| 释义 |
rector|ˈrɛktə(r)|
Also 4, 6–8 rectour.
[a. L. rector, agent-n. f. regĕre to guide, lead straight, rule, govern.]
†1.
a. The ruler or governor of a country, city, state or people. Obs.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 55 From Eneas to þis Romulus Italy was vnder fiftene rectoures. 1398― Barth. De P.R. xv. lv. (Bodl. MS.), Eolas..was rector of þe ylondes þat hatte Eole. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 363 Þeke yle was wonte to have a rector..to whom alle the province were subiecte. 1582Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 72 Priamus, thee Troian rector vnhappye. c1611Chapman Iliad ii. 70 The other sceptre-bearing States arose too, and obey'd The people's Rector. 1632Lithgow Trav. iii. 89 It was told me by the Rector of Candy. 1685H. More Paralip. Proph. 111 Quirinius made Caius his Rectour till his Recuperation of Armenia. [1832tr. Sismondi's Ital. Repub. xi. 245 The judicial power was still exercised by two or three rectors, aliens to the state.]
†b. transf. The queen-bee of a hive. (Cf. king 8 a.) Obs. rare.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xii. v. (Bodl. MS.), If þe rectoure is on lyue þe males beþ in one partie and þe females in anoþer partye.
†c. Applied to God as the ruler of the world, of mankind, etc. Obs. (Common in 17th c.)
1582Stanyhurst Ps. iv. in æneis, etc. (Arb.) 132 Our heunlye rectoure His sacred darling specialye choosed. 1627Drayton Agincourt clv, This Herault from the Rector of the skies In Vision warnes them not to vse delayes. 1676Hale Contempl. i. 229 The great dispenser or permitter and rector of all the events in the world. 1741Warburton Div. Legat. iv. vi. §3 The supreme Rector of the Universe.
2. a. One who, or that which, has or exercises supreme or directive control in any sphere. Now rare.
1482Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 90 Suche persons kyngys and bysshoppys and other grete men..not beyng rectors and faders, but peruersours and destroyers of her sowlys. 1579–80North Plutarch, Flaminius (1612) 387 Titus was chosen iudge and rector of the games that were plaid there [at Argos]. 1601B. Jonson Poetaster v. ii, Reason (which in right should be The special Rector of all harmony). 1632Brome Novella iii. i. Wks. 1873 I. 137 We seeke to Art, (Nature's Rector) to restore Us, the strength we had before. 1644Milton Areop. (Arb.) 51 Who shall be the rectors of our daily rioting? 1835I. Taylor Spir. Despot. vi. 264 The imperial regenerator and rector of the Church.
†b. The leader (of a choir). Obs.
1546Yorks. Chantry Surv. (Surtees) II. 433 To do suche thinges as they shalbe commaunded to do by the rector of the quere. 1691Wood Ath. Oxon. (1813) I. 106 He was buried in the choir..under that very place where the rectors of the choir sing the psalm..‘Venite exultemus’.
3. a. A parson or incumbent of a parish whose tithes are not impropriate (cf. vicar). Now also in the Church of England, the leader of a team ministry. In the Roman Catholic Church, a parish priest.
In modern use also sometimes applied to the holders of ancient chapelries and perpetual curacies, and in Scotland and the United States to Episcopal clergymen having charge of a congregation. lay rector, a layman receiving the rectorial tithes, or in whom the rectory is vested.
(For continental examples of rector in eccl. use see Du Cange. In Brittany the parish priest is styled recteur in place of the usual curé, the latter term being used in the sense of vicaire or curate.)
[1225in Wilkins Concil. (1737) I. 617/1 Quod rectores ordinentur et serviant ecclesiis. 1237Ibid., De residentia..in ecclesiis a rectoribus facienda. 1306Rolls of Parlt. I. 189/2 Henr' de Pynkence, Rectorem Ecclesie de Honyton.] 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. iii. 184 And ich my-self cyuyle and symonye my felawe Wollen ryden vp-on rectours and rich men deuoutours. 1556[see rectorage]. a1600Hooker Eccl. Pol. vii. xiii. §2 The bishops..in the time of the primitive Church, all such as parsons or rectors of parishes are with us? 1620Brent tr. Sarpi's Counc. Trent ii. (1676) 234 The superiour did recommend the vacant Church, to some honest and worthy man, to gouern it..until a Rector were provided. 1684Evelyn Diary 11 May, His grandfather and father.., with himselfe, had now ben Rectors of this parish 101 yeares. 1778W. H. Marshall Minutes Agric., Digest 6 The Landed Gentlemen, the Clergy, and the Lay Rectors, have industriously propagated this false spirit of farming. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) III. 58 Payment of tithes to the rector is a sufficient discharge against the vicar, because all tithes of common right belong to the rector. 1866Geo. Eliot F. Holt (1868) 29 The Rector was helped to this chain of reasoning by Harold's remarks. 1923S. Kaye-Smith End of House of Alard ii. 117 They came to the cottage where the Rector lived, instead of in the twenty-five roomed Rectory. 1927Catholic Times 11 Feb. 21/2 In 1901 he became rector of St. Joseph's, Birkenhead. 1972Daily Tel. 7 Aug. 10/5 Only the leader of the team, usually called ‘Rector’, is the beneficed freehold incumbent. 1977Macmorran & Elphinstone Handbk. for Churchwardens (new ed.) vii. 66 In the context of a team ministry..the incumbent of the benefice or benefices to which a team ministry extends is always styled ‘rector’... The other members of the ministry are styled ‘vicars’.
†b. (See quot.) Obs. rare—1.
1670G. H. Hist. Cardinals i. iii. 90 Amongst these Fathers, there are some that confess people in divers Languages, and one of them in each Church has the Title of Rector.
c. missionary-rector: see missionary.
4. In scholastic use:
a. The permanent head or master of a university, college, school, or religious institution (esp. a Jesuit college or seminary).
In Eng. use now applied only to the heads of Exeter and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford, and to designate the principal of a higher educational institution, as the Royal College of Art, the Imperial College of Science and Technology, Liverpool Polytechnic, etc. In Scotland common as the designation of the headmasters of secondary schools or academies.
1464Rolls of Parlt. V. 518/1 Provost, Felawes and Scolers, Maister and Felawes, Rector, Felawes and Scolers, President and Felawes of any College, Halle, Hospitall, Hous incorporate, or any other place. 1536Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 42 §1 That the said acte..be not hurtfull..unto the said Maisters Presidentes Rectours Principalles..within the said Universities. c1570Sir H. Gilbert in Q. Eliz. Acad. (1869) 8 There shalbe one Rector of the said Achademy. 1601Imp. Consid. Sec. Priests (1675) 83 He is Rector of the English Seminary in Rome. 1686in B. Peirce Hist. Harvard Univ. (1833) App. 67 There shall be allowed to the present Rector of the College..the remainder of the income not disposed underneath. 1691Case of Exeter Coll. 5 The Rector and Fellows were convinced in their Consciences of Mr. Colmer's guilt. 1766T. Clap Hist. Yale Coll. 11 The Trustees chose the Rev. Mr. Abraham Pierson..to take the Care of Instructing and Governing the Collegiate School; under the Title and Character of Rector. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VI. 315/2 (High School, Edinburgh) The rector's place is supposed to be worth not less than 400l. per annum. 1837Penny Cycl. IX. 278/1 The Edinburgh Academy..was founded in 1824, and consists of a rector and four other classical masters. 1916Joyce Portrait of Artist (1969) i. 55 All the fellows would make fun and talk about young Dedalus going up to the rector to tell on the prefect of studies. 1950Chambers's Encycl. XIII. 658/2 [Sir H. T. Tizard] was..rector of the Imperial College of Science and Technology 1929–42. 1973Stornoway Gaz. 3 Mar. 1/4 The Nicolson [School] has had its share of brilliant rectors, teachers and pupils.
transf.1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts Pref., The great Rector and Chancellor of all the Academies in the World Jesus Christ,..the Master of that Colledge wherein he [Moses] was but a Servant or Steward.
b. In the Scottish universities: The holder of one of the higher offices, the precise character and importance of which have undergone considerable changes, esp. in recent times.
At the present time, under the Scottish Universities Acts of 1858 and 1889, the rector (frequently styled Lord Rector) is elected by the matriculated students for a period of three years, and is president of the University Court. It is the practice for him to deliver a ‘rectorial address’ to the students at some time during his tenure of the office. For the older history of the rectorship (which varied considerably in the four universities) see especially the Report of the Universities Commission in Parl. Papers (1831) XII.
[1411–12Foundation Charter St. Andrews Univ., Quod hujusmodi delinquentes..per rectorem universitatis vestræ intimentur. 1422–3Statute St. Andrews Univ. 24 Mar., Ut dominus Rector antecederet..ita nempe ut..Rector sit episcopo proximus, Rectorem prior sequatur.] 1522Jas. V in Rep. St. Andrews Univ. Comm. (1837) III. 180 The Universitie of Sanctandrois, the rector, doctouris, regentes, maisteris, scolaris,..makand residence therein. 1563–7Buchanan Ref. St. Andrews Vernac. Wks. (S.T.S.) 15 The rectour most be..doctor or bachelar in the hyear faculteis, or principal of ane college,..and salbe chosin be the hayl graduattis of the vniuersite... The rectouris tyme to be ane ȝeir. 1640in Rep. Comm. Univ. Scot. (1830) 114 (Edinb.) The Counsall.. have resolved and ordaynit.., that yeirlie upon the first Wednesday of December, thair sall be chosen ane Rector. 1666–88Dallas Syst. Stiles 126 To the Rector and Principal of the University of Glasgow. 1830Rep. Comm. Univ. Scot. App. 317 (Aberdeen) The Rector and his Assessors..constitute a Court, and have frequently exercised control over the University. 1839J. B. Hay (title) Inaugural Addresses by Lord Rectors of the University of Glasgow. 1884Grant Edinb. Univ. II. 106 Mr. Gladstone thus became [in 1859] the first elected Lord Rector of the University of Edinburgh.
c. The acting head, and president of the administrative body, in most of the continental universities.
In most cases the Rector is one of the professors and is elected annually. In France the title of Recteur is now given to the head of an Académie.
a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 199 The Rector of the Vniuersitie called to counsell all the doctors regentes that were that tyme at Tholose. 1611Cotgr., Recteur de l' Vniversité, the Rector, the Vicechancelor. 1818Autumn near Rhine 332 The Grand Duke of Baden, in whose territory Heidelberg is comprised, is the nominal head under the title of Rector. 1885Hutchison tr. Conrad's Germ. Univ. Transl. Note, An address delivered..by..Dr. Döllinger, Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Munich, in his capacity of rector for the year.
†d. = regent. Obs. rare—1.
1535Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 3 Maister in art, rector in theologie, In all science ane profound clerk is he.
†e. A proctor or pro-proctor. Obs.
1665J. Buck in Peacock Stat. Cambr. (1841) App. B. p. lxxxiii, The Rector, or Proproctor, who moderates at these two acts hath his cap garnished with Gold Lace. [1895Rashdall Universities II. xii. §2. 370 At Oxford the Proctors on one of their earliest appearances in history are styled ‘Rectors’ instead of Proctors. At Oxford the title Rector is rarely used afterwards. At Cambridge both titles continued in use throughout the medieval period.]
5. Comb., as rector-like: (see rectorial a. 1). |