| 释义 |
▪ I. gem, n.|dʒɛm|
Forms: α. ᵹim(m, ᵹym(m, 3 ȝimme, ȝumme |y|, (gim), 4 gymme, ȝymme. β. 3–8 gemm(e, 4–8 jem(me, 4– gem.
[OE. ᵹim str. masc. (whence prob. ON. gim neut.) = OHG. gimma fem., a. L. gemma bud, hence jewel, f. root gen- to produce. In ME. the word was adopted afresh in (or refashioned after) the F. form gemme.]
1. A precious stone of any kind, esp. when cut and polished for ornament; a jewel.
αc825Vesp. Psalter cxviii. 127 Forðon ic lufade bibodu ðin ofer gold and ᵹim. 971Blickl. Hom. 11 He sealde his þone readan ᵹim, þæt wæs his þæt haliᵹe blod. c1000ælfric Hom. I. 64 Hi wurdon ᵹehwyrfede to deorwurðum ᵹymmum. c1205Lay. 6081 Heo makeden ane tunne of golde and of ȝimme. c1250Gen. & Ex. 2700 He carf in two gummes [? = ȝümmes] of pris Two likenesses. 13..K. Alis. 3152 This koroune he the sent, Of gold and gymmes.
βc1374Chaucer Former Age 30 And in the Ryverys fyrst gemmys sowhte. c1400Destr. Troy 10585 A toure, triedly wroght..With Jemmes, & iuwells, & other ioly stonys. 1485Ripon Ch. Acts (Surtees) 366 Duo anuli aurei cum j pro gemys. 1500–20Dunbar Poems xlviii. 153 Cum blowme of joy with jemis to be cround. 1601Holland Pliny I. 41 See how many sorts of jemmes there be still. 1702Addison Dial. Medals (1727) 94 Th' Imperial standard..That Gold embroiders and that Gemms adorn. 1750Gray Elegy xiv, Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear. 1832G. R. Porter Porcelain & Gl. 273 He made artificial rubies..which he sold, in the manner of real gems, according to their weight. 1860C. W. King Ant. Gems (1866) 6 The Romans..divided gems into males and females, according to the depth or lightness of their colour. 1886M. F. Sheldon tr. Flaubert's Salammbô 15 On her neck she wore a collection of luminous gems.
†b. slang. (See quots.) Obs.
c1700Street Robberies Consider'd, Jem, Ring. 1725New Cant. Dict., Jem, a Gold Ring; Rum-Jem, a Diamond one.
2. transf. and fig.
a. Said of persons; esp. in phrases, † gem of chastity, jollity, virtue, etc. (obs.).
c1275Luve Ron 163 in O.E. Misc. 98 Þis ilke ston þat ich þe nemne Mayden-hod icleoped is. Hit is o derewurþe gemme. c1386Chaucer Prioress' T. 157 This gemme of chastite, this Emeraude, And eek of martirdom the Ruby bright. c1410Hoccleve Mother of God 106 Marie and Ion hevenly gemmes tweyne. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lxxxvi. 3 O gemme joynit in joye angelicall, In quhom Jhesu rejosit wes to dwell. 1554in Strype Eccl. Mem. III. App. xx. 57 It is a most unworthy thing, that that gem of vertues should enlighten foreign nations. 1575Gascoigne Pr. Pleas. Kenilw., Deliteful dames and gemmes of jolitie. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, ii. iii. 78 Who knowes..But from this Lady, may proceed a Iemme, To lighten all this Ile. 1678Yng. Mans Comf. 384 Spains rod, Romes ruin, Netherlands relief..Englands jem. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles iv. xxx, O what a gem lies buried here.
b. of things.
1618Bolton Florus To Rdr., Certaine gemmes as it were, and jewels of wise sentences, inserted by him with good advisement. 1781Cowper Friendship 7 Every polish'd gem we find, Illuminating heart or mind. 1799J. Scott Bahar-Danush II. xiii. 89 Shedding the valuable jems of remonstrance on his lap. 1872Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lakes (1879) 79 The..vale of Grasmere..is a little gem in the diadem of the Lake District. 1893Sir R. Ball Story of Sun 359 The beautiful star Vega, the most brilliant gem of the northern hemisphere.
c. An object of rare beauty or priceless worth; the choicest part of (anything). Now colloquially often with somewhat playful tone: Something greatly prized, a ‘jewel’, ‘treasure’.
c1560A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) xxvii. 1 In June the jem Of joy and geme. a1605Montgomerie Sonn. xlix, The Margarit does merit mekle mare, As jem of jeuels, paragone but peir. 1647N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. ii. 3 As if..the Lord of all the earth had found out one place that should be to him as the gemme of this Terrestrial globe. 1818W. Irving in Life & Lett. (1864) I. xxv. 407 A little cabinet picture..which will be quite a gem. 1870Max Müller Sc. Relig. (1873) 384 Among the Hottentots..we find the following gem of a fable. 1875Buckland Log-bk. 1 The gem of the collection..was a picture representing [etc.]. 1895Pall Mall Mag. Nov. 328 The new man seemed to be a gem.
3. A precious or semi-precious stone, bearing an engraved design either in relief or intaglio.
[1638F. Junius Paint. Ancients 95, I cannot but remember the royal fame of a gem that same Pyrrhus had..an Agathe wherein [etc.]. 1658Sir T. Browne Hydriot. ii. 18 Great number of Gemmes with heads of Gods and Goddesses. ]1791Raspe (title), A descriptive Catalogue of a general Collection of ancient and modern engraved Gems, Cameos, as well as Intaglios..cast..by J. Tassie. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iii. I. 338 The cabinets were filled with a fine collection of gems purchased by that Earl of Arundel whose marbles are now among the ornaments of Oxford. 1860C. W. King (title), Antique Gems, their Origin, Uses, and Value.
attrib.1838Penny Cycl. XII. 498/1 Intaglio..is a term of art applied to small works of the gem class.
†4. A bud, esp. a leaf-bud. Obs.
1382Wyclif Num. xvii. 8 Swellynge the gemmes, breken out flowres. c1420Pallad. on Husb. iii. 405 A graffes shaft Of vyne or tre with gemmes oon or too. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 202 Y⊇ rodde of Aaron..in one day..brought forth fayre floures, gemmes & almondes. 1651Jer. Taylor Serm. i. ii. 13 Like the gem of a vine, or the bud of a rose. a1688Denham Of Old Age 576 From the joints of thy prolific stem A swelling knot is raised, called a gem. 1732Hist. Litteraria IV. 158 Insects which terebrate the Gems of some Branches, and therein deposit their eggs. 1791E. Darwin Bot. Gard. i. 197 If prouder branches with exuberance rude Point their green gems. 1813Marshall Gardening ii. 22 Those flowers that dare to continue above ground all the year have yet their gems carefully locked up.
5. Zool. = gemma 3.
1832Lyell Princ. Geol. II. 112 The most frequent mode of transportation..consists in the buoyancy of their eggs or certain small vesicles which are detached and are capable of becoming the foundation of a new colony. These gems, as they have been called, may be swept along by a wave that breaks upon a coral reef.
6. A collector's name for the small geometrid moth Camptogramma fluviata.
1869in E. Newman Brit. Moths 172.
7. Printing. (See quot.; the size is little used.)
1888Jacobi Printer's Vocab., Gem, a size of type one size larger than Brilliant and one size smaller than Diamond.
8. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attrib., as † gem-mint, gem-pit, gem-ring, gem-work.
b. objective, as gem-artificer, gem-cutting, gem-engraver, gem-engraving, gem-fancier, gem-polisher, gem-sculpture; gem-bearing, gem-yielding adjs.c. instrumental, as gem-bedewed, gem-bedizened, gem-bespangled, gem-bossed, gem-bright, gem-knosped, gem-spangled adjs.; also gem-like adj. or adv.d. Special comb., as gem-bed (see quot.); gem-peg (corruptly gim-peg) (see quot.); gem-salt (rare), rock-salt = sal-gem; gem-stick, a stick on the end of which a gem is cemented while being cut.
1870Ruskin Lect. Art v. 136 Drawings of the *gem-artificers.
1894Westm. Gaz. 27 Dec. 6/1 The property comprised 4000 acres of ‘*gem-bearing’ land.
1886Daily News 28 Dec. 5/4 The ‘*gem-bed’, as it is called, or strata in which the rubies are found, varies considerably at different points in its depth.
1820Landor Heroic Idylls, Myrtis 2 Her white wrist above it, *gem-bedewed.
1832J. P. Kennedy Swallow B. iv. (1860) 47 She rests her chin upon her *gem-bedizened hand.
a1794Sir W. Jones Hymn to Surya Wks. 1799 VI. 349 The churn'd Ocean's *gem-be⁓spangled shore.
1879Geo. Eliot Coll. Breakf. P. 17 In *gem-bossed pyx and broidered chasuble.
1587T. Hughes Misfort. Arth. 14 O Cassiopæa, *gem-bright signe, Most sacred sight and sweet cælestiall starre. 1838Eliza Cook Poet's Wreath iii, On his temples a gem-bright rim.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 738 The operation of *gem-cutting.
1860C. W. King Ant. Gems (1866) 169 The earliest *gem-engravers.
Ibid. p. xli, Under Augustus *gem-engraving in all its branches reached its very highest point.
1877W. Jones Finger-ring 17 Xerxes, King of Persia, was a great *gem-fancier.
1818Milman Samor 225 To break the glassy glories of this world? The *gem-knosp'd diadem, the ivory ball.
1859Tennyson Enid 1047 A meadow *gemlike chased In the brown wild.
1592G. Harvey Pierce's Super. 136 His *gemmemint is not always current.
1853O. Byrne Artisan's Handbk. 210 The support..placed a little to the right and in advance of the lap, is called a *gim-peg, or germ-peg..The gim-peg serves as a support for the arm of the workman in grinding the edges of small stones, but its principal use is to serve as a guide for the vertical angle in cutting facets. 1882Encycl. Brit. XIV. 299/2 A very important substitute for the gim-peg-socket..is the dial.
1889Ceylon Observer 11 May, The find of a valuable sapphire on Rangwelletenne estate by a coolie woman near the mouth of an old *gempit.
1886Daily News 28 Dec. 5/4 The lapidaries, or *gem-polishers, are in the capital, and not at the mines.
1864Boutell Her. Hist. & Pop. xix. §5 (ed. 3) 312 Holding between the finger and thumb a *gem ring.
1852Th. Ross Humboldt's Trav. III. xxxii. 361 It is enlarged by the spurs of the Rio Beni, rich in *gem-salt.
1882Ogilvie, *Gem-sculpture, the art of..representing designs upon precious stones, either in raised work or by figures cut into or below the surface.
a1847Eliza Cook There would I be i, A *gem-spangled crown.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. iii. 37 Making the ice around us one great resplendency of *gem-work.
1887Pall Mall G. 28 Dec. 5/2 Like most *gem-yielding regions..it is less attractive than the yellow sands.
Hence ˈgemless a., devoid of gems.
1818Blackw. Mag. II. 533 A casket gemless!
▪ II. gem, v.|dʒɛm|
Inflected gemmed, gemming. Forms: α. 2–3 ȝimmen. β. 7–9 jem, 5– gem.
[f. prec. n.]
†1.
a. intr. To put forth buds; to bud.
b. trans. To put forth (a blossom, a fruit). Obs.
c1150Fragm. ælfric's Gr. (Phillipps) 2 [Wintreowe] Ȝimmeþ forþ in þe akeres. 1667Milton P.L. vii. 325 The stately Trees..spred Thir branches..or gemm'd Thir Blossoms. 1746–7Hervey Medit. (1818) 150 The tender twigs have scarce gemmed their future blessings.
2. To adorn with gems.
1610G. Fletcher Christ's Vict. ii. lvi. 42 Kings, whose temples wear impal'd In goulden diadems, set here, and thear, With diamounds, and gemmed euery whear. 1741H. Brooke Constantia Wks. 1789 I. 289 All gem'd in ornaments of curious mode. 1808J. Barlow Columb. i. 39 Cold-hearted Ferdinand his pillow prest, Nor dream'd..Of him who gemm'd his crown. 1877M. M. Grant Sun-Maid viii, Gemmed with rubies.
b. transf. and fig. To adorn as with gems.
1747Collins Passions 72 Her buskins gemm'd with morning dew. 1798S. Rogers Ep. to Friend 156 When Frost..gems with icicles the sheltering eaves. 1798Canning & Frere New Morality 118 in Anti-Jacobin xxxvi. (1852) 205 The teardrop gems her eye. 1813Byron Giaour xiv, A speck of white That gemm'd the tide. 1824T. K. Hervey Gondola v, He looks to the stars Which are gemming the blue. 1835W. Irving Tour Prairies 329 The prairies were all gemmed with frost. 1849–53Rock Ch. of Fathers III. ix. 341 Gemming..the Virgin's name with every brightest epithet. 1859Tennyson Enid 339 A coppice gemm'd with green and red. 1863Hawthorne Our Old Home (1883) I. 283 A ring..thickly gemmed around with faces.
†3. intr. To shine as a gem; in quot. to gem it.
1652Benlowes Theoph. For Author C j, Who jemm'st it in Ierusalem Above, Where all is Grace and Glory, Light and Love.
4. trans. To extract gems from; to excavate for the purpose of obtaining gems.
1889Ceylon Observer 7 June, Everton estate..has been ‘gemmed’ for over thirty years. Ibid. 28 June, The Government could have no objections to grant the right to gem the whole river.
Hence ˈgemming vbl. n. Also ˈgemmer, one who seeks or digs for gems.
1859Tennent Ceylon 35 The season selected by them for ‘gemming’ is between December and March, when the waters are low. 1887Chamb. Jrnl. 12 Mar. 166 Gemming has been carried on in that part of Upper Burmah for centuries. 1889Ceylon Observer 8 June, Pits dug by ancient and modern gemmers. |