| 释义 |
▪ I. hate, n.1|heɪt|
Forms: 1–4 (6 Sc.) hete, (1 heate, 3 hæte), 3– hate, (3 ate, 4 het, haat(e, hat, 6 Sc. heyt, hait).
[OE. hęte masc. = OS. hęti (:—hati-); cf. OHG. haȥ (haȥȥes) masc. and neut. (Ger. hasz m.), MDu. hāte fem., m., hat m., Du. haat m., ON. hatr, Goth. hatis neut.; these forms point to an OTeut. *hatoz, -izos (:—pre-Teut. *kodos, kodesos) which passed into an i- stem in WGer. In ME. hete, het was, under the influence of the verb, and perh. of ON. hatr, changed into hate.]
1. a. An emotion of extreme dislike or aversion; detestation, abhorrence, hatred. Now chiefly poet.
Beowulf (Z.) 2554 Hete wæs on-hrered. c825Vesp. Psalter cxxxix. 3 [cxl. 2] Ða ðohtun heatas in heortan alne deᵹ. c900tr. Bæda's Hist. iii. xv. [xxi.] (1890) 222 He forseah & on hete hæfde þa men. c1200Ormin 4454 Ȝiff þu beresst hete and niþ. c1205Lay. 20441 Muchel hunger & hæte [c 1275 hate]. c1250Gen. & Ex. 3638 Wið-uten ate and strif. c1275Lay. 8322 Þat after hate comeþ loue. c1315Shoreham 161 Thou areredst therne storm And alle thys hete. 1340Ayenb. 8 Zenne of hate and of wreþe and of grat ire. 1382Wyclif 2 Sam. xiii. 15 With to myche greet haate. 1491Caxton Vitas Patr. (W. de W. 1495) ii. 221 b/2 A relygyouse that shall haue in a hate the delectacyons of the flesshe. 1513Douglas æneis xiii. Prol. 129 Thus sayr me dredis I sal thoill a heyt, For the graue study I haue so long forleyt. 1570Satir. Poems Reform. xviii. 107 Ȝour Inobedience hes purchessit Goddis hait. 1667Milton P.L. vii. 54 Unimaginable as hate in Heav'n. 1777Sir W. Jones Ess. Imit. Arts in Poems, etc. 195 Where there is vice, which is detestable in itself, there must be hate. 1877Mrs. Oliphant Makers Flor. i. 10 Generations which succeeded each other in the same hates and friendships.
b. The object of hatred. poetic.
1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. i. v. 140 My onely Loue sprung from my onely hate. 1594Marlowe & Nashe Dido iii. ii, Here lies my hate, Aeneas' cursed brat. 1713Swift Cadenus & Vanessa 505 Of half mankind the dread and hate.
c. In the war of 1914–18, a bombardment, a ‘strafe’. slang.
A jocular use based upon the German ‘Hymn of Hate’, which was ridiculed in Punch 24 Feb. 1915, p. 150, in the legend of a drawing, ‘Study of a Prussian household having its morning hate’.
[1914Punch 30 Dec. 530/1 Kaiser, what vigil will you keep tonight?.. While your priesthood chants the Hymn of Hate, Like incense will you lift to God your breath?] 1915D. O. Barnett Lett. 204 There are some unhealthy spots, ‘Suicide Corner’, ‘Deadman's Alley’ and others, where they drop shells regularly, trying to catch our transport at night. We call it the ‘Evening Hate’. 1926F. M. Ford Man could stand up ii. v. 174 There is not going to be a strafe. This is only a little extra Morning Hate. 1927E. Thompson These Men thy Friends 112 He was watching a spasmodic ‘hate’ of some violence. 1968D. Reeman Pride & Anguish x. 180 I'm going to turn in, Sub. I want a couple of hours before the night's ‘hate’ gets going.
d. Phr. to have a hate on or against (a person) (see quot. 1941).
1941Baker Dict. Austral. Slang 38 Have a hate against, actively to dislike a person or thing. 1966‘S. Woods’ Let's choose Executors 62 Things have been perfectly horrid, ever since Mark started to have a hate against her. Ibid. 220 She seemed to have a complete hate on him.
2. a. Comb., as hate-bearing, hate-maddened adj.; hate-philtre, hate-wile; hate-love, a conflicting emotion combining hate and love (cf. love-hate).
1682N. O. Boileau's Lutrin i. 45 The hideous clang of her hate-bearing wing. a1822Shelley in Athenæum 2 Mar. (1895) 276/1 Why is it that we all write love-songs? why shouldn't we write hate-songs? 1884Tennyson Becket iv. ii. 165 Brew..A strong hate-philtre as may madden him. 1895Morris Beowulf 17 He with his hate-wiles Of sudden harms framed. 1915J. C. Powys Visions & Revisions 244 This monstrous hate-love, caressing the bruises itself has made, and shooting forth a forked viper-tongue of cruelty from between the lips that kiss. 1921R. Graves Pier-Glass 25 It beams on set jaw and hate-maddened eye. 1937B. H. L. Hart Europe in Arms xxii. 284 To use force without limit and without calculation of cost may be instinctive in a hate-maddened mob, but it is the negation of statesmanship. 1962Listener 5 July 11/2 He consciously contrasts his teaching with that of the object of his hate-love.
b. Used attrib. or as quasi-adj.: designed to stir up hate, e.g. hate campaign; marked or characterized by hate; hate mail, letters (often anonymous) in which the senders express their hostility towards the recipient.
1916Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 21 July 12/7 The official Cologne Gazette published the following excellent example of ‘hate literature’: ‘Among those who are guilty of involving Europe in a bath of blood Lord Northcliffe is perhaps the guiltiest of all.’ 1949‘G. Orwell’ Nineteen Eighty-Four i. 5 The economy drive in preparation for Hate Week. 1959Daily Tel. 18 May 6/2 Hence, perhaps, the decision to revert to ‘Western imperialism’ as target of a fresh hate-campaign in Iraq. 1966H. Waugh Pure Poison (1967) xii. 71 Have you or your wife ever received hate phone calls or hate messages before? 1967J. D. Weaver Warren xix. 331 ‘You should have seen the hate mail he got,’ says one of his intimates. 1969N.Y. Rev. Books 16 Jan. 36/1 Mr Epstein reaches the heights..of absurdity by stating that the hate literature distributed in the Ocean Hill-Brownsville teacher mail boxes may have been fraudulent. 1976New Yorker 1 Mar. 21/2 In fact, the bulk of the mail from voters to the two select committees has been ‘hate mail’, accusing their members of treasonous conduct. 1986Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 20 July 11/4 Douglas has been flooded with both hate mail from the nursing home industry and more letters from patients who claimed they were abused.
▸ hate crime n. orig. U.S. a crime, usually violent, motivated by hatred or intolerance of another social group, esp. on the basis of race or sexuality; crime of this type; freq. attrib. (occas. in pl.), designating legislation, etc., framed to address such crime.
1984Washington Post 14 July a19/3 Flynn has succeeded in preventing what are called ‘*hate crimes’—violence against racial or religious minorities. 1985Associated Press Newswire (Nexis) 16 May Administration opposes hate-crime bills. 1993Chicago Tribune 19 June i. 5/1 Under the hate crimes law, criminal defendants face stiffer penalties if they target their victims because of race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation or disability. 2001Independent 17 Aug. 1/6 Scotland Yard is creating a category of hate crime, ‘transphobic crime’, to cover offences against transgender people.
▸ hate speech n. orig. U.S. speech expressing hatred or intolerance of other social groups, esp. on the basis of race or sexuality; hostile verbal abuse (though the term is sometimes understood to encompass written and non-verbal forms of expression).
1988Newsweek 6 June 59/2 According to Hofstra law professor Monroe Freedman, continuing tensions can only fuel wider interest in banning *hate speech. 1994S. Walker Hate Speech i. 1 Almost every country prohibits hate speech directed at racial, religious, or ethnic groups. The United States, by contrast, has developed a strong tradition of free speech that protects even the most offensive forms of expression. 2001Business Day (S. Afr.) 28 Jan. 13/6 There is a general prohibition of unfair discrimination, followed by sections dealing with race and gender, disability, hate speech, harassment, and dissemination and publication of unfair discriminatory material.
▪ II. hate, haet, n.2 Sc.|het|
Forms: 6–7 haid, 8–9 haet, hait, hate, 9 hade.
orig. The words hae't in the phrase Deil hae't (South Sc. hae'd), ‘Devil have it!’ This deprecatory expression became a strong negative (cf. devil 21), and thus equivalent to ‘Devil a bit’, i.e. not a bit, not a whit. Hence haet, with an ordinary negative, as not a haet, came sometimes to be understood as equivalent to ‘whit, atom’, or ‘anything, the smallest thing that can be conceived’ (Jamieson).
c1590James VI in Rowe Hist. Kirk, Coronis (a 1650), Wodr. Soc. (1842) 419 The King replyed: ‘The Divill haue it aills you, but that, ye would all be alyke, and ye cannot abyde any to be ouer you’. [M'Crie Life Knox (1814) II. 299 prints ‘The d―l haid ails you.] 1603Philotus cvi. in Pinkerton Scot. Poems Repr. (1792) III. 40 For that deuyse deuill haid it dowis. 1785Burns Death & Dr. H. xv, Damn'd haet they'll kill. 1786― Twa Dogs 208 Tho' deil haet ails them, yet uneasy. 1816Scott Antiq. xliv, Deil haet do I expect. 1819W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd (1827) 133 Fient haet ae button would keep sticket. 1825Jamieson s.v. Hate, Ne'er a hate, nothing at all; Neither ocht nor hate, neither one thing, nor another. Mod. South Sc. She has-na a haed left.
▪ III. hate, v.|heɪt|
Forms: 1 hatian, 2–3 hatien, 3 hatiȝen, 3–5 haten, 4– hate, (4–5 hatte, Sc. 4–6 hait, 6 heit); also 2 hetien, 3 heatien.
[OE. hatian = OFris. hatia, OS. hatôn, OHG. haȥȥôn and haȥȥên, Goth. hatan, a primary ê verb, from root hat- (:—kod-), whence also hate n.1]
1. trans. To hold in very strong dislike; to detest; to bear malice to. The opposite of to love.
c897K. ælfred Gregory's Past. xxxiii. 222 Doð þæm wel þe eow ær hatedon. Ibid. xlvi. 353 Mid fulryhte hete ic hie hatode. c1175Lamb. Hom. 65 Ȝif we hetieð us bitwene. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 5 To forleten and hatien his senne. c1205Lay. 29781 We hine hatiȝen wulleð. a1240Sawles Warde in Cott. Hom. 251 Euchan heateð oðer. a1300Cursor M. 12054 Þai hatte vs all and has in leth. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 11673 Wel oughte we hat hem þat hem han hated. 1382Wyclif John xv. 24 Thei han seyn and hatid me and my fadir. c1440York Myst. xxv. 404 Oure olde lawes as nowe þei hatte. 1508Dunbar Tua mariit Wemen 169, I hait him with my hert. 1553Gau Richt Vay 72 He yat heitis his liff in this vardil he sal keip it in ye euerlestand liff. 1635J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Banish'd Virg. 181 Shee hated her selfe for suffering her resolution to bee overcome. 1716Addison Freeholder No. 53 Our Children..are taught in their Infancy to hate one half of the Nation. 1832Tennyson Œnone 225 Her presence, hated both of Gods and men.
absol.c1400Destr. Troy 12236 Þai hatid in hert, as any hed fos. a1592Greene & Lodge Looking Glasse (Rtldg.) 134/1 Servants, amend, and masters, leave to hate. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xv. (1880) II. 158 She hated easily; she hated heartily; and she hated implacably.
b. It is intensified by various phrases.
a1300Cursor M. 13070 Herodias him hated to ded. 1530Palsgr. 579/2 He hateth me lyke poyson. 1573–80Baret Alv. H 237 They do hate ech other deadly. 1697W. Dampier Voy. I. 8 The Spaniards they hate mortally. 1699Swift Mrs. Harris' Petit. 54 He hates to be call'd parson, like the devil!
2. To dislike greatly, be extremely averse (to do something). Also constr. with vbl. n.
1297R. Glouc. (1724) 290 Þys god man Seyn Dunston Hatede muche to cronny hym. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. iv. 106 Haten to don heor harlotrie. 1607Beaum. & Fl. Woman Hater ii. i, I hate to leave my friend in his extremities. 1653Walton Angler To Rdr. A vj b, I hate to promise much, and fail. 1891T. Hardy Tess II. 87 The easy-going who hate being bothered. 1897D. Sladen in Windsor Mag. Jan. 278/2 Dickens..hated to have to blot his manuscripts while he was writing.
3. Comb., as hate-Christ, hate-peace, etc. adjs.; † hate-light a., that hates or shuns light; † hate-spot a., that shrinks from the slightest defilement: an epithet of the ermine, which, it was supposed, died if its fur was soiled.
1580Sidney Arcadia (1622) 141 Which leaded are with siluer skinne, Passing the hate-spot Emerlin. 1583Babington Commandm. ix. Wks. (1637) 87 Through speech of hate-light pick-thankes. 1592Sylvester Du Bartas, Tri. Faith i. 47 The Bridge it was For hate-Christ Turks the Hellespont to passe. a1618― Sonnets upon Peace in Fr. xxv, Ye hate-peace Hacksters, flesht in Massacres. 1637N. Whiting Albino & Bellama (N.), In this hate-light den.
▪ IV. hate
obs. var. heat; obs. north. form of hote promise, hot a.; obs. pa. tense of hight v. |