| 释义 |
gelatin, gelatine|ˈdʒɛlətɪn, -(ˈ)iːn|
[a. F. gélatine, orig. ‘an excellent white broth made of the fish Maigre’ (Cotgr.), ad. It. gelatina, f. gelata jelly. In medical Latin gelatina was adopted as a term for ‘any sort of clear gummy juice, as the Juice of Fruits, the Jelly of Quinces, etc.’ (Phillips, ed. Kersey 1706); in the 18th c. the F. gélatine was occasionally used in medical books in this sense, and with the rise of scientific chemistry came to be restricted to its present use. On the analogy of this and some other words, the suffix -ine (see -ine, -in) was adopted by chemists for forming names of ‘extractive principles’. In popular use the spelling is commonly gelatine, and the pronunc. is often (dʒɛlətiːn); in chemical use consistency demands the form gelatin.]
1. a. The substance which is the basis of the jellies into which certain animal tissues (skin, tendons, ligaments, the matrix of bones, etc.) are converted when treated with hot water for some time. It is amorphous, brittle, without taste or smell, transparent, and of a faint yellow tint; and is composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur.
It is used in the preparation of soups, jellies, etc., and latterly in many photographic processes; it is also pressed into thin sheets for making transparent cards.
1800Hatchett in Phil. Trans. XC. 366 That animal jelly..which is distinguished by the name of gelatin. 1819J. G. Children Chem. Anal. 304 Gelatine is usually prepared from the skin of animals. Common glue is gelatine contaminated with impurities, to which it owes its colour. Isinglass is gelatine nearly in a state of purity. 1858Carpenter Veg. Phys. §329 Animal tissues containing gelatin (the material commonly known as glue, which forms a large part of the skin of most animals). 1878L. Wingfield Lovely Wang 192 Soup..thickened by gelatine.
b. vegetable gelatin: one of the constituents of gluten, identical with animal gelatin.
1852Th. Ross Humboldt's Trav. I. xi. 373 This principle accompanies gelatin, even in the bark of beech, alder, and nut-trees. 1885G. L. Goodale Physiol. Bot. 363 The albumin-like matters. Ritthausen classifies these substances into (1) Albumin of plants; (2) Casein of plants; (3) Gelatin of plants.
c. In trade use: Short for gelatin card.
1851Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 266 The principal traffic has lately been in ‘gelatines’ (gelatine cards). Those in the greatest demand contain representations of the Crystal Palace, the outlines of the structure being given in gold delineation on the deep purple..of the.. shining gelatine.
2. The name given to an explosive compound (see quot. 1895). More fully, blasting gelatin or explosive gelatin.
1878Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) IV. 1015 Blasting Gelatine, this name has been given by Mr. Nobel..to a new explosive compound. 1887Pall Mall G. 23 May 10/2 A..blast of 100,000 tons of rock took place at Llanberis Quarry..on Saturday, two tons of gelatine, equal to nineteen tons of powder, being employed. 1895Bloxam's Chem. (ed. 8) 626 Blasting Gelatine is made by dissolving collodion-cotton in about nine times its weight of nitroglycerine.
3. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 1) gelatin capsule, gelatin film, gelatin lozenge, gelatin-maker, gelatin pellicle, gelatin size; gelatin-coated adj.; (sense 2) gelatin-shell. Also gelatine dry plate, gelatine dynamite (see quots.); gelatine emulsion, ‘an emulsion of gelatine containing a sensitive silver compound’ (Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 1890); also attrib.; gelatine paper Photogr., paper coated with sensitized gelatin; gelatine picture, a photograph produced by the action of light on bichromated gelatine; gelatine process, any photographic process in which gelatine is employed; gelatine sugar = glycocoll.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Gelatine-capsule Maker, a manufacturer of small hollow soluble capsules, enclosing a few drops of nauseous medicines.
1895Pop. Sci. Monthly Sept. 716 The lines are ruled..on a *gelatin-coated plate.
1890Woodbury Encycl. Photogr., *Gelatine dry plates, plates usually of glass coated with a film of gelatine, containing sensitive silver bromide.
1889Cundill Dict. Explosives 52 *Gelatine dynamite..occupies a place mid-way between blasting gelatine and dynamite. It consists of a thin blasting gelatine mixed with other substances.
1885G. Marlow in Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. 18 Dec. 804/1 The present makes of *gelatine emulsions. 1891Anthony's Photogr. Bull. IV. 133 Negative enlargements on gelatine-emulsion paper.
1878Design & Work 26 Jan. 121/2 The *gelatin film is then moistened with cold water. 1889Judge (U.S.) 22 June 180/2 The gelatine film..is one two-thousandths of an inch in thickness.
1895Daily News 22 Nov. 5/4 A fashionable trimming for ladies' black capes is now a *gelatine lozenge.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Gelatin-maker, one who boils and prepares glue and gelatin from animal tissues.
1851Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 1463 Transparent sheets of *gelatine paper. 1885J. Barker in Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. 6 Mar. 150/2 The published formulæ for gelatine paper.
1889Anthony's Photogr. Bull. II. 152 Bromine is set free and metallic silver is deposited in minute particles in the *gelatine pellicle.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 962/1 The *gelatine picture from which the metallic mold was struck.
1860Photogr. News 13 Jan. 228 The capabilities of the *gelatine preservative process.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Gelatine-process.
1890Pall Mall G. 3 Feb. 5/1 The *gelatine shell need not hit to be an effectual destroyer.
1934H. Hiler Notes Technique Painting iii. 179 To the second series, the albumins, belong..the *gelatine-size glues.
1843Pereira Food & Diet 215 *Gelatine sugar or glycicoll.
Hence ˈgelatined a., coated with gelatin.
1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. III. 326 The gelatined side of the paper..having a dark colour. 1894Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. XLI. 69 A sheet of gelatined paper. |