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recumbent, a. (and n.)|rɪˈkʌmbənt|
[ad. L. recumbent-em, pres. pple. of recumbĕre to lie down, recline, f. re- re- + -cumbĕre to lie.]
A. adj.
1. a. Of persons or animals: Lying down, reclining, reposing.
1774Pennant Tour Scotl. in 1772, 16 He lies in alabaster, recumbent in his gown. 1794Cowper Needless Alarm 47 The sheep recumbent and the sheep that grazed, All huddling into phalanx, stood and gazed. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Stonehenge Wks. (Bohn) II. 129 C. took hold of the recumbent statue's marble hands. 1876Blackie Songs Relig. & Life 180 Happy the bard who weaves his rhyme Recumbent on the purple thyme.
b. transf. of things. Now chiefly in scientific use; recumbent stone circle, in Archæol., a stone circle characterized by the presence of one large stone lying flat flanked by two tall uprights.
1744Akenside Pleas. Imag. ii. 277 Aloft recumbent o'er the hanging ridge, The brown woods wav'd. 1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. IV. 298. 1867 Layard Birds S. Africa 223 The nostrils..more or less covered by the recumbent plumes. 1872Nicholson Palaeont. 133 In..Pseudocrinus the arms are recumbent and soldered to the calyx. 1933V. G. Childe in Proc. Soc. Antiquaries Scotland LXVII. 51 Recumbent Stone Circles may have been erected in late Hallstatt times. 1943J. & C. Hawkes Prehist. Britain iii. 59 Their adaptation of a passage-grave tradition in the remarkable ‘Recumbent Stone’ circles of north-east Scotland. 1962Gordon & Lavoipierre Entomol. for Students of Med. xx. 134 Like the head and thorax the abdomen is covered with long hairs; on the dorsal aspect of the abdomen the hairs may either lie flat (a condition described as recumbent) or they may be raised. 1963Field Archaeol. (Ordnance Survey) (ed. 4) 40 There is an eccentric type found in North-east Scotland... This is the ‘Recumbent’ stone circle which has more than seventy examples in this area.
c. fig. of qualities personified.
1742Young Nt. Th. iv. 645 What smooth emollients in theology Recumbent Virtue's downy doctors preach. 1842J. Wilson Chr. North (1857) I. 259 The spirit of beauty that lies recumbent there.
2. Of posture: Reclining, leaning or lying.
1705Arbuthnot Coins (1727) 134 The Roman recumbent or (more properly) accumbent posture in eating was introduc'd after the first Punic War. 1799R. Sickelmore Agnes & Leonora II. 131 A sudden rustling among the trees, against one of which I stood in a recumbent posture. 1848Lytton Harold vi. iv, Rising proudly from her recumbent position.
3. Geol. recumbent fold, a fold whose axial plane is nearly horizontal; so recumbent anticline, recumbent syncline.
1909Summ. Progr. Geol. Surv. 1908 52 A discrepancy between the two limbs of the recumbent fold. 1910Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LXVI. 617 The sliding is not confined to the lower limbs of recumbent anticlines. Ibid., The schists of the Highlands of Scotland are disposed in a succession of recumbent folds of enormous amplitude. 1922[see nappe 2]. 1937[see fan n.1 10 f]. 1962Read & Watson Introd. Geol. I. viii. 451 A recumbent anticline..faces laterally and a recumbent anticline in which the hinge-region sags or droops faces downwards. 1964W. C. Putnam Geol. vi. 131/1 In an extreme case, the whole fold may be forced over on its side so that its axial plane..is horizontal, or very nearly so... Such a structure is called a recumbent fold. 1969H. Robinson Morphology & Landscape iii. 34 Sometimes the pressure exerted upon a recumbent fold is sufficiently great to cause it to be torn from its roots and to be thrust forward.
†B. n. One who has recumbency or reliance on another. Obs. rare.
1642T. Goodwin Christ set forth v. x. 196 It is more peculiarly fitted into a Recumbents Faith. 1681J. Flavel Meth. Grace ix. 210 'Tis a blessed life to live as a poor recumbent, by acts of trust and affiance.
Hence reˈcumbently adv., in a recumbent or reclining posture.
1839New Monthly Mag. LVII. 407 Whom I had passed recumbently sipping his madeira. 1879Synge Tom Singleton III. x. 189 Dr. Blandy's sympathetic drops..must be taken recumbently.
Add:[A.] [2.] b. Designating a type of bicycle ridden in a recumbent position. orig. and chiefly N. Amer.
1980Christian Science Monitor 20 Aug. 18/1 Recumbent bicycles are not totally new. Some designs attracted comment around the turn of the century. 1983Sci. Amer. Dec. 126/2 In the same year the French inventor Charles Mochet built a supine recumbent bicycle (with the rider pedaling while lying on his back) that he later streamlined. 1985City Cyclist (Toronto) Summer 7/2 On a recumbent bike, you sit lower or lie flat. 1988New Scientist 7 Jan. 63/1 The recumbent bicycle is not a new idea. The first patent for a recumbent design, the ‘Normal Bicyclette’, was taken out in the early 1890s.
[B.] Restrict † to sense in Dict.
2. Short for ‘recumbent bicycle’: see sense 2 b of the adj.
1982Bicycling May 53 (caption) The first serious production enclosed recumbent (50 will be built this year; 500 next year) is being offered for $3,800 by Cyclodynamics. 1983Sci. Amer. 133/1 A problem is that a recumbent is hard to see on a road and so is perhaps more vulnerable to automobiles. 1986Pop. Mechanics Nov. 12/4 In return for the money and effort expended on the record chase, the Easy Racers Shop owners hope to see an increase in the popularity of recumbents. |