| 释义 |
grid|grɪd|
[back-formation from gridiron.]
1. a. An arrangement of parallel bars with openings between them; a grating.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 585 (Art. Glass-making) A is the pot, resting upon the arched grid b a, built of fire-bricks, whose apertures are wide enough to let the flames rise freely, and strike the bottom and sides of the vessel. c1865J. Wylde in Circ. Sci. I. 34/1 Air is admitted through openings or grids in the floor. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 209/2 A circular enclosure formed by a grid of angular iron bars. 1884Health Exhib. Catal. 27/1 An open earthen⁓ware channel, which conveys the drainage into a suitable grid placed outside the building.
b. Electr. (See quot. 1893.)
1884F. Krohn tr. Glaser de Cew's Magn.-& Dyn.-Electr. Mach. 122 The red lead paste becomes very firmly gripped by the surrounding grid-work. 1893Sloane Stand. Electrical Dict., Grid, a lead plate perforated or ridged for use in a storage battery as the supporter of the active materials and in part as contributing thereto from its own substance. 1964G. Smith Storage Batteries ii. 13 A grid consists of an outer frame with take-off lug and a central mesh or lattice of vertical and horizontal ribs. 1968R. H. Bacon Car x. 136 If the battery is old, or subjected to repeated complete discharge and charge, the paste may fall away from the grid.
c. Mining. = griddle 3. (Funk's Stand. Dict.)
2. = gridiron 1.
1875in Knight Dict. Mech. [‘The Silver Grid’ appears as the name of several restaurants in London.]
3. Naut. = gridiron 3 b.
1867in Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 1879Engineering 7 Mar. 203/1 At high water the vessel is brought over the grid, and as soon as she is shored up the lifting commences.
4. Theatr. = gridiron 3 c. (Funk's Stand. Dict.)
1927Stage 27 Oct. 17/6 Ask him [sc. the young actor] questions about the grid, the apron,..and he will be at sea. 1933P. Godfrey Back-Stage iv. 43 Seventy feet above the stage-level is the grid from which the scenery is flown. 1959A. S. Gillette Stage Scenery vii. 171 Hoisting cables run from the winches to dollies that may be shifted to any position on the grid.
5. Electr.
a. Orig., a wire gauze or helix or a perforated plate between the filament and the anode of a thermionic valve, forming a third electrode to which a voltage can be applied to control or modulate the flow of electrons from the filament. Later extended to any electrode in a valve, gas discharge tube, or similar device, having one or more apertures for the passage of electrons or ions; spec. control grid, one that serves as a control electrode. Cf. screen grid, suppressor grid.
1907Electrical World 30 Nov. 1034/1 In his talk, Dr. De Forest stated that many types of receivers are suitable for wireless Telephone work... However, the Audion receiver, especially in its latest form in which the antenna is joined to an isolated grid interposed between a tantalum filament and a platinum wing, gives perfect ‘articulation’. 1919R. Stanley Text Bk. Wireless Telegr. (new ed.) II. xi. 208 The output is controlled by the control grid, which is between the filament and the heavier grid anode beyond. 1923E. W. Marchant Radio Telegr. iv. 52 When a grid is introduced into the valve, it may be used, not merely for rectifying signals.., but..for amplifying or increasing the strength of a signal. 1947D. G. Fink Radar Engin. xi. 538 The potential on the control electrode (grid) controls the brightness of the spot. 1950J. C. Slater Microwave Electronics xi. 279 For a relatively short accelerator, there may be few enough grids so that a considerable fraction of the ion beam penetrates all the grids. 1950Rider & Uslan Encycl. Cathode-Ray Oscill. v. 86/1 Surrounding the cathode [of the electron gun] is a cylinder G which has a baffle containing a tiny aperture at its center... The baffle with its aperture is the actual control grid. 1959Chambers's Encycl. XIV. 241/1 The two control grids in a frequency changer are usually the first and third from the cathode, the other grids being screens, accelerators and suppressors.
b. Freq. attrib. and Comb. (usu. in the sense control grid), as grid battery, grid condenser, grid potential, grid voltage; grid bias, a steady, usu. negative, voltage applied to the control grid of a valve on which the signal voltage is superimposed; hence, the steady potential difference between the control gird and the cathode in the absence of a signal; grid circuit, the circuit connected between the grid and the cathode of a valve; grid control, control of the anode current, esp. the discharge in a gas discharge tube, by means of the grid voltage; so grid-controlled a.; grid current, the current flowing to the grid from outside the valve; grid-dip meter or oscillator, a calibrated valve oscillator used as a frequency meter, resonance of the tank circuit of the oscillator with the resonant circuit under test being indicated by a drop in the grid current of the valve; grid leak (resistance), a high resistance connected between the grid and the cathode of a valve by which any excess charge on the grid can escape; grid modulation, modulation in which the modulating signal is applied to the grid of a valve in which the carrier is present.
1924Harmsworth's Wireless Encycl. II. 1053/2 The *grid battery plays an important part in the operation of power-amplifying valves.
1926S. O. Pearson Dict. Wireless Terms, *Grid bias. 1928Morning Post 26 Jan. 13/4 When there are two stages of low frequency amplification a grid bias of negative 1½ volts is ample. 1968Listener 20 June 800/3 There was endless trouble with grid-biases, valves, condensers, speakers.
1916Electrician LXXVI. 798/2 Oscillations in the *grid circuit set up oscillations of similar character in the wing circuit of the audion. 1937Discovery Feb. 54/1 A simple spherical electrode is connected with the grid circuit of a valve oscillator.
1916Electrician LXXVI. 800/1 The radio frequency beats are then rectified by the audion to charge the grid and the *grid condenser, and this charge varies the electron current to produce an amplifying action on the current in the telephones. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 390/1 Grid condenser, a condenser connected between the grid and the cathode of a thermionic valve.
1921L. B. Turner Wireless Telegr. vi. 91 (heading) *Grid control over anode circuit. 1952W. G. Dow Fund. Engin. Electronics (ed. 2) xviii. 543 (heading) Grid control of current conduction in a thyratron.
1939H. J. Reich Theory & Appl. Electron Tubes xi. 394 The time required for complete breakdown of *grid-controlled arc tubes is of the order of a few microseconds. 1962Simpson & Richards Junction Transistors viii. 188 These devices show promise as solid state ‘thyratrons’... They have the advantage over grid-controlled gas-tube rectifiers that they can be turned off more readily.
1919Radio Rev. Dec. 144 The circuit..will be called the grid circuit, and the current flowing in it the *grid current. 1948J. W. Gray in Valley & Wallman Vacuum Tube Amplifiers xi. 419 Positive grid current, caused by electrons flowing to the grid from the cathode, is much greater and much less erratic than the negative grid current. 1971Physics Bull. Feb. 108/2 Conventional electrometer tubes have a minimum guaranteed grid current in the region of 10-15 A, somewhat large for a number of modern requirements.
1959K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) xiv. 11 *Grid-dip meters... The grid current of an oscillator will ‘dip’ slightly as the wavemeter is tuned through the operating frequency. 1962Simpson & Richards Junction Transistors xiv. 355 It is possible to measure the input and output impedances [of the transistor] in such a case with the aid of a signal generator and a grid-dip meter.
1919Radio Rev. Nov. 82, R is a large resistance which acts as a *grid leak, and should be chosen so as to keep the grids at a voltage found advantageous by trial. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. II. 184/1 There is always a small grid current flowing through the grid-leak resistor when cathode or fixed bias is used.
1924F. H. Haynes Amateur's Bk. Wireless Circuits (ed. 2) 21 In another system of *grid modulation the microphone secondary is connected between the grid itself and the L.T. minus, with the grid condenser in the lead to the grid coil and this time not fitted with a leak. 1967R. L. Shrader Electronic Communication (ed. 2) xvii. 348 Low audio power requirement is one of the advantages of grid modulation.
1916Electrician LXXVI. 801/1 A point will finally be reached where the *grid potential is sufficiently reduced to allow the wing current to flow.
1918Wireless World June 142 Up to the saturation currents for the gas space within the bulb, the change in plate current is approximately proportional to the *grid voltage.
6. a. A network of lines, esp. two series of regularly spaced lines crossing one another at right angles; spec. one provided on a map as a means of specifying the location of places and objects. Also grid finder, grid navigation, grid reference, grid sheet, grid system; grid-like adj.
1918in Geogr. Jrnl. (1919) LIII. 33 Doubtless the German was amused at the conservative Briton, who at first preferred to use a ‘grid’ of squares 1000 yards a side. 1922Encycl. Brit. XXXII. 623/1 For the use of large scale maps in trench warfare..it must be possible to read off at sight the coördinates of any desired point from a ‘grid’ or network of lines printed on the map... For ease and accuracy of reference the ‘grid’ should be in squares. 1924Times Trade & Engin. Suppl. 29 Nov. 241 Simplicity of reference is ensured by the use of a novel transparent grid sheet, ruled in squares and numbered to correspond with the grid numbers given in the Gazetteer. The use of this grid sheet enables the most obscure place to be found on the map in a moment. 1925Close & Winterbotham Text Bk. Topogr. Surveying (ed. 3) 135 Some form of reference grid was found necessary by all combatants in the late war. Ibid. 136 To overprint his available maps with the appropriate grid. 1930G. R. de Beer Embryol. & Evol. iv. 29 The comparison of one adult form with another can be made very instructive by inscribing the shape of one form on a grid-system of Cartesian co-ordinates. Ibid. 30 By a harmonious transformation of the grid, the skull of Hyracotherium can be distorted and made to resemble that of the horse. 1931Times Lit. Suppl. 10 Sept. 674/4 This grid, which has the appearance of a transparent chessboard, can be made to appear at the same height as any object in the stereoscope picture. 1932Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XXXVI. 518 This template, often known as the grid finder, is placed on the photograph so that the line representing the apparent horizon coincides with the apparent horizon on the photograph. 1944Geogr. Rev. XXXIV. 436 (title) Grid Navigation by Samuel Herrick. Ibid., The introduction of a rectangular grid system and what is hereafter described as ‘grid variation’ makes it possible to navigate a straight line on any conformal..chart. 1946R. J. C. Atkinson Field Archaeol. ii. 46 The interrupted grid system..enables a much larger area to be searched in a given time. 1950Mind LIX. 302 The description..both suggests a kind of permanent grid-like world framework and denies it. 1954M. Beresford Lost Villages viii. 270 Grid-references to the 1-inch Ordnance maps. 1958Listener 13 Nov. 779/1 The first [major development in polar navigation] is the substitution of a rectangular ‘grid’ for the conventional graticule of parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude which converge at the Poles. This simple technique, which has been extensively developed since the war, is generally called ‘grid navigation’. 1963E. S. Wood Collins Field Guide Archaeol. iv. i. 306 A card index should be kept; one card for each find or site, showing details,..location, with grid reference. 1966H. Williamson Methods Bk. Design (ed. 2) xiii. 211 The photographer places in the camera..a glass screen ruled with a rectangular grid of fine diagonal lines. 1971D. Potter Brit. Eliz. Stamps xiv. 148 This tissue is first exposed behind a fine grid of horizontal and vertical lines.
b. Building. (See quot. 1935.) Also grid plan.
1935Archit. Rev. LXXVII. 65 The plan of the building conforms to a grid composed of rectangles of this proportion, measuring 2 ft. by 2 ft. 10 ins. 1964J. S. Scott Dict. Building 153 Grid plan, a plan in which setting-out lines called grid lines coincide with the most important walls and other building components. Prefabricated buildings are usually designed to fit a grid plan.
c. Motor Racing. A pattern of lines painted on the track at the starting-point to indicate the position in which the cars are to line up (see also quot. 1971).
1951C. A. N. May Formula 3 x. 124 Imagine the feelings of young Jeremy Fry when..the engine stalled..and the white car was left on the grid. 1957S. Moss In Track of Speed xiii. 161 On the first line of the starting grid were Fangio and myself on Mercedes and Ascari on a Lancia. 1966Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. 1964 xlii. 5 Grid, area behind the starting line, usually painted in checked pattern. 1970Times 8 May 9/2 The controversial qualifying race..would be to decide who should fill the last six places on the grid. Ibid., The qualifying race will not take place and the grid will be decided on the fastest practice time. 1971Observer 1 Aug. 19/3 The grid means the pattern of cars when stationary at the start—perhaps three cars on the first row of the grid, two on the second, and so on, the positions being allotted according to the best time you registered in the practice laps.
d. Archit. (See quots.) Also grid layout, grid plan, grid system. Cf. gridiron n. 3 d.
1954Ann. Reg. 1953 104 The Punjab's new capital at Chandigarh..was built on a grid system which separated fast traffic from slow and divided the city into 25 rectangular sectors. 1958Listener 29 Nov. 826/1 The town is laid out on a grid plan. Ibid., In spite of the imposed colonial grid, the landscaping tradition of the old country reasserts itself successfully. 1959Chambers's Encycl. XIII. 703/2 Wherever land is approximately flat there has been a tendency to use the grid layout, by which a town is divided into ‘blocks’ of approximately equal size by streets at right-angles to each other. 1959Listener 26 Mar. 542/2 He accepts, as indeed any architect today must accept, the rectangularities, the grid, the engineering forms, the big areas of glass that, for most people, are modern architecture. 1969Ibid. 23 Jan. 98/1 Some of the factors blighting American cities (their ruthless grid-plan expansion, [etc.]).
e. Phonetics. ‘A diagrammatic representation of approximate tongue-positions of average English vowels compared with those of cardinal vowels’ (Daniel Jones).
1961Amer. Speech XXXVI. 219 Daniel Jones's cardinal vowel grid is proposed as a more useful method of specifying vowel sounds in terms of auditory reference points. 1964E. Palmer tr. Martinet's Elem. Gen. Ling. iii. 66 We can..attempt to represent schematically the proportions of the system, by arranging in a ‘grid’ the sets of phonemes characterized by the same relevant feature.
7. A bicycle. slang.
1922D. H. Lawrence England, my England 111 Oh, well! I wheel the grid, do I? 1943Coast to Coast 1942 71 ‘I'll walk and wheel the bike, and if my dad's home he can drive out in the car to meet me.’ ‘Gosh, no!’ you said. ‘Here, you go on, on my grid, an' I'll do the walking.’
8. a. A network of high-voltage transmission lines and connections that supply electricity from a number of generating stations to various distribution centres in a country or a region, so that no consumer is dependent on a single station.
1926Public Opinion 3 Apr. 331/2 The electrical ‘grid’ is absolutely necessary in the future just as our railway network has been in the past. 1930Times Financ. Rev. 11 Feb. p. xxxiii/1 With transforming stations at the points most suitable for enabling the pool of electricity provided by the ‘Grid’ to be tapped for distribution throughout the area. 1955Times 5 July p. ii/3 Water for the mill will be drawn from the Tarawera River at the rate of 10,000,000 gallons a day, while hydro-electric power will be supplied by the national grid. 1955Oxf. Jun. Encycl. VIII. 191 Engineers in charge of the grid system meet this problem of changing demand by running the most efficient power stations continuously and by switching in the less efficient smaller stations as the demand increases. 1971Sci. Amer. Sept. 47/3 Electric power can be transmitted as needed over grids of continental size.
b. Used of any network that serves a similar purpose for other services.
1943Times 8 Dec. 5/5 Should not our leading water engineers be called upon by the Ministry of Reconstruction to report and prepare comprehensive plans for a national grid? 1960Economist 15 Oct. 271/3 Total gasification (linked with a national high-pressure grid supplying industry direct and local systems with lean gas for enrichment to town gas), rather than carbonisation, offers the main opportunity. 1970Sci. Jrnl. Aug. 82/1 [In Holland] a little over 80 per cent of the 13 million inhabitants..are connected to the gasgrid.
9. A strong open framework of iron fixed to the back of a motor car to hold luggage.
1928Evening News 24 July 4/2 It can be carried on either luggage grid or running board. 1928Daily Mail 25 July 1/5 All straps, loops, etc., which are necessary to fit to the grid of a car.
10. The field on which American football is played; hence loosely, American football. Also attrib. Cf. gridiron n. 3 e.
1928Chicago Tribune 13 Dec. 25/8 (headline) Law..to lead Irish on Grid in 1929. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 15 Jan. 17/4 It was a satisfying triumph for the aging Packers, who showed their grid obituaries had been written prematurely. 1970New Yorker 3 Oct. 34/1 You grid fans are just going to have to buckle down... Anybody who can't straighten out a plain old two-league, six-division distribution..probably isn't in shape.
Hence grid v. trans., to cook on a gridiron.
1884J. Bull's Neighbour xii. 90 Where is the Frenchwoman..who can cook a chop, grid a steak, [etc.]? |