| 释义 |
▪ I. type, n.1|taɪp|
Also 6–7 tipe.
[ad. F. type (16th c. in Littré) or L. typus, a. Gr. τύπος impression, figure, type, f. the root of τύπτειν to beat, strike.]
1. a. That by which something is symbolized or figured; anything having a symbolical signification; a symbol, emblem; spec. in Theol. a person, object, or event of Old Testament history, prefiguring some person or thing revealed in the new dispensation; correl. to antitype. in (the) type, in symbolic representation.
c1470Henryson Mor. Fab. (S.T.S.) 579 Suppose this be ane Fabill, And ouerheillit with typis figurall. 1590‘Hobynoll’ To Learned Sheph. v. in Spenser's F.Q. (Pref. Verses), That fare Ilands right, Which thou dost vayle in Type of Faery land, Elizas blessed field, that Albion hight. 1607Hieron Wks. I. 104 The people of Israel were a tipe of Gods people: Canaan a tipe of heauen. 1654Jer. Taylor Real Pres. v. 103 He offered wine not water in the type..of his bloud. 1706Prior Ode to Queen xxxiv, The British Rose, Type of sweet Rule, and gentle Majesty. 1781Fletcher Lett. Wks. 1795 VII. 236 [Marriage] the most perfect type of our Lords union with his church. 1829The Bengallee 182 The Hookah's monstrous snake... That type of eastern Luxury's excess. 1851Kingsley in Life (1878) I. 255 It is only in proportion as we appreciate and understand the types that we can understand the anti-types. 1863M. Howitt F. Bremer's Greece II. xii. 29 A river is always the type of human life. 1875Manning Mission H. Ghost i. 15 Ceremonial actions, and washings, and purifications, which were the types and shadows of things to come.
b. An imperfect symbol or anticipation of something. nonce-use.
1754Foote Knights i. Wks. 1799 I. 62 The very abstract of penury! Sir John Cutler, with his transmigrated stockings, was but a type of him.
†2.
a. A figure or picture of something; a representation; an image or imitation. Obs. rare.
1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 10 This Type do represent the world. Ibid. 156 Wherfore behold the tipe before placed. 1572Gascoigne Herbs, Voy. into Holland 7, I must endite..A tipe of heauen, a liuely hew of hell. 1774J. Bryant Mythol. II. 445 Lunar amulets, or types of the Ark in the form of a crescent.
b. Numism. The figure on either side of a coin or medal.
1785Holcroft tr. Mme. de Genlis' Tales Castle (ed. 2) I. Notes 292 On the two sides..of a medal..are distinguished the type, and the inscription or legend. The type, or device, is the figure represented. 1853Humphreys Coin-Coll. Man. vi. 61 The crab, being perhaps at an early period made sacred to the river deity, became the principal type of the money of this city [Agrigentum]. 1904W. M. Ramsay Lett. Seven Churches xix. 262 Homer is one of the most frequent types on coins of the city.
3. A distinguishing mark or sign; a stamp. rare.
1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, i. iv. 121 Thy Father beares the type of King of Naples. 1613― Hen. VIII, i. iii. 31 Tennis and tall Stockings, Short blistred Breeches, and those types of Trauell. 1692Prior Ode Imit. Horace viii. 28 Heav'n as plainly pointed out the King, As when he at the Altar stood, In all his Types and Robes of Powr. 1862Burton Bk. Hunter (1863) 11 The types of a really hospitable country house were an anker of whisky always on the spigot, a caldron ever on the bubble with boiling water. Ibid. 44 All these things were the types of an intellectual vitality.
4. Path. The characteristic form of a fever; esp. the character of an intermittent fever as determined by its period. Cf. type-fever in 10. [So L. typus.] Obs. or merged in 5.
1601Holland Pliny xxii. xiv. II. 122 The fever also, Of what type or kind it is. Ibid. xxvi. xi. 260 Some are wont to give of Cinque foile three leaves in a Tertian, and foure in a Quartane, and so rise to more according to the period or type of the rest. 1776W. Cullen First Lines Pract. Physic §30 With respect to the form, or Type, of fevers. 1818–20J. Thompson Cullen's Nosol. Method. (ed. 3) 187 [Fever] with intermission, varying (a) in type or period. 1858Copland Dict. Pract. Med. I. 937 The type of masked ague is generally quotidian.
5. a. The general form, structure, or character distinguishing a particular kind, group, or class of beings or objects; hence transf. a pattern or model after which something is made.
1843Mill Logic iv. ii. §3 (1856) II. 192 When we..see a creature resembling an animal, we compare it with our general conception of an animal; and if it agrees with that general conception, we include it in the class. The conception becomes the type of comparison. 1857Maurice Ep. St. John i. 3 The type upon which the whole was constructed. 1860Motley Netherl. (1868) I. i. 15 His face had lost all resemblance to the type of his heroic family. 1864Soc. Science Rev. 3 Diseases are founded on types like animals, plants, systems of worlds [etc.]. 1874Blackie Self-Cult. 4 The fundamental unity of type which the Divine reason has imposed on all things. 1874Parker Goth. Archit. i. i. 1 The original type of all Christian churches is universally acknowledged to have been the Roman Basilica. 1877Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 12 A few diseases exhibit well-marked types. 1880Mem. J. Legge vi. 76 Every creature has a type, a peculiar character of its own.
b. Ch. Hist. [Gr. τύπος τῆς πίστεως type of the faith.] An edict of the Emperor Constans II, promulgated a.d. 648, prohibiting further discussion of the Monothelite controversy.
1727–41Chambers Cycl., Type, τυπος,..a name given to an edict of the Emperor Constans II... It had the name type, as being a kind of formulary of faith. 1854Milman Lat. Chr. iv. vi. (1864) II. 322 The Ecthesis of Heraclius was replaced by the Type of Constans. The Type..aspired to silence by authority this interminable dispute. 1902H. K. Mann Hist. Popes I. i. 381 Paul caused the Emperor Constans to issue the ‘Type’... The ‘Type’ ordered the Ecthesis to be taken down, and forbade anyone in future to speak of either one or two wills or operations in Our Lord.
6. a. A kind, class, or order as distinguished by a particular character.
1854Brewster More Worlds iv. 73 On a planet more magnificent than ours, may there not be a type of reason of which the intellect of Newton is the lowest degree? 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 531 The Queen was sinking under small pox of the most malignant type. 1879M. Arnold Ess., Porro unum est necess. 152 The instruction in both is of the same type. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. II. xlviii. 220 Three types of rural local government are discernible in America. 1897D. W. Forrest Christ of Hist. & Exp. i. 31 It is a different type of moral character: another order of humanity. 1898Jrnl. Sch. Geog. (U.S.) Oct. 306 The dominant weather type was clear, with light southerly winds and temperatures between 50° and 55°. This type was interrupted by two spells of cloudy weather, with northerly winds.
b. Preceding a n. with ellipsis of of, = type of. Cf. -type 2. U.S. colloq.
1966Word Study Dec. 2/2 He could not pick out things like a bridge from ‘this type distance’. 1979Nature 22 Nov. p. xvii/1 The 110C systems may be used with virtually any type projector.
7. transf.
a. A person or thing that exhibits the characteristic qualities of a class; a representative specimen; a typical example or instance.
1842Prichard Nat. Hist. Man (ed. 2) 333 The Tahitians are considered by Lesson as the type of the whole Polynesian race. a1854Reed Lect. Brit. Poets v. (1857) 172 Shakspeare may be contemplated as the type of modern intellect and the representative of the European mind. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. iii. viii, It is a type of many. 1873Ruskin Fors Clav. xxxiv. (1896) II. 236 Sir Roger de Coverley is a character, as well as a type.
b. spec. A person or thing that exemplifies the ideal qualities or characteristics of a kind or order; a perfect example or specimen of something; a model, pattern, exemplar.
1847Emerson Repr. Men, Goethe Wks. (Bohn) I. 392 He is the type of culture. a1853Robertson Lect., Wordsw. 228 Arnold of Rugby is the type of English action; Wordsworth is the type of English thought. 1858J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) III. ii. i. 221 Plato is the very type of soaring philosophy.
c. A person of a certain (specified or implicit) character; one's type, the sort of person to whom one is attracted (usu. in neg. or interrog. contexts). Also simply, a person; as a gallicism, also with pronunc. (‖ tip), derogatory. colloq.
1922[see abandon n.3]. 1930Kipling Limits & Renewals (1932) 327, I played piquet with our schoolmaster... That was a type upon whom our War had done bad work. 1931K. Boyle Plagued by Nightingale xv. 123 Luc could fish with Nicholas... It's exactly what the poor type would prefer anyway! 1933‘G. Orwell’ Down & Out in Paris & London xxix. 216 ‘Low types,’ said the old Etonian, ‘very low types.’ 1934F. B. Cuthrell Innocent Bystander vii. 130 Richardson did not interest her, he was not her ‘type’. 1942T. Rattigan Flare Path ii. i. 127 You're the actor type, aren't you? 1948‘N. Shute’ No Highway ii. 41 It didn't do Fisher any good with the R.A.F. types. 1951J. C. Fennessy Sonnet in Bottle i. v. 28 ‘Oh, by the way, do you know these types?’ and he introduced the two men with him. 1956‘A. Bridge’ Lighthearted Quest 199, I went to look for Colin in that red-haired type's house. 1962A. Lurie Love & Friendship xiii. 250 You wouldn't like him... He's not your type. He's a little fat man. 1965R. & D. Morris Men & Snakes i. 16 Although an intrepid explorer type, he made a hasty exit. 1968M. Jones Survivor iii. 51 ‘I'm asking you if you think she's at all his type.’ Stuart shrugged. ‘I shouldn't care to say what Martin's type is. Come to think of it, I'd say he has no type.’ 1971D. E. Westlake I gave at Office 136, I was not alone in the room. Three army types were there..tall, fat, khaki-uniformed. 1974J. Aiken Midnight is Place iv. 142 That type... He is a brigand! 1979R. Jaffe Class Reunion ii. ii. 145 I've always thought you were very beautiful, Annabel. You always were just my type. 1979A. Fraser King Charles II vii. 102 These were scarcely the types to risk life and limb. 1981‘M. Hebden’ Pel is Puzzled xi. 113 ‘Type over here... He recognises it.’ The ‘type over here’ was a man about thirty-five with long blond hair.
8. Technical uses from senses 5–7.
a. Nat. Hist., etc. A certain general plan of structure characterizing a group of animals, plants, etc.; hence transf. a group or division of animals, etc., having a common form or structure.
1850McCosh Div. Govt. ii. ii. (ed. 2) 162 In the organic kingdoms, there is an all-pervading system of types: there is a type for every particular species of plant and animal; a type for every leaf and every limb. 1850Tennyson In Mem. lv, So careful of the type she seems, So careless of the single life. 1867Duke of Argyll Reign Law iv. 215 The adaptability of the one Vertebrate Type to the..variety of Life to which it serves as..a home. 1872Oliver Elem. Bot. ii. 122 You must try to refer to its type every flowering plant you meet with. 1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. i. 49 Such types or common plans as those of the Arthropoda, the Annelida, the Mollusca [etc.]. 1878Gurney Crystallogr. 30 By the type of symmetry of a crystal we mean the number and arrangement of its symmetral planes. 1892Westcott Gospel of Life 10 The product of any particular seed is fixed within the limits of a type.
b. Nat. Hist. A species or genus which most perfectly exhibits the essential characters of its family or group, and from which the family or group is (usually) named; an individual embodying all the distinctive characteristics of a species, etc., esp. the specimen on which the first published description of a species is based.
1840Whewell Philos. Induct. Sci. viii. ii. I. 476 A Type is an example of any class, for instance, a species of a genus, which is considered as eminently possessing the characters of the class. 1851Woodward Mollusca i. 61 The type of each genus should be that species in which the characters of its group are best exhibited, and most evenly balanced. 1858Mayne Expos. Lex., Salicornieus,..a tribe of the Chenopodeæ established by C. A. Meyer, having the Salicornia for their type. 1893O. Thomas in Proc. Zool. Soc. 242 The following are..the definitions now suggested for the different terms: A Type is a single specimen either unaccompanied by others at the time of description, or else deliberately selected as such by the author out of a series. 1951G. H. M. Lawrence Taxonomy of Vascular Plants ix. 205 The term type, used alone and unqualified, generally refers to the holotype. 1964Internat. Code Zool. Nomencl. xiii. 59 The ‘type’ affords the standard of reference that determines the application of a scientific name. 1970Watsonia VIII. 156 A herbarium sheet stated..to be the ‘type’..is, however, quite different.
c. Chem. A simple compound taken as representing the structure of more complex compounds.
1852Watts tr. Gmelin's Handbk. Chem. VII. 15 Dumas' Theory of Substitution and of Types. 1857Miller Elem. Chem. (1862) III. 48 Water, hydrochloric, and hydrosulphuric acid are, therefore, the patterns or types upon which these several bodies are formed. 1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 926 Bodies analogous in constitution, and exhibiting analogous reactions, are said to belong to the same type... In a wider sense, the formula HCl may be taken as the type of chlorides, bromides, iodides, fluorides, and cyanides.
d. Math. (See quots.)
1891Cent. Dict., Type 12. In math., a succession of symbols susceptible of + and - signs. 1911Webster, Type..6, the simplest of the forms equivalent with respect to a group.
e. Semiotics, etc. A sign representing a category or set of instances, as opposed to the individual tokens by which the category is instantiated. Cf. token n. 1 f.
1908[see token n. 1 f]. 1966Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xlvi. 13 The incidence of tokens is..equal to the sum of all forms... The incidence of types..is equal to the number of different forms. 1976Biometrika LXIII. 435 Shakespeare's known works comprise 884 647 total words, of which 14 376 are types appearing just one time, 4343 are types appearing twice, etc.
9. a. A small rectangular block, usually of metal or wood, having on its upper end a raised letter, figure, or other character, for use in printing. in types, in type (see b). Also fig.
1713J. Watson Hist. Art Printing 54 Christopher Plantin..printed..that fine Bible..whose Types were casten and made at Paris. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Printing, The printing letters, characters, or types, as they are sometimes called. 1751Berkeley Let. to Prior 30 Mar., Wks. 1871 IV. 327 They are going to print..two editions..of Plato's works, in most magnificent types. 1799Monthly Rev. XXX. 290 A method of printing maps and charts of any size by means of moveable types. 1829Macaulay Westm. Reviewer's Def. Mill (ad fin.), The preceding article was written, and was actually in types, when [etc.]. 1849Ruskin Sev. Lamps v. §3 The types which once had the die of thought struck fresh upon them. 1880V. Lee Stud. Italy iii. ii. 102 Musical types had..been invented by an Italian.
b. sing. Types collectively; letter. in type, set up ready for printing.
1778V. Knox Ess. xxxviii. 305 To trace the art in its gradual progress from the wooden and immoveable letter to the moveable and metal type. 1784J. Belknap in B. Papers (1877) II. 179, I believe some brethren of the type are offended at it. 1837Sir F. Palgrave Merch. & Friar Ded. (1844) 4 The work..had been kept in type for nearly a twelve-month. 1852Dickens Lett. (1880) I. 291 This story goes straightway into type. 1869Tyndall Notes Lect. Light §71 Compositors arrange their type in this backward fashion, the type being reversed by the process of printing. 1882J. Southward Pract. Print. (1884) 9 A bill of type is a table showing the number of each of the several sorts in a fount. 1904R. J. Farrer Garden Asia 63 Not China, but Korea, was the inventor of movable type, and the true parent of printing.
c. transf. A printed character or characters, or an imitation of these.
1784Cowper Task v. 419 To read engraven on the mouldy walls [of the Bastille] In stagg'ring types, his predecessor's tale. 1831Brewster Optics xxxviii. §183. 320 To see small objects distinctly..such as..a small type. 1841J. T. J. Hewlett Parish Clerk I. 125 It was directed in the well-known type of Davy Diggs. 1872Ruskin Fors Clav. (1896) I. xvi. 321 Here it is in full type, for it is worth careful reading.
10. attrib. and Comb., as type-animal, type category, type-character, type description, type-figure, type-fossil, type index, type-man, type-name, type-number, type-phase, type-phenomenon, type-sample, type-series, type-set, type-ship, type-symptom, type-theme, type-tragedy; in sense 9, as type-arrangement, type-body (body n. 13), type-case, type-composition, type-foundry, type-mould, type-punch, type-size; objective, instrumental, etc., as type-founder; type-composing, type-creating, type-distributing, type-founding, type-making, ns. and adjs.; type-blackened, type-marked adjs.; type approval (see quot. 1979); type area, (a) the part of a page covered by print; (b) the location of a type-specimen or an area taken as typical of a particular group; Geol. = type site below; type-ball, a spherical ball on certain kinds of electric typewriter on which all the type is mounted; = golf ball (b) s.v. golf n. b; type-bar, (a) a line of type cast in a solid bar, as by the linotype; (b) in a typewriter, each of the bars carrying the letters or characters; type basket, the assembly of type-bars in a typewriter; type-block, a block having raised characters on its face, used to impress words or figures, as in gilding (Knight Dict. Mech. 1875); type-blow, the impact of the type on the paper in a typewriter; type-carriage, in a printing-machine, a frame carrying the form; type-chart, a chart or outline of a typical object or structure; type-copy n. (arch.), a typewritten copy; so type-copy v. trans. (arch.); type-cutter, one who engraves the dies or punches from which types are cast; a punch-cutter; so type-cutting; type-cylinder, the cylinder on which the types or plates are fastened in a rotary press; type-desk, a desk or table at which typewriting is done; type-dressing, the scraping, polishing, etc., of newly cast type: in quot. attrib.; type face, a set of printing type of a particular design; cf. face n. 22, fount2; type facsimile, a copy of a piece of printing which is either a page-for-page copy using type as close as possible to the original or an exact photographic reproduction; type-fallacy Logic, the fallacy or mistake of including amongst the members of a type or category something belonging to another type or category (see quot. 1908); † type-fever, an intermittent fever, an ague; type-form, (a) = form n. 20; (b) a typical or representative form; type-gauge, (a) a gauge used by type-founders to test the size of type-bodies; (b) a type-measure (Cassell's Encycl. Dict., 1888); type-genus, the genus which most perfectly exemplifies the essential characters of the family to which it belongs; esp. the genus from which the name of the family is taken; type height = height n. 1 c; type-high, a. of the standard height of type (i.e. in Great Britain formerly ·9175 in., now and in U.S. ·918 in.); adv. as high as, so as to correspond in height with, type; type-holder, an instrument for holding types, used for stamping or lettering books (Cent. Dict. 1891); type-larval, a. of or pertaining to a type larva, i.e. one which exhibits features characteristic of the group to which it belongs, which do not appear in the adult form; type-letter, each of the types or letters of a typewriter; type-lever, a lever by which a type or character is impressed, as in a linotype; type locality = type-area (b), above, type site below; type-matter, printed matter, letterpress; type-measure, -measurer (Knight Dict. Mech.), a rule showing the depth of the various kinds of type, used in calculating the number of lines or ems in composed type; type-metal, an alloy of lead and antimony, sometimes with tin or bismuth, of which printing types are cast; type-music, music printed from types; type-page, the page of type or letterpress as distinct from the paper-page on which it is printed; type-paper, paper suitable for typewriting; type-printed a., printed from types; also, type-written; so type-printing; type-psychology, psychological study or theory based on the classification of people or phenomena by type; type-rule (Funk's Stand. Dict., 1895); type-scale = type-measure (Cent. Dict. 1891); typescript [cf. typoscript typo-], n. type-written matter or copy; a. typewritten; hence typescript v. trans., to record in typescript; typescripted ppl. a.; typescripting vbl. n.; typesetter, a compositor; also, a composing-machine; so typesetting, n. and a., typeset a.; type site Archæol., Geol., etc., a site the features of which are used to define, or are paradigmatic of, a culture, stratigraphic level, etc.; type-slug = type-bar a (Funk's Stand. Dict., 1895); type-species, Nat. Hist. a species which most perfectly exemplifies its genus; esp. the species on which the genus is based; type-specimen, (a) Nat. Hist. a specimen or individual on which the species is based, and from which the specific name is taken; also fig.; (b) a printed sheet or booklet showing the variety of type-faces a printer or founder has available; type-sticker, a compositor (slang); type-system, a system of teaching by types or representative specimens; type test n. (esp. Aeronaut.), a test conducted to determine whether a new piece of equipment meets its specifications; also attrib.; hence type-test v. trans.; type-theory, Chem. the theory of the derivation of compounds from types (sense 8 c) by substitution; type–token attrib., in Semiotics, etc., pertaining to types and tokens, involving the relationship of type to tokens (see token n. 1 f, sense 8 e above); type-transliteration, transliteration into modern type or letterpress; type-value, value as a type or standard of comparison; type-wash, a washing medium for type or plates (Webster, 1911); type-wheel, a wheel with raised characters on its periphery, as in the printing telegraph and in some typewriters; type-work, letterpress; also type-setting, composing. Also typewriter, etc.
1850Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal Jan. 35 This rare and beautiful creature [the giraffe], *type-animal of their land. Ibid. 36 The elephant is evidently with these people, the type-animal.
1967Economist 15 Apr. 270/1 The Europeans are used to the ‘*type approval’ on which most Continental governments insist before [motor] models can be sold. 1979Gloss. Terms Quality Assurance (B.S.I.) 11/2 Type approval, the status given to a design that has been shown by type tests to meet all the requirements of the product specification and which is suitable for a specific application.
1916W. H. Hazell et al. Estimating for Printers 19 Before an estimate..can be worked out, the following points must be decided: Number of words in bookwork..; size of type,..and *type area of page. 1937Burlington Mag. June 309/2 Consideration of primitive work as craftsmanship..is no more essential for an æsthetic evaluation than the geographical location of type-areas. 1969Proc. Geol. Soc. Aug. 146 Customary stratigraphical usage should be maintained by placing the marker-points as near to the stratigraphical correspondence with traditional boundaries as possible, although not necessarily in the traditional type-area. 1973S. Jennett Making of Books (ed. 5) xvi. 338 There is a theory that the type area should be about 50 per cent of the page area. 1975Type area [see type site below].
1877W. Boyd Descr. Model Newspaper, A sheet..regarding *type-arrangement, Excellent.
1971Computers & Humanities VI. 43 The character set..is limited to the Selectric *type-balls specified by the scanning service. 1977Daily Tel. 3 Aug. 3/5 There has been a real search for a type ball from one of the IBM electric typewriters that were in the office.
1886Science 17 Sept. 252/2 As the *type-bar of a type-writer is connected with its key. 1891in Cent. Dict.
1931M. Crooks Bk. of Underwood Typewriter ii. 10 Above and behind the keyboard, occupying practically the centre of the framework, is the type—this part of the machine is known as the *Type-Basket. 1968Typing (‘Know the Craft’ Series) 4/1 Every machine has a type basket and a carriage.
1900Kipling in Daily Express 26 June 4/6 Allen wagged a *type-blackened forefinger across the table.
1901Phonetic Jrnl. 15 June 371/1 In..an electrical typewriter..the *type-blow, or the hammer-blow, will be automatic.
1895Funk's Standard Dict. s.v. Point system, Under this system the old names of *type-bodies, as nonpareil (now 6-point), bourgeois (now 9-point), etc., are in disuse.
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 307 By the farther motion of the *type carriage, the ink-table is caused to pass under four small elastic rollers.
1891Cent. Dict., *Type-case. 1909H. Hart in Periodical Feb. 294 A double-windowed room..was fitted up with compositors' frames and type-cases.
1947Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. LII. 293 Kinship, its relationships and institutions, are the *type categories of experience and the familial group is the unit of action.
1931Times Lit. Suppl. 5 Nov. 865/3 Mr. Strauss hits off the foibles of his *type-characters with wit and acumen.
1887J. G. Wood in 19th Cent. Mar. 386 There are *type-charts of each organ.
1878Jevons Prim. Pol. Econ. 71 Some compositors still object to work in offices where *type-composing machines are introduced.
1890H. James Let. 10 Nov. (1981) III. 307 A shorter story..which I am just sending off to be *typecopied.
1893Ibid. 2 July 416, I have determined to dispatch by the same post as this note, in another cover, a fresh *type-copy of the said first act.
1854Geo. Eliot tr. Feuerbach's Essence Christianity vii. 75 Mind presenting itself as at once *type-creating, emotional, and sensuous, is the imagination.
1881Instr. Census Clerks (1886) 51 *Type cutter, founder. 1890Athenæum 1 Mar. 281/3 He was a die-sinker and type-cutter.
1839T. C. Hansard Print. & Type founding (1841) 156 An inking apparatus was applied to the *type-cylinder, and the paper was to be impressed by passing between the two.
1905*Type-description [see protologue]. 1962J. A. Ford Quantitative Method for deriving Cultural Chronol. iii. 16 Other workers have sought to achieve greater precision by dealing not with types but with various elements, attributes, or ‘modes’..that are usually hidden away in the type description. 1967J. Deetz Invitation to Archaeol. 51 An artifact type description is..a statement of a set of somewhat variable attributes which can be observed to occur together in the majority of cases.
1901F. Harrison in 19th Cent. June 918 Every girl at a *type-desk or a telegraph office may live to reside in Fifth Avenue.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2676/1 *Type-distributing machines have frequently been invented as companion machines to those for composing.
Ibid., *Type-dressing machine..passes the type set up in rows between a pair of knife-blades set in exact parallelism.
1887T. B. Reed Hist. Old Eng. Letter Foundries i. 40 It now remains to trace briefly the origin and development of the leading *type-faces used in English Typography. 1923S. Morison On Type Faces p. v, The choice of type face is always a matter of immediate and insistent importance. 1980B. Crutchley To be a Printer v. 65 Bodoni..produced in his lifetime over four hundred type faces.
1900(title) *Type Facsimile Society. Publications of the Society for the year 1900. 1966Eng. Studies XLVII. 298 It [sc. old spelling] does no harm, provided the reader is not misled into using the book as a type-facsimile.
[1908B. Russell Logic & Knowl. (1956) 75 The division of objects into types is necessitated by the reflexive fallacies which otherwise arise. These fallacies..are to be avoided by what may be called the ‘vicious-circle principle’; i.e., ‘no totality can contain members defined in terms of itself’.] 1935Mind XLIV. 150 Now, of course, the word ‘about’ is very ambiguous; but, in one sense of it, to say that a proposition is about itself is to commit the simplest of *type-fallacies. 1952Mind LXI. 130 The type-fallacy that only moral goodness itself is good. 1967Philos. XLII. 3 A transition from one to the other would then become tantamount to a category-mistake or type-fallacy.
1819Sir A. Boswell in Poet. Wks. & Mem. Introd. 33 Being infected with the *type-fever the fits have periodically returned.
1897Westm. Gaz. 16 Mar. 2/1 Mr. Meredith..has himself drawn the great *type-figure of modern fiction..‘The Egoist’.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1035 To adapt this method of inking to a flat *type-form machine. 1875Ibid. III. 660 Mr. Applegarth..decided on abandoning the reciprocating motion of the type-form. 1900F. H. Stoddard Evol. Eng. Novel 218 Mankind demands that it shall show conformity to a certain type-form. 1901Nature 19 Dec. 168/1 The author divides the species into the type-form and four varieties.
1854Murchison Siluria iii. 52 The *type-fossils..have not yet been detected.
1797M. L. Weems Let. 13 July in Works & Ways (1929) II. 84 A letter was written..containing an order on Mr. Baine the *Type Founder for some money. 1801Tilloch's Philos. Mag. X. 270 A new art, that of the type-founder. 1888Burgon Lives 12 Gd. Men I. iii. 349 A heavy assortment of great and small pica, newly arrived from the type-founder.
1839T. C. Hansard Print. & Type-founding (1841) 222 The invention of the art of *type-founding was a very early consequence of the discovery of the rude art of taking impressions from laboriously excised letters of wood and metal. 1875W. Blades in Bks. in Chains (1892) Introd. 24 The first positive notice we have of type-founding in England is the fount of Saxon cut by John Day for Archbishop Parker and used in 1567.
1809T. Jefferson Let. 28 June in Writings (1904) XII. 295 The foundation of printing..is the *type-foundry. 1843Penny Cycl. XXV. 454/1 The first and most important operation of a type-foundry is the formation of the punches.
1840Whewell Philos. Induct. Sci. viii. ii. I. 477 The type-species of every genus, the *type-genus of every family, is, then, one which possesses all the characters and properties of the genus in a marked and prominent manner. 1896H. Woodward Guide Fossil Reptiles Brit. Mus. 65 Dr. Filhol records the type-genus from the Upper Eocene Phosphorites of France.
1905C. T. Jacobi Printers' Handbk. (ed. 3) 22 There is some uncertainty as to what is *type-height, and therefore all those engaged in supplying blocks..to the printer should remember that type-height is ·9175 inch. 1931R. R. Karch Printing & Allied Trades iii. 9 Type heights differ in foreign countries. In England the height is ·917; France, Germany and Spain ·928. 1973S. Jennett Making of Books (ed. 5) ii. 40 Type height, or height to paper, is not the same thing as height of face.
1896T. L. De Vinne Moxon's Mech. Exerc., Printing 406 Brass Rule..cut in strips *type-high. 1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 213 The copper electro is mounted type-high, and becomes the block from which the printing is made.
1943Mind LII. 271 In Principia the need to avoid a small number of objectionable trains of argument is made the occasion for wholesale elaboration of symbolism (the introduction of *type-indices). 1972,1973Type index [see motif-index s.v. motif 4].
1884Hyatt in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 5 Mar. 122 Their embryonic history has no stage which exhibits..a distinct *type-larval stage.
1876Nature 18 May 43/2 Two keys struck at the same time must consequently cause two *type-letters to clash in their attempt to reach the same spot, the centre of the circle.
1908Daily Chron. 26 Aug. 5/2 The typist has at his disposal all kinds of type on type wheels which are fixed at the end of *type levers.
1934Webster, *Type-locality. 1937Brit. Birds XXXI. 10 Dr. Ticehurst has given as type-locality Lincolnshire. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 874/2 Type locality, the locality from which a rock, formation, etc., has been named and described, usually because of its characteristic occurrence there. 1962Gordon & Lavoipierre Entomol. for Students of Med. liii. 325 The locality from which the holotype was collected is known as the ‘type locality’. 1969Proc. Geol. Soc. Aug. 159 Donovan..stated Watchet to be the type-locality of the index species of the zone, but gave no type-locality for the zone itself.
1872T. L. Cuyler Heart Life 25 He is the *type-man for thorough-going fidelity. 1906Duke of Argyll Autobiog. & Mem. I. ii. 32 The type-man was Wolfe Tone, the unscrupulous Villain.
1866G. M. Hopkins Jrnl. 16 May (1959) 137 Hawthorn especially when thrown up with may is very clearly *type-marked.
1892Advt. in Photogr. Ann. II. p. clxiv, Phototype Prints are the best for reproducing Portraits [etc.]..*Type Matter requires a second printing.
1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 445 Antimony and lead form a most valuable mixture; it is that used for printing-types, and is called *Type-Metal. 1818Todd, To stereotype, to make type-metal plates to print from at the letter-press. 1850Ansted Elem. Geol., Min. etc. §475 [Antimony] is used in the manufacture of type metal, of which it forms from one fourth to a twelfth part, the rest being lead, with a little tin, bismuth, and copper. 1882J. Southward Pract. Print. (1884) 15 Type metal is of two kinds, ordinary and hard.
1843Penny Cycl. XXV. 454/1 A *type-mould [illustrated].
1882J. Southward Pract. Print. (1884) 342 This system undoubtedly brings *type-music into disrepute.
1928L. P. Smith Words & Idioms 40 Some of these *type-names give evidence of the impression made on foreigners by the travelling Englishmen of rank. 1974Encycl. Brit. Micropædia X. 219/2 Type names,..those names given by the dramatist to characters in his play so that their personalities may be instantly ascertained.
1871Kingsley At Last xiii, The nut ought to have..not one ovule, but three, the *type-number in palms.
1910Athenæum 19 Mar. 348/1 The relation of *type-page to paper-page is..still open, within certain limits, to individual taste.
1906Daily Chron. 27 Jan. 6/4 They make the better-class papers known as ‘banks’, ‘*type’ papers, ‘drawing’ papers, and high-class writing papers.
1911Edin. Rev. July 103 Isolated..caprices rather than *type-phases of animal literature.
1892Daily News 26 Feb. 7/3, I searched Sampson before leaving..and found..two *type-printed statements relating to the charge.
1839T. C. Hansard Print. & Type-founding (1841) 59 There does not appear to be any vestige of an art in any degree similar (such as block-printing) having been practised prior to the introduction of *type-printing. 1876Nature 18 May 43/1 The sewing-machine or the more novel type-printing apparatus.
1932Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. July 77 The considerable growth of ‘*type’ psychologies has been a leading characteristic of recent psychological and clinical study and speculation. 1952H. Read Philos. Mod. Art iv. 83 The science of typology—or type-psychology as it is more often called—is comparatively modern.
1888Arts & Crafts Catal. 94 The current hand-writing may be elegant enough to be..used as a model for the *type-punch engraver.
1894Daily News 12 Sept. 7/1 *Type-samples of unmanufactured tobacco sent for trade purposes.
1893A. Estoclet in Nation (N.Y.) 6 July 10/3 Writing..concerning a typewritten document.., I half apologetically used the word ‘*type⁓script’. 1906N. W. Thomas Kin. Org. & Group Marr. Austral. Pref., He has read twice over my typescript MS, and my proofs. 1907H. Wyndham Flare of Footlights xxix, Adrian recognized it as the typescript of his one-act play.
1976Amer. Speech 1974 XLIX. 19 H. Rex Wilson..was probably the first linguistic geographer to propose *typescripting entire interviews. 1979Amer. N. & Q. Mar. 106/1 Nor did Fisher ever mention to Crane or to me his Plowshare publications of Greenberg, which included ‘The Charming Maiden’ (June 1918) ‘Serenade in Grey’, ‘Regret At Parting’, and ‘Where Sweepest Thou’ (January 1920), all later typescripted by Hart Crane.
1980Amer. Speech 1976 LI. 204 A *typescripted record represents several weeks of tedious work.
1981Ibid. LVI. 258 The *typescripting or computer-taping and indexing of LAGS field records are now considered supplemental descriptive components of the atlas.
1887J. G. Wood in 19th Cent. Mar. 395, I would have a *type-series of the vertebrates, so that in going through the galleries the visitors would recognise the creatures they had seen grouped.
1903Westm. Gaz. 17 Nov. 2/1 A *type set of the collections representing the massive rocks of the island.
1867Brande & Cox Dict. Sc., etc. s.v. Telegraph, The *type-set message.
Ibid., Ten *type-setters under Bonelli's system can compose at least 300 despatches per hour. 1888Cassell's Encycl. Dict., Type-setter, 2, a type-setting or composing machine. 1899Daily News 24 June 4/4 When women first began as type-setters in Boston, the male type-setters struck. 1911T.P.'s Weekly 29 Dec. 844/1 Young's Patent Composing Machine..was the name of the first practical type-setter, seventy years ago.
1846S. F. Smith Theatrical Apprenticeship ii. 30 She..would then dismiss us to our *type-setting. 1848De Bow's Rev. VI. 52 But the printer is too important..to have his usefulness set aside by the multiplication of type-setting and press-working machines. 1867Brande & Cox Dict. Sc. etc. s.v. Telegraph, Converting the telegraph stations..into so many type-setting work⁓shops. 1875Knight Dict. Mech., Type-setting machine, a composing-machine for type. 1886Science 17 Sept. 254/1 Justification will be as easily accomplished as in ordinary type-setting.
1901Feilden's Mag. IV. 421/1 The *type-ship, which has been tried on the measured mile.
1935Proc. Prehistoric Soc. I. 6 The Late Bronze Age assemblage to which the *type site offers no significant parallel. 1959J. D. Clark Prehist. Southern Africa vi. 159 Bambata is the type site for the Stillbay Culture in Rhodesia. 1969Proc. Geol. Soc. Aug. 157 Table 1..gives the sequence of stages so far defined for the Quaternary of the British Isles. The stage names are based either on type-sites or type-areas. 1975J. G. Evans Environment Early Man Brit. Isles i. 8 Each interglacial is named after a type site or area where deposits of that stage occur. 1981P. Salway Roman Britain 7 A ‘type-site’ is, in archaeological jargon, the site after which a culture is named, often the site at which it was first discovered or recognized as distinct.
1922D. B. Updike Printing Types I. ii. 32 It [sc. the point system] placed *type sizes upon a basis comprehensible to the meanest intelligence. 1978Early Music Oct. 597/3 The physical presentation of Clementi is also gratifying. Type sizes are unusually ample.
1840Whewell Philos. Induct. Sci. viii. ii. I. 476 All the species which have a greater affinity with this *type-species than with any others, form the genus.
1875W. Blades Some Early Type Specimen Bks. 3 When printers were their own type-founders their works were their own *type-specimen. 1891Cent. Dict., Type specimen. 1894Geol. Mag. Oct. 435 J. Sowerby's type-specimens of Ammonites Brocchii are much more inflated than the present species. 1904G. L. Kittredge Eng. & Scot. Pop. Ball. p. xxvi, ‘The Hangman's Tree’ is a survival of an archaic type-specimen. 1922D. B. Updike Printing Types I. xi. 133 A few ‘type specimens’ were issued by founders, and some by printers.
1842H. Greeley Corr. R. W. Griswold (1898) 104 Which you will keep out of the dirty hands of all *type-stickers.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 591 All the *type symptoms of cerebellar abscess were present.
1901Nature 26 Sept. 526/1 Prosecuting a more detailed study of individual forms, as with the now universal *type-system.
1922Flight XIV. 267/1 The Bristol ‘Lucifer’ engine..has successfully passed its *type-tests in accordance with British Air Ministry Type-Test Schedule of May, 1920. 1978Proc. Internat. Conf. Noise Control Engin., San Francisco 743 Because of the complexity and cost of conducting certification type tests, a study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of using an alternative scheme to obtain approach and takeoff noise levels. 1979Gloss. Terms Quality Assurance (B.S.I.) 11/2 Type test, a test or series of tests directed towards approval of a design, conducted to determine whether an item is capable of meeting the requirements of the product specification.
1946Sun (Baltimore) 17 May 6 (Advt.), For sale: Stinson cabin monoplanes... Have been *type-tested and declared eligible for certification by CAA.
1901Daily Chron. 14 June 3/4 In ‘Rosmersholm’ Ibsen has seized upon one of the great *type-themes of modern life.
1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 927 The law of substitution is the expression of facts, which the *type-theory was intended to explain.
1960G. Herdan (title) *Type-token mathematics: a textbook of mathematical linguistics. 1971Computers & Humanities V. 133 A type/token ratio is computed for each text, where type is the number of different words occurring in the text and token is the total number of occurrences of all words in the text. 1979Sci. Amer. Feb. 61/2 The type–token ratio, a parameter that reflects the size of the vocabulary employed by the author, was determined for each text.
1931S. Beckett Proust 7 The tragedy of the Marcel-Albertine liaison is the *type-tragedy of the human relationship whose failure is preordained.
1896Periodical No. i. 4 The unique MS...has been reproduced..in photo-facsimile and *type-transliteration.
1909Marett Threshold Relig. Introd. (1914) 25 When..a set of useful contrasts is obtained by means of such bundles, each bundle..is said to have ‘*type-value’.
1849Noad Electricity viii. (ed. 3) 381 The rotatory motion given to the *type wheel..until the required letter arrives opposite the paper. 1886Science 17 Sept. 252/2 Fitted in vertical grooves in the periphery of the type-wheel are a number of steel types.
1910H. C. G. Moule in Fundamentals II. vi. 107 The compositor ‘justifies’ a piece of *typework, when he corrects, brings into perfect order, as to spaces between words and letters, and so on, the types which he has set up.
Hence (nonce-wds.) ˈtypeful a., having the quality of a type; typical; symbolic; typefy |ˈtaɪpɪfaɪ|, v. trans. to put into type, to print; ˈtypeless a., untyped, unprinted.
1889Lucia E. F. Kimball in Chicago Advance 16 May, How *typeful this lovely blossom of the rare, sweet souls who strive..to make the bare, ugly places brighter and better.
1856Strang Glasgow & Clubs 25 The blatant blusterings of every charlatan..must be pencilled and *typefied, before the lapse of a few hours.
1845Ford Handbk. Spain ii. 708/1 Many authors..content to remain..in *typeless obscurity.
Add:[10.] type 1 Path., designating or pertaining to some forms of diabetes, esp. insulin-dependent diabetes (see insulin-dependent adj. s.v. *insulin n. 2).
1977Lancet 19 Mar. 638/1 Type I includes classic insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes presenting in later life, and diabetes initially adequately controlled..but with islet-cell antibody (I.C.A.) in the serum. 1986New England Jrnl. Med. 22 May 1366/1 So I believe there is something unique about Type I diabetes. Maybe it is more akin to polymyalgia rheumatica, which responds to some safe therapies that we have now.
type 2 Path., designating or pertaining to some forms of diabetes, esp. the non-insulin-dependent type (see non-insulin-dependent adj. s.v. *non- 3).
1977Lancet 13 Aug. 325/2 Although juvenile-onset diabetes is predominantly type I and adult-onset diabetes is predominantly type II, the inaccuracies inherent in this oversimplification must have vitiated earlier attempts at genetic analysis. 1987Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) I. ix. 53/2 It is probably preferable to use the type I, type II scheme, in that considerable confusion arises from the term ‘insulin-dependent’, which is often equated in practice with insulin-treated, which will depend on clinical practice and the state of the patient at a particular time.
▪ II. type, n.2
see tipe n.1
▪ III. † type, n.3
Obs. var. of tipe n.2, trap.
1799Hull Advertiser 2 Feb. 3/3 [A] labourer..charged with entering the warren..and breaking open the lock of a type, and killing a rabbit therein.
▪ IV. type, v.|taɪp|
[f. type n.1; cf. F. typé adj. (Littré), typer (ibid. Suppl.).]
1. trans.
a. Theol. To prefigure or foreshadow as a type; to represent in prophetic similitude. Also type forth, type out.
1596H. Clapham Briefe Bible i. 58 That specially typed out Our spotles Priest Iesus. 1606J. Carpenter Solomon's Solace xxvii. 111 Wee see how he typeth the holy Messiah. 1633Bp. Hall Hard Texts, N.T. 268 Which same thing is also typed forth unto us by Sinai and Jerusalem. 1690C. Nesse O. & N. Test. I. 66 Adam..offer'd sacrifice which typed out Christ. 1827Pollok Course T. v. 894 A time Typed by the Sabbath-day..When all had rest and peace.
b. To be the type or symbol of; to represent by a type or symbol; to symbolize: = typify 1.
1836E. Howard R. Reefer xxxii, The old man's look..was so wretched,..yet so fond—and was typed to my fancy so strongly by his little boat [etc.]. 1837Campbell Lines on Poland 130 The Rainbow types Heaven's promise to my sight. 1839Bailey Festus xi. (1848) 32/2 All nature typeth Thee and Thine. 1875Tennyson Q. Mary iii. iv, The cataract typed the headlong plunge and fall Of heresy to the pit.
2. a. To be an example or specimen of; to exemplify: = typify 2. rare.
1627W. Sclater Exp. 2 Thess. (1629) 263 Pauls maine intention in typing or lineing out in his owne practise, what he prescribed to others. 1866Blackie Homer & Iliad I. 25 The peculiar character..of Scottish piety, as it has been typed in Scotland now for more than three hundred years.
b. To be or furnish the pattern or model for.
1836Lytton Athens (1837) II. 55 On the Shield He bears his haughty ensign—typed by stars Gleaming athwart the sky.
3. To reproduce by means of type; to print. rare.
1736[see typing vbl. n.]. 1841Miall in Nonconf. I. 13 A host of abstractions typed off with capital letters.
4. a. To write or copy by means of a typewriter; also with out, up. b. intr. To practise typewriting; to typewrite.
1888Scott. Leader 28 Aug. 3 The operator..types at the rate of from fifty to sixty words a minute. 1888Pall Mall G. 6 Oct. 15/1 Shorthand Evidence ‘typed’ from Dictation. 1897G. Allen Type-writer Girl xvi, I went back to my machine and began typing mechanically. 1900E. Wallace Writ in Barracks 114 'Tis the dainty hand that types it. 1948A. Keith Three came Home xv. 255 The news that came over the radio was typed out. 1961‘E. Lathen’ Banking on Death xvii. 135, I want you to..type up a copy of the Hoffman contract. 1981C. Dexter Dead of Jericho xxxvi. 202 We've got to..get it down in writing, then typed up, and signed.
5. a. trans. To assign to a particular type; to classify; esp. in Biol. and Med., to determine the type to which (blood, tissue, etc.) belongs.
1900, etc. [see typing vbl. n. 1]. 1929L. H. Snyder Blood Grouping in Relation to Clin. & Legal Med. iii. 13 They called attention to the fact that the methods used for typing an unknown blood are based upon the assumption that there are only four iso-agglutination groups and that the blood of every person belongs to one of the four. 1939Jrnl. Bacteriol. XXXVII. 136 Sixty-seven of the double-zone strains have been serologically ‘typed’ by Lancefield or Plummer. 1946Gerth & Mills From Max Weber (1947) iii. 56 Less ‘rational’ actions are typed by Weber in terms of the pursuit of ‘absolute ends’, as flowing from affectual sentiments, or as ‘traditional’. 1959Times Lit. Suppl. 3 Apr. 194/4 The simple character, long ago ‘typed’ and pigeon-holed, often turns out to be much more complex in the light of his correspondence. 1964McCall's Sewing iii. 41/1 Zippers are typed according to their purpose. 1967A. S. Byatt Game xi. 154 Her clothes..typed her: grey pleated skirt, cable-stitch sweater, brogue shoes. 1968, etc. [see tissue-type vb. s.v. tissue n. 9 b]. 1969New Yorker 12 Apr. 85/1 The exobiologists have insisted that..the astronauts' microflora..have all been typed and catalogued for comparison later. 1977Time 7 Mar. 43/2 The kidney was..then ‘typed’ so that doctors could choose a patient whose body tissue matched it. 1977Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXV. 87/1 We like to label periods in our history as we like to ‘type’ people.
b. = type-cast v.
1933Sat. Even. Post 17 June 14/3 The danger of being ‘typed’ by the producers, which, in turn, fixes you irrevocably in the public eye, is one of those haunting fears that an actor must meet and conquer. 1939J. Gielgud Early Stages ix. 151 Refusing to be typed in ‘silly society’ parts, she [sc. Edith Evans]..achieved her greatest triumph as Millamant. 1959Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Feb. 118/1 There is an inevitable tendency in novels about soldiers and sailors for characters to be typed; but though some of Mr. Armstrong's ship's company conform, others are distinct individuals. 1959Listener 9 July 72/1 This was good documentary in that the characters were not in the least typed. 1960Guardian 20 Oct. 8/7 They were in revolt against the whole Broadway system of typing actors and thus limiting their development.
Hence ˈtyping ppl. a.
1897Daily News 21 Sept. 7/2 To transform..the secretaries into shorthand and typing clerks. |