| 释义 |
▪ I. harm, n.|hɑːm|
Forms: 1–3 hearm, 2–5 herm, 3 (harem), hærm, (ærme), (3–5 arme), 3–7 herme, harme, (4 harim, arm, 5 harome), 6 Sc. hairm(e, 3– harm.
[Com. Teutonic: OE. hearm, corresp. to OFris. herm, OS. harm, OHG. harm, haram (mod.G. harm), ON. harmr grief, sorrow, rarely harm, hurt (Sw. harm, Da. harme):—OTeut. *harmo-z: perh. cogn. w. Skr. śrama labour, toil.]
1. a. Evil (physical or otherwise) as done to or suffered by some person or thing; hurt, injury, damage, mischief. Often in the set phrase ‘to do more harm than good’.
Beowulf (Z.) 1893 No he mid hearme of hliðes nosan, gæs[tas] grette. a1123O.E. Chron. an. 1101 His men mycel to hearme æfre ᵹedydon. 1297R. Glouc. (1724) 277 To gret harm to al þys lond, the gode kyng he slou. c1340Cursor M. 4898 (Fairf.) Do ham na arme in na way. c1380Sir Ferumb. 2578 Þay mowe noȝt her y-wys hem⁓selue fram herme saue. c1384Chaucer H. Fame ii. 537 Thou shalt have no harme truely. c1400Mandeville (1839) iv. 23 Sche doth non harm to no man, but ȝif men don hire harm. 1442Searchers' Verdicts in Surtees Misc. (1888) 18 Ye same place has taken mikel herm for defaut of a gutter. c1530H. Rhodes Bk. Nurture 28 in Babees Bk. 72 Vnto your Elders gentle be, agaynst them say no harme. a1586Satir. Poems Reform. xxxv. 59 Ȝe knaw quhat hairme he hes susteind. 1632Lithgow Trav. ii. 62 What harme was done by us amongst the Infidels, we were not assured. 1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 62 Caterpillars..do very great harm. 1705Hickeringill Priest-cr. i. (1721) 21 Harm watch, Harm catch. 1791Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest x, I meant no harm. 1809Q. Rev. May 305 The story should be suppressed altogether, as one which will do more harm than good. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 44 Aware that the divulging of the truth might do harm. 1857Dickens Dorrit ii. xxix. 723, I should have done you more harm than good, at first. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 331 Rains doing harm instead of good. 1914G. B. Shaw Misalliance p. xxix, These rare cases actually do more harm than good.
b. With a and pl. An evil done or sustained; an injury, a loss.
a1000Cædmon's Gen. 756 Ealle synt uncre hearmas ᵹe⁓wrecene. c1200Vices & Virtues (1888) 59 ær ðu muȝe þoliȝen alle harmes and scames and bismeres. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 349 Oþer bodili harmes. c1461Paston Lett. No. 428 II. 73 Of ij harmys the leste is to be take. 1583Babington Commandm. viii. (1637) 73 Wise is hee, whom other mens harmes can cause to take heede. 1728Morgan Algiers II. iv. 263 The inconceivable Harms he did to Christendom. 1863Longfellow Wayside Inn, Birds of Killingworth xix, They..from your harvests keep a hundred harms.
c. out of harm's way: Out of the way of doing or of sustaining injury.
a1661Fuller Worthies (1840) I. xviii. 61 Some great persons..have been made sheriffs, to keep them out of harm's way. 1697W. Dampier Voy. I. 207 He took care to keep himself out of harms way. 1711Steele Spect. No. 136 ⁋4 People send Children..to School to keep them out of Harm's way. 1890H. M. Stanley Darkest Africa I. xiv. 333 They had..migrated in time out of harm's way.
†2. Grief, sorrow, pain, trouble, distress, affliction. Also with a and pl. to make harms (quot. 1375): to make lamentation. Obs.
a1000Cædmon's Gen. 751 Eac is hearm gode, mod-sorᵹ ᵹemacod. a1300Cursor M. 24089 Þis harm mi hert it held sa hard. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints, Johannes 68 Mony ane Of hir kine..Folowit hyr, makand harmys. c1386Chaucer Sqr.'s T. 578, I wende verraily That he had felt as muche harm as I Whan þat I herde hym speke and saugh his hewe. 1570Satir. Poems Reform. xiii. 197 Sic hauie harme sall happin to ȝour hart. 1627F. E. Hist. Edw. II (1680) 47 He lays aside his Arms, for harms to feed his humour.
†3. Pity, a pity. (Cf. F. dommage.) Obs.
c1430Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 4230 It was harme it wanted oght. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 44 Sobbit full soir that harme wes for to heir.
4. attrib. and Comb., as harm-doer, harm-doing, harm-taking; harm-averting, harm-eschewing adjs.
c1220Bestiary 389 Husebondes hire haten for hire harm dedes. 1386in Rymer Fœdera (1709) VII. 526/2 Þair sall not be at þa Rydings no Harme doynges. 1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 81 Them..yt ben harmedoers and loueth falshode and desepcion. 1571Golding Calvin on Ps. xxxiv. 11 To live quietly..without any harmetaking. 1641Milton Ch. Govt. i. v, I judge they may pass without harm-doing to our Cause. 1889R. B. Anderson tr. Rydberg's Teut. Mythol. 102 Harm-averting songs.
▪ II. harm, v.
Forms: 1 hearmian, 2–3 haremen, hearmen, hærmen, 2–5 herme, 3–4 hermien, 3–7 harme, 4 harmi, -y, 6 arme, 4– harm.
[OE. hearmian, f. hearm harm n.: cf. OHG. harmjan, harmen, hermen to calumniate, injure.]
To do harm (to); to injure (physically or otherwise); to hurt, damage. Orig. intr. To be hurtful, with dative (like L. nocēre), which was sometimes in ME. expressed by to, but generally became a simple object, making the verb trans.
c1000ælfric Hom. I. 140 Gif ðu hine forᵹitst, hit hearmað þe sylfum and na Gode. c1000in Leg. Rood 105 Þeah þe hit hearmiᵹe sumum. c1175Lamb. Hom. 107 To hermen alle monnen. a1225Ancr. R. 64 Þe wise mon askeð..hweðer ei þing hermeð more wummon þene hire eien. 1340Ayenb. 23 To oþren ha wyle harmy..to miszigge to ham þet he wyle harmi. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. iii. 248 And holy churche þorw hem worth harmed for euere. 1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 175 Protractyng of tyme onely hurted and harmed the Kyng. 1653Walton Angler vii. 153 Harme him as little as you may possibly, that he may live the longer. 1659D. Pell Impr. Sea 77 note, An High Elme..in the midst of a Garden..harms all round about it. 1784Cowper Task vi. 578 He that hunts Or harms them there, is guilty of a wrong. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 291 When a man has no sense he is harmed by courage.
b. absol. To do harm or injury.
1362Langl. P. Pl. A. iii. 136 And hongeþ him for hate þat harmede neuere. 1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 23 She can no more harme than can a she ape. 1633P. Fletcher Ps. cxxvii. (R.), As arrows..Where they are meant, will surely harm, And if they hit, wound deep and dread.
Hence harmed, ˈharming ppl. adjs.
c1440Promp. Parv. 228/1 Harmyd, dampnificatus. 1563T. Hill Art Garden. (1593) 149 They temper the harming force of the colde of it.
▪ III. harm, -e
obs. forms of arm n.1
a1400–50Alexander 3237 He..clepys hym in harmez. |