| 释义 |
typology|taɪˈpɒlədʒɪ|
[f. Gr. τύπος: see typo- and -logy.]
1. The study of symbolic representation, esp. of the origin and meaning of Scripture types; also transf. symbolic significance, representation, or treatment; symbolism.
1845P. Fairbairn Typology Script. (1857) I. i. 1 The Typology of Scripture has been one of the most neglected departments of theological science. 1850W. M. Hetherington in Chr. Sabbath (1852) X. 277 The true character of the Sabbath and the misapplication to it of the principle of typology. 1856Tait's Mag. XXIII. 241 There is typology as well as a teleology in nature. 1862Neale Hymns East. Ch. (1866) 82 S. Stephen the Sabaite is not deficient in richness of typology. 1867H. Macmillan Bible Teach. vii. (1870) 139 He who understands the typology of plants, finds an eloquent tongue in every leaf. 1882Farrar Early Chr. I. 105 Contrast the numerous errors and monstrously crude typology of the former [the Epistle of Barnabas] with the splendid spiritualism of the latter [the Epistle to the Hebrews].
2. The study of or a discourse on printing types or printing.
1882[implied in typological a. 2].
3. The study of classes with common characteristics; classification, esp. of human products, behaviour, characteristics, etc., according to type; the comparative analysis of structural or other characteristics; a classification or analysis of this kind.
1886Academy 8 May 332/1 In his former publications the learned writer gave too high a place to typology. 1929V. G. Childe Danube in Prehist. p. vii, Where stratigraphical or geological evidence is lacking, we must have recourse to typology. This depends on the assumption that types evolved (or degenerated) regularly. 1930S. Casson Archæol. 43 Even after Schliemann archæologists are to be found who will still prefer a typology which is established by a priori methods. 1930Psyche X. iii. 82 Scheler..tries to construct a typology on a purely philosophical and phenomenological basis. 1937J. R. Firth Tongues of Men i. 17 Language is the typology of the common elements in your speech and mine, yesterday, to-day, and to-morrow. 1950T. W. Adorno Authoritarian Personality xix. 744 Hardly any concept in contemporary American psychology has been so thoroughly criticized as that of typology. 1953C. E. Bazell Linguistic Form 80 There will therefore be different typologies of language according to the system which is taken as starting-point. 1959J. J. Michaels in S. Arieti Amer. Handbk. Psychiatry I. xix. 358/1 The absence of a psychoanalytic typology may also be explained by the absence of a complete theory of character structure. 1962[see a-historical a.]. 1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. i. 17 One typology in common use is that of mental disorders, largely derived from a classification due to Kraepelin. 1971New Scientist 27 May 534/3 A sort of ‘typology’ of unsafe drivers, dividing them into groups. 1974P. H. Matthews Morphology 17 In some [languages], grammarians speak of a ‘word’ without internal grammatical structure: according to the first typologies these were ‘isolating’ languages... This typology has..been criticised and elaborated. 1977H. C. Triandis Interpersonal Behav. i. 21 The..most important function of the model is to guide investigations of typologies of behaviors, settings and people. 1977Dædalus Summer 89 One direction in which the comparative analogical approach can lead is toward what might be called a typology of cultures and of process. |