| 释义 |
▪ I. product, n.1|ˈprɒdəkt, -dʌkt|
[ad. L. prōduct-um a thing produced or brought forth, n. use of pa. pple. neut. of prōdūcĕre to produce; in sense 1 in Albertus Magnus Metaph. v. iii. vi.]
1. Math. The quantity obtained by multiplying two or more quantities together. Also, more widely, applied to other mathematical entities (as events, matrices, permutations, sets, tensors, vectors, etc.) obtained by certain defined processes of combination of two or more entities, the processes not necessarily being commutative and the entities combined not necessarily being of the same kind (cf. sum n.1). Cf. inner product s.v. inner a. (n.2) 1 k, outer product s.v. outer a. (n.1) 3.
c1430Art of Nombryng 8 In multiplicacioun .2. nombres pryncipally ben necessary,..the nombre multiplying and the nombre to be multipliede... Also..the .3. nombre, the whiche is clepide product or pervenient. 1571Digges Pantom. i. viii. D j b, Multiplye the length..by 12. and the producte diuide by the partes in whiche you founde the threade. 1614T. Bedwell Nat. Geom. Numbers ii. 25 The products of 12 by 2, and of 6 by 4, are equall. 1827Hutton Course Math. I. 4 A Compound Number is one which is the product of two or more numbers. 1892F. N. Cole tr. Netto's Theory of Substitutions ii. 23 The substitution which results from the successive application of two or more substitutions we call their product. 1913C. E. Cullis Matrices & Determinoids vi. 158 If A and B are any two matrices, the product AB is defined below to be a certain third matrix which is completely known when A and B are known. 1941Courant & Robbins What is Math.? ii. 110 By the ‘intersection’ or ‘logical product’ of A and B we mean the set consisting only of those elements which are in both A and B. 1962B. D. Seckler tr. Gnedenko's Theory of Probability i. 22 The event consisting in the simultaneous occurrence of A and B will be called the product, or intersection, of the events A and B and will be denoted by AB. 1965Birkhoff & MacLane Survey Mod. Algebra (ed. 3) vii. 188 Show that tensor products are distributive on direct sums. 1965Patterson & Rutherford Elem. Abstract Algebra ii. 35 Defining the product of two permutations in this way, we obtain a binary operation in the set of all permutations... It is not commutative. 1972A. G. Howson Handbk. Terms Algebra & Anal. ii. 11 The Cartesian product, A ×B, of two sets A and B is defined to be the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) of elements from A and B respectively. Ibid. xxxiv. 172 The vector product is not associative.
b. product of inertia of a body or system of bodies, with respect to two given planes at right angles to each other, or to the two axes perpendicular to such planes: the sum of the elements of mass each multiplied by the product of its distances from the two given planes.
1873Maxwell Electr. & Magn. (1881) II. 194 We may call the coefficients of the form 2.11 Moments of Mobility, and those of the form 2.12 Products of Mobility. 1877B. Williamson Integral Calculus (ed. 2) x. §195 σxydm, σzxdm, σyzdm are called the products of inertia relative to the same system of co-ordinate axes.
2. a. A thing produced by nature or a natural process; also in collective sense, = produce, fruit.
1653H. More Antid. Ath. i. ii. iii. (1712) 48 He [man] is the flower and chief of all the products of Nature upon this Globe of the Earth. 1667Milton P.L. xi. 683 These are the product Of those ill-mated Marriages thou saw'st; Where good with bad were matcht, who of themselves Abhor to joyn. 1690Locke Govt. ii. v. §48 Land..where he had no Hopes of Commerce..to draw Money to him by the Sale of the Product. 1719W. Wood Surv. Trade 7 The Exportation of our own Product is, indeed, the Foundation of all our Trade. 1725Pope Odyss. iv. 64 The purest product of the chrystal springs. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 153 ⁋5 Enquiries after the products of distant countries. 1813Bakewell Introd. Geol. (1815) 337 Among the products of volcanoes there are only three combustible at a moderate temperature. 1892Westcott Gospel of Life 10 The product of any particular seed is fixed within the limits of a type.
b. fig.
1682Dryden Religio Laici 66 These truths are not the product of thy mind. 1693Humours Town A v, The unpremeditated Products of my Fancy. 1862H. Spencer First Princ. i. iv. §22 By analyzing either the product of thought, or the process of thought. 1894H. Drummond Ascent Man 171 Intellectual products common to both Animal and Man.
†c. A quantity produced or obtained; a supply, provision, stock. Obs. rare.
1647N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xvi. (1739) 32 A yearly product of Victuals or other service was reserved and allowed to the Saxon Kings by the people. 1762tr. Busching's Syst. Geog. V. 438 Having down all along the Mayn also a good product of wine.
3. a. That which is produced by any action, operation, or work; a production; the result. Now freq. that which is produced commercially for sale. Also collect., merchandise, esp. gramophone records.
1575Recorde's Ground Artes H vj, If you had subtracted the uppermost from the product or totall summe, then the residue thereof woulde bee equall to that middle⁓moste number. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. i. 277 If unto that summe [5509] be added 1645. the product will be 7154. 1656Earl of Monmouth tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. i. lxxviii. (1674) 105 Whether he brought news of any gallant Italian Product, or of any taking Piece lately Printed? 1657Cromwell Speech 8 May in Carlyle, The things are very honourable and honest, and the product worthy of a Parliament. 1700Dryden Pythagorean Philos. 197 The fruit and product of his labours past. 1890Gross Gild Merch. I. 107 He..sold the products of his handiwork in his shop. 1897Pop. Sci. Monthly Nov. 133 The product of the flaking operations was a leaf-shaped blade. 1903G. Matheson Repr. Men Bible Ser. ii. xiii. 269 Shall a literary product reveal the spirit of its age and be silent as to the spirit of its author! 1928S. R. Hall Mail-Order & Direct Mail Selling xx. 373 To build up a successful mail-order business, one must first have or create the article or products that have mail-order possibilities. 1950A. Tack Sell your Way to Success viii. 113 Work out the sales points around your product. 1976Street Life 7–20 Feb. 22/3 Some records can be sold like soapflakes, but the majority are not purely ‘product’. 1977Time 12 Dec. 68/2 More product, to borrow the record-company jargon, from the pianist who burst out of Russia two years ago and has been a one-man industry ever since.
b. The value of goods produced, esp. gross national (or total annual) product (see gross a. 6 c).
1888E. Bellamy Looking Backward xxii. 314 The total annual product of the nation..would not have come to more than three or four hundred dollars per head. 1962Listener 29 Mar. 548/1 There is a fixed proportion of the gross national product which can be spent on defence. 1966Ibid. 17 Mar. 374/1 [We could] keep our defence expenditure between five and six per cent of gross national product.
4. That which results from the operation of a cause; a consequence, effect.
1651Baxter Inf. Bapt. 218 Dueness of Reward or Punishment is the immediate Product of Promise or Threatening. 1843Grove Corr. Phys. Forces (1846) 39 Heat is an immediate product of chemical affinity. 1874Green Short Hist. v. §1. 214 The long French romances were the product of an age of wealth and ease.
5. Chem. A compound not previously existing in a body, but formed during its decomposition. See also by-product. Opposed to educt n.
1805Hatchett in Phil. Trans. XCV. 299 In the first experiment it was obtained as a product, and not as an educt. 1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 434 The products of the combustion, besides the soot, are water and carbonic acid. 1845G. E. Day tr. Simon's Anim. Chem. I. 160 Products of the metamorphosis of a substance of an invariably uniform composition.
6. attrib. and Comb.: (in sense 1) product event, product integral, product measure, product space; (senses 2–4) product design, product division, product group, product launch, product line, product mix, product morpheme, product nucleus.
1959Listener 21 May 885/1 A blackboard in the product design section. 1980Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts May 335/2 There is no doubt that the four companies..have put a lot of effort into product design.
1970Financial Times 13 Apr. 14/3 The new structure of the British Steel Corporation consisting of product divisions is generally considered to be one of two logical management systems for a modern business of international proportions.
1968P. A. P. Moran Introd. Probability Theory i. 2 Given any two events, A1 and A2, we define a ‘product’ event denoted by A1A2 which occurs if any events Ei occur which belong to both A1 and A2.
1957Which? Autumn 2 In the United States and the Scandinavian countries, there are independent organisations that issue reports, regularly or occasionally, each dealing with the brands widely available in one product-group. 1962E. Godfrey Retail Selling & Organization i. 7 The Nielsen Survey.. showed that in three product groups—coffees, soft drinks and toilet soaps—50 per cent of all grocery shops offered one or more items below list price. 1968P. A. P. Moran Introd. Probability Theory vi. 290 Expressions such as (6.40) are known as ‘product integrals’. This is a mathematical concept which is related to a product of a number of factors in the same way that an integral is related to a sum. 1976Times 22 Apr. 11/4 They were for use in explaining to salesmen, dealers and executives a product launch, a new marketing philosophy or some new twist in internal communications.
1969Time 17 Jan. 52 The company has greatly broadened its product line, introducing seven new models in the past two years. 1980Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts May 325/2 It has over 400 product lines and thousands of variants.
1950W. Feller Introd. Probability Theory I. v. 91 Independence of trials means product measure. 1968P. A. P. Moran Introd. Probability Theory iv. 194 ϕ is the ‘product measure’ generated by the separate measures on the n one-dimensional spaces.
1953F. G. Moore Manuf. Managem. v. 85 Valid comparisons of over-all figures sometimes become almost meaningless because variations in the ‘product mix’—the quantities of different items produced—occur continually. 1965H. I. Ansoff Corporate Strategy (1968) i. 18 Strategic decisions are..concerned..specifically with selection of the product-mix which the firm will produce. 1970O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing xxii. 365 Product mix is an economically important problem which can in many cases be handled by computer.
1965Language XLI. 365 The sentences would have no string structure at all if transformations combined morphemes from separate elementary sentences into novel product-morphemes (portmanteau blends).
1931G. Gamow Constitution of Atomic Nuclei iii. 63 The particle (α or β) ejected from the nucleus No. 1 may leave the product-nucleus No. 2 in an excited state. 1963Product nucleus [see delayed neutron]. 1968E. T. Copson Metric Spaces viii. 134 The product space X × T is an (m+ n) dimensional Euclidean space. 1968P. A. P. Moran Introd. Probability Theory i. 10 The space of all such events is known as the product space of the two spaces.
7. Special Combs.: product champion, a person entrusted with the promotion of a product or idea; products liability, a manufacturer's legal responsibility to the consumer for his product or products; product moment, of a set of pairs of statistical data, the sum of the products of the elements of each pair; freq. attrib. (with hyphen), designating a correlation coefficient (symbol r) calculated from this, equal to the covariance divided by the geometric mean of the variance; cf. Pearson b, correlation 1 c.
1969Observer 2 Nov. 12/7 ‘Product champions’ are appointed to help push new ideas through the natural opposition within a big company. 1976Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXIV. 725/1 We welcome ideas from serious-minded enthusiasts or ‘product champions’.
1972Guardian 12 Aug. 10/5 American judges and legislators have created..a completely new set of rights known as product liability law. The dramatic effect of this is to make the manufacturer..strictly liable to the ultimate consumer. 1976National Observer (U.S.) 23 Oct. 11/2 Kerry Choi, head of product-liability research for the Association of Trial Lawyers of America..says most of the cases he handles for member attorneys involve inadequate warnings. 1978Rep. R. Comm. Civil Liability & Compensation for Personal Injury I. v. xxii. 255 Products liability must be considered in the context of public concern to protect the interests of the consumer.
1904Drapers' Company Res. Mem. (Biometric Ser.) i. 32 We shall obtain by the method of mean square contingency satisfactory results, i.e., values close to the coefficient of correlation as found by product moment or four-fold division methods. 1904Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. XV. 78 The method of ‘product moments’ is valid, whether or not the distribution follow the normal law of frequency, so long as the ‘regression’ is linear. 1918Biometrika XII. 87 We are now in a position to set down the algebraical values of the product-moment coefficients. 1925R. A. Fisher Statistical Methods vi. 146 Such an estimate is called the correlation coefficient, or the product moment correlation, the latter term referring to the summation of the product terms, xy, in the last equation. 1930M. Ezekiel Methods Correlation Anal. viii. 127 The value σ(xy) is sometimes called the product moment. 1951Paden & Lindquist Statistics for Econ. & Business xiv. 231 The use of the mean x/σX, y/σY product for this purpose was first proposed by the English statistician Karl Pearson and is therefore called the Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation. 1972Jrnl. Social Psychol. LXXXVII. 33 Pearson product-moment correlations were calculated between fear ratings and intensity of escape attempts. 1972E. Lukacs Probability & Math. Statistics iv. 90 In the bivariate case one also has a mixed moment (product-moment) of second order.
▸ product placement n. a practice whereby manufacturers of goods or service providers gain exposure for their products by paying for them to be displayed, mentioned, or used in the media (esp. in films or television programmes); an instance of this.
1982D. Linck in Boxoffice Apr. 32/1 It's no secret that the art of ‘*product placement’..has been around Hollywood for several decades. 1999Guardian (Electronic ed.) 3 Oct. It is not known how much Tanqueray's owners..paid for the product placement, but the deal struck with the film's producers seems part of a wider agreement.
▪ II. † product, n.2
app. a corrupt form of pratique.
1720Lond. Gaz. No. 5888/2, I..have..appointed a Product-Boat to lie..off Europa-Point, to stop all Vessels. 1722De Foe Plague (1756) 246 Four Ships..being denied Product, as they call it, went on to Turkey, and were freely admitted. 1725― Voy. round World (1840) 109 The governor presently gave us product, as we call it, and leave to buy what provisions we wanted.
▪ III. † proˈduct, ppl. a. Obs. rare.
[ad. L. prōdūct-us, pa. pple. of prōdūcĕre to produce.]
Produced: construed as pa. pple.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. viii. xxviii. (1495) 340 In an instant oo poynt that is product fillyth all the world of lyghte and shinyng. 1534Whitinton Tullyes Offices iii. (1540) 144 Lawe ciuyle producte out of the law of nature..dothe chalynge malyce and fraud.
▪ IV. product, v. Obs. or rare.|prəʊˈdʌkt|
[f. L. prōduct-, ppl. stem of prōdūcĕre to produce: cf. conduct, deduct, induct, etc., and the prec. ppl. adj.]
†1. trans. To bring forward: = produce v. 1.
c1555Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (Camden) 212 Many reasons are producted in the said dialogue. 1563Foxe A. & M. 1093/1 More then the articles whereupon they were producted doth contain. Ibid. 1466/2 Beyng producted to his last examinatyon before the sayde byshop.
†2. To bring forth, beget: = produce v. 3. Obs.
1577Harrison England i. viii. in Holinshed I. 18/2 In these Isles also is great plenty of fine Amber to be had, which is producted by the working of the sea, vpon those coastes. 1610Marcelline Triumphs Jas. I 66 Our Great King, who hath producted the most Noble Prince Henry..for the greater height of his good fortune. 1683E. Hooker Pref. Pordage's Mystic Div. 105 All other Essences, Globes, Worlds, producted, educted, or brought forth out of the Womb of pure Nature.
3. To extend, lengthen out, prolong: = produce v. 2, 2 c. In later use chiefly Zool. Obs. or rare.
a1670Hacket Abp. Williams (1693) 89 He that doth much in a short life products his mortality. 1756P. Browne Jamaica 405 The shells are producted to a sharp point at both ends. 1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. xxxv. 538 In many of the species..the prothorax is producted posteriorly into a long scutelliform horizontal horn.
Hence proˈducted ppl. a.; whence † proˈductedness Obs.; † proˈducting vbl. n. and ppl. a. Obs.
1623tr. Favine's Theat. Hon. i. i. 3 For the producting of Elementarie bodies. 1628Feltham Resolves ii. [i.] xxx. 95 For conception, and fostering the producted birth. 1635Heywood Hierarch. iii. 142 Time is the sole producting instrument. 1664H. More Myst. Iniq. 302 The present Tense may intimate a productedness of the Action as being in fieri. 1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. IV. 328 Prothorax..Producted... When behind it terminates in a long scutelliform process. |