tulip-shell (Tellina) when it walks,..opens and shuts its valves. 1861P. P. Carpenter in Rep. Smithsonian Instit. 1860, 180 Family Fasciolariadæ. (Tulip-shells and Mitres).
1954L. MacNeice Autumn Sequel 41 Its *tuliptime and playtime.
Hence (or from mod.L. tulipa) tuliˈpiferous a. [-ferous], bearing flowers like tulips, as the tulip-tree; ˈtulipine, Chem., a poisonous stimulant alkaloid obtained from the garden tulip; ˈtulipist, a person devoted to the cultivation of tulips; ˌtulipoˈmania [-mania], a craze for tulips, as that which prevailed in Holland in the 17th c.; ˌtulipoˈmaniac, one affected with tulipomania; ˈtulipy a., abounding in tulips; † n. a tulip.
1786J. Abercrombie Arrangem. in Gard. Assist. 38/1 *Tulipiferous, or common tulip bearing [Tulip tree].
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Tulipine. 1913Dorland Med. Dict., Tulipin.
1658Sir T. Browne Hydriot. Ded., The Ingenuous delight of *Tulipists. 1710Addison Tatler No. 218 ⁋7 A Person of good Sense, had not his Head been touched with..the..Tulippomania. 1842Chamb. Jrnl. 12 Feb. 32/3 When the Tulipomania infected Holland, and single roots were sold for many hundred pounds.
1842Blackw. Mag. LI. 426 The prices of these roots..are enough..to delight the cupidity of a Dutch *tulipo-maniac.
a1849J. C. Mangan Poems (1859) 322 Shaarmal's *tulipy dell.
c1626W. Bosworth Arcadius & Sepha i. 882 That blood with wat'ry eye Which leaves her breast to turn t' a *tulippy.
Add:[3.] c. ellipt. for tulip-glass (sense 5 below).
1961in Webster. 1980Times (‘Countdown to Christmas’ Suppl.) 29 Nov. p. xiv/4 Fine wine is ideally drunk from a perfectly plain tulip or goblet. 1988Los Angeles Times 24 Apr. (Calendar) 98/4 The wine glasses here are good-sized tulips (not elegant but very serviceable). |